STRUCTURE
PURPOSE
“ to ” + infinitive
“ in order (not) to ” + infinitive
“ so as (not) to ” + infinitive
“ so that ” + clause (with
can/will or could/would)
“ in order that “ + clause (with
can/will or could/would)
“ because ” + clause
“ since ” + clause
“ as ” + clause
“ for ” + gerund (V-ing)
“ because of ” + noun/pronoun
“ due to ” + noun/pronoun
“ owing to ” + noun/pronoun
“ so ” + clause
“ as a result of ” + noun
“ as a result “ + clause
“ therefore ” + clause
“ thus ” + verb (-ing form)
“ thus ” + clause
“ that’s why ” + clause
SREKNIL / SROTCENNOC
“ consequently ” + clause
“ but ”
“ yet “ + clause
“ and yet “
“ however ”
“ nevertheless “ + clause
“ nonetheless “
“ even so “
“ although ” + clause
“ even though ” + clause
“ though ” + clause
clause + “ though ”
“ in spite of ” + noun/ pronoun/
verb (-ing form)
“ despite ” + noun/ pronoun/
verb (-ing form)
“ in spite of the fact that/
despite the fact that ” + clause
“ while ”/ “ whereas ” + clause
“ not only …, but also … ”
“ both … and … ”
“ what is more ”
“ in addition [to] ” + verb (-ing
form) / noun
“ additionally “
“ besides ” + verb (-ing form) /
clause
“ moreover ” + clause
“ furthermore ” + clause
EXAMPLES
- He went to Scotland to learn English.
- She came to Spain in order to learn Spanish.
- She left China in order not to speak Chinese.
- She went to France so as to learn French.
- She left Brazil so as not to hear Portuguese.
- I’m buying some food so that we can have the fridge full. (Present or Future)
- I left a note so that he would know where to find me. (Past)
- I’m buying some food in order that we can have the fridge full. (Present or Future)
- I left a note in order that he would know where to find me. (Past)
CAUSE/ REASON
- I couldn’t go to the party because I had to study.
- Since/ As he was worried about his grades, he went to see his advisor.
- They put him in prison for stealing forbidden books.
- We couldn’t go because of the storm./ We couldn’t go because of her father.
- Due to his bad attitude, he lost his job.
- Owing to the bad weather, the match was cancelled.
RESULT/ CONSEQUENCE
- He was depressed, so he went to see his advisor.
- As a result of the war, the prices of oil went up enormously.
- He was feeling much better. As a result, he decided not to go home earlier.
- They saved the prize money from the lottery. Therefore, they were rich.
- She refused to go along with it, thus provoking her classmates.
- He was feeling much better now. Thus, he had no excuse to go home earlier.
- I’ve been ill. That’s why I didn’t call.
- Many of the university subjects available are not taught at high schools, and
consequently, they may be unfamiliar.
CONTRAST/ CONCESSION
- It was raining, but/ yet/ and yet Ann went out without an umbrella.
- It was raining; however, / nevertheless,/ nonetheless, / even so, Ann went out without
an umbrella.
- Although / Even though it was raining, Ann went out without an umbrella.
- Though it was raining, Ann went out without an umbrella.
- Our team lost. It was a good match, though.
- In spite of being one of the best students in her class, Ann doesn’t like Maths.
- In spite of the rain, Ann went out without an umbrella.
- Despite being one of the best students in her class, Ann doesn’t like Maths.
- Despite the rain, Ann went out without an umbrella.
- Ann went out without an umbrella in spite of the fact that/ despite the fact that it was
raining.
- British cars are small whereas / while American ones are long.
ADDITION
- The place was not only cold, but also dirty.
- Not only did he hit her, but he also killed her.
- Children like eating both pizza and chicken.
- Both Mark and Jennifer like reading.
- He loves pasta, and what’s more, he owns an Italian restaurant.
- In addition to missing his children, Tom misses his wife.
- She writes essays in addition  to novels and poetry
- The diet recommends fruit juice for breakfast and, additionally, fresh fruit once a
day.
- Besides being a fantastic footballer, he’s also good at cricket.
- I don't like that house; besides, it's too expensive for me.
- He didn’t discuss the matter with her. Moreover, he didn’t contact her after the
meeting.
- She always arrives on time; furthermore, her work is always excellent.