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posture. It's caused by damage that occurs to the immature brain as it develops, most
often before birth.
Signs and symptoms appear during infancy or preschool years. In general, cerebral
palsy causes impaired movement associated with abnormal reflexes, floppiness or
rigidity of the limbs and trunk, abnormal posture, involuntary movements, unsteady
walking, or some combination of these.
People with cerebral palsy can have problems swallowing and commonly have eye
muscle imbalance, in which the eyes don't focus on the same object. They also might
have reduced range of motion at various joints of their bodies due to muscle stiffness.
Cerebral palsy's effect on function varies greatly. Some affected people can walk;
others need assistance. Some people show normal or near-normal intellect, but others
have intellectual disabilities. Epilepsy, blindness or deafness also might be present.
Symptoms
Signs and symptoms can vary