AUG 2018

ABB Power Quality Filters

PQFI - PQFM - PQFS
ABB Power Quality Products
ABB Power Quality Filters
Key elements of poor Power Quality

Harmonics

Reactive Power

Load Imbalance

Energy losses and high running costs

Oct-18 Slide 2
ABB Power Quality Filters
The solution to poor Power Quality

ABB premium class Active Filters

- PQFI
- PQFM
- PQFS

Oct-18 Slide 3
ABB Power Quality Filters
The best solution to harmonic problems

ABB active harmonic filters

Waveforms

CLEAN FEEDER LOAD CURRENT ACTIVE FILTER

CURRENT CURRENT
Harmonics

= +
ABB filtering principle: cancellation of harmonics by equal and opposite harmonic generation by an active filter device

Oct-18 Slide 4
ABB Power Quality Filters
Active harmonic filtering principle

Schematic :

FUNDAMENTAL ONLY
Feeder

PQF ONLY
HARMONICS

Oct-18 Slide 5
ABB Power Quality Filters
How does an active filter work (1)?

Physical Signals
Measurements

Power inverter
control signals
State of the art
digital DSP system

- High filtering efficiency and reliability

- Modem digital technology using multi-DSP systems and Microcontroller

Oct-18 Slide 6
ABB Power Quality Filters
How does an active filter work (1)

Line reactor
Output filter

PWM
reactor

PWM Inverter
Control system (IGBT-based)

Oct-18 Slide 7
ABB Power Quality Filters
The PQF

The full-redundancy feature

- Master-Master operation or master-slave
operation
- Master-slave operation gives automatic
redundancy of slaves units
- Master-master operation gives full
redundancy
- Benefits:
- Compliance with redundancy
requirements for critical applications
- Allows to switch off individual units in a
filter system while other units keep
running.
- This feature is implemented in all PQF-
models

Oct-18 Slide 8
ABB Power Quality Filters
The PQF

The full-redundancy feature

Limited redundancy with master – slave filters
– If slave fails, the master will automatically carry on
– If master fails, the complete system stops
Full redundancy with new master – master filters
– If master used as “slave” fails, the “real” master will automatically carry on
– If the “real” master fails, the next master used as “slave” will assume the role of “real” master and
carry on.

Oct-18 Slide 9
ABB Power Quality Filters
ABB active filter types: The PQFS

The most compact member of the PQF

family
Wall-mounted and compact design (W x D x
H: 588 x 326 x 795 mm)
3-Wire and 4-Wire connectivity with same unit
3-Wire: 20 harmonics from 2nd to 50th order
4-Wire: 15 harmonics from 2nd to 50th order
Reactive power compensation feature
– Capacitive loads
– Inductive loads
– Target power factor settable [0.6-1]
Full and limited redundancy

Oct-18 Slide 10
ABB Power Quality Filters
The PQFS

The existing generation

Load balancing feature : line to line, line to neutral or
both
Ratings: 50/60 Hz
208 V  U  240 V and 380 V  U  415 V
30
Line current [A] 45
60
70
80
90
100
120
Neutral current = 3 x line rating limited to 300 Arms for 120 A

Up to eight units of equal rating in parallel

Bottom cable entry
Enclosure protection degree: IP30
Backlit user interface
CE & C-Tick versions available

Oct-18 Slide 11
ABB Power Quality Filters
ABB active filter types

The PQFS
Load balancing
– Phase to phase (as in PQF-I-M series)
– Phase to neutral
– Allows to eliminate the 50/60 Hz neutral
current due to unbalanced loads connected
between phase and neutral, e.g. load in a
data center
Reduces voltage between neutral and ground
conductors

Oct-18 Slide 12
ABB Power Quality Filters
ABB active filter types

The PQFS
Newly added features:
– More compact – 120A in the same enclosure
– Improved thermal design
– Improved protection (hardware & software)
– Increased life of output filter: disconnected
while filter not running
– Improved lifting and wall mounting facilities

Oct-18 Slide 13
ABB Power Quality Filters
ABB active filter types

The PQFM
– 3-wire active filter for line current filtering
– 20 harmonics from 2nd to 50th order
– Reactive power and line balancing feature
– Full and limited redundancy

Oct-18 Slide 14
ABB Power Quality Filters
ABB active filter types

The PQFM
– Ratings for CE filters: 50/60 Hz
208 V  U  480 V 480 V  U  690 V

I [A] Small 70

I [A] Medium 100 100*

I [A] Large 130

I [A] Large 150

* For system voltages > 600V, the current ratings may be derated automatically
depending on the operating temperature.

– Up to eight units of equal or non-equal rating in

parallel

– Top and bottom cable entry

– Available in cubicle (IP21) and in plate version (IP00)

• Cubicle dimensions: 600*600*2150 mm

• Plate dimensions: 498*400*1696 mm

– CE, C-Tick and cUL versions available

Oct-18 Slide 15
ABB Power Quality Filters
ABB active filter types

The PQFI
– 3-wire active filter for line current filtering
– 20 harmonics from 2nd to 50th order
– Reactive power and line balancing feature
– Full and limited redundancy

Oct-18 Slide 16
ABB Power Quality Filters
ABB active filter types

The PQFI
– Ratings for CE filters: 50/60 Hz

208 V  U  480 V 480 V  U  690 V

I [A] 300 180*

I [A] 450 320*

Nr harms 20 20

* For system voltages > 600V, the current ratings may

be derated automatically depending on the operating
temperature.

– Up to eight units of equal or non-equal rating in parallel

– Bottom cable entry standard

– Available in cubicle (IP21)

Cubicle dimensions: 800*600*2150 mm

– CE, C-Tick and cUL versions available

Oct-18 Slide 17
ABB Power Quality Filters
PQF-Range

Application area :
PQFS
– Four wire commercial applications (e.g. office applications, hotels, banks)
– Three wire Industrial applications (e.g. pumping stations) without notches in voltage waveform
PQFM : medium scale industrial three wire applications
PQFI: extra heavy, high power industrial applications

Oct-18 Slide 18
ABB Power Quality Filters
Why use the PQF range of Active Filters (1)?

…because it is the best active filter around!

– Filters up to 20 (PQFM/I) individually selectable harmonics simultaneously in a range up to the
50th harmonic (15 harmonics for PQFS operating in 4 wire mode)
– Desired harmonic levels can be preset for each individual harmonic
– Unsurpassed harmonic attenuation factor ( 97% typically)
– Operates with closed loop control for best accuracy
– Stepless load balancing and reactive power compensation feature
– Different modes of operation and smooth mode changing strategy
– Auto temperature derating function
If ambient temperature increases beyond acceptable limits (e.g. faulty airco) the filter will auto-
derate smoothly (down to max. 50% of its rating) and inform customer of this. After correction of
the problem, the filter will resume original rating automatically

Oct-18 Slide 19
ABB Power Quality Filters
Example 1

Induction heating application

91.2 MVA
20 kV

T1 T2 T3
2 MVA 2 MVA 2 MVA
6% 6% 6%
400 V 400 V 400 V
3200/5
15 VA To T1

700 kvar Drives PQFA 400 kvar Drives 400 kvar Drives
7% 945 kVA 296 kVA 7% 315 kVA 7% 315 kVA
(1010 A) (1364 A) (428 A) (577 A) (455 A) (577 A) (455 A)

Problem:
– High frequency components disturb production system

– Harmonic loads overload detuned banks

Oct-18 Slide 20
ABB Power Quality Filters
Example 1

Induction heating application

Solution : ABB active filter
Initial line current Filtered line current
3000 3000

2000 2000

1000
1000
Line current [A]

Line current [A]

0
0

-1000
-1000

-2000
-2000

-3000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 -3000
Time [ms] 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time [ms]

High frequency content Perfect sine wave

Oct-18 Slide 21
ABB Power Quality Filters
Induction heating application

Solution: ABB active filter

Initial line current Filtered line current

14% 14%

12% 12%

Current distortion [%]

Current distortion [%]

10%
10%

8%
8%

6%
6%
Effect on
high frequencies
4%
4%

2%
2%

0%
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 0%
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
Frequency [Harmonics]
Frequency [Harmonics]

Oct-18 Slide 22
ABB Power Quality Filters
Why use closed loop control?

Distortion source

Active Open loop

filter Distortion source

ABB Closed loop

PQF
For best results: the filter ‘sees’ what it is doing and can compensate for real life measurement inaccuracies

Closed loop CT configuration eases installation

– Reduced installation cost

No special high precision costly CTs required

Oct-18 Slide 23
ABB Power Quality Filters
Why use closed loop control?

Closed loop control Openloop

Open loopoperation
operation

AF AF

Target Control Output Target Control Output

Measurement Feedback Measurement

!!! Beware of pseudo closed loop systems !!!

– Open loop systems that use a closed loop measurement
– Calculate the open loop reference by subtracting the data obtained from two different CT types
• Introduces inaccuracies in the control

Oct-18 Slide 24
ABB Power Quality Filters
Why use closed loop control?

Directly control & measure THDI and total

Closed loop control load current then compensate
Control point

CT : x/5A

PQF VFD VFD VFD VFD VFD

spare

Other loads
Future extent ion = easy

THDI = ? unknown
Open loop operation Total loads = ? Unknown
Control point Pass/fail regulation = ? Unknown

CT:x/1A CT CT CT CT

AF? VFD VFD VFD VFD VFD spare

Other loads

SCT Accuracy drop !

Future extent ion =?

Oct-18 Slide 25
ABB Power Quality Filters
Why use closed loop control?

– Directly measure and control harmonic current flowing to network

– No risk of wrong THDI calculation
– Can verify harmonic according to regulation directly
– Simple CT connection
– Normal CT X/5A class 1 is sufficient
– Easy for future harmonic load extensions
– Better accuracy & safety
– Appropriate for local & global compensation

Oct-18 Slide 26
ABB Power Quality Filters
Why load balancing/reactive power?

– To further improve the Power Quality of the network

– To have stepless reactive power available in sensitive networks (e.g. hospital environment)
– To have both inductive and capacitive reactive power available
– To avoid penalties of the utility
– To unload, increase life, of transformers
– To reduce fundamental current in the neutral due to unbalance loads between line and neutral
– To reduce voltage build-up in neutral conductor w.r.t. ground

Oct-18 Slide 27
ABB Power Quality Filters
Why perform load balancing?

Example

Oct-18 Slide 28
ABB Power Quality Filters
Why use the PQF range of Active Filters (4)?

…because it has an excellent user interface

offering extensive network analysis tools!
Standard provided with each filter
Easy setup of the active filter
Three phase network analyzer
– Numerical data
– Spectra
– Time domain waveforms of all important
electric parameters
Filter status analysis tools
– Filter load indication
– Event log including fault analysis with time
stamp
– Temperature sensor indications
Connection point for all customer control and
monitoring I/O

Oct-18 Slide 29
ABB Power Quality Filters
Why use the PQF range of Active Filters (4)?

…because it has an excellent user interface

offering extensive network analysis tools!
Touch sensitive multicolored display
Supports six languages:
– English
– French
– German
– Spanish
– Chinese
– Korean
More connectivity for communication purposes
: Modbus RTU (RS485), Modbus TCP (Ethernet),
PQ-Link (Ethernet & USB)
Up to 8 temperature probes
Access to the parameter of various units from
the master
Enhanced on screen help

Oct-18 Slide 30
ABB Power Quality Filters
Why use the PQF range of Active Filters (5)?

…because it can be equipped with the

options you need!
– Higher protection degree for certain models
(IP41)
– RS485 converter for Modbus communication
– Base frame
– Top cable entry for PQFI
– Reinforced output filters for DC drive loads
– PQ-Link software for programming and
monitoring the filter from a PC

Oct-18 Slide 31
ABB Power Quality Filters
Option

PQ-Link software
Direct control and monitoring from local or
remote computer
Windows based software to:
– Consult and program the filter
– Monitor parameters
Multicolored display of
– Voltages
– Currents
– Other parameters

Oct-18 Slide 32
ABB Power Quality Filters
Where are the PQF active filters used?

…everywhere where Power Quality is at stake!!!

Hotels, banks, Printing Paper Ski lifts

Petrochemic
computing press machine al industry
centres

Propulsion Cranes Metro Water Telecom

treatment

Offshore Solar Centrifuges Winders Compressors

Oct-18 Slide 33
ABB Power Quality Filters
Conclusions

ABB
– Has a complete range of active filters
– Has a vast amount of experience in the active filter field

ABB active filters:

– Have extremely high filtering efficiency
– Can filter up to a very high order
– Allow for reactive power compensation and load balancing (between lines or/and between line &
– neutral)
– Are designed with the customer in mind

Oct-18 Slide 34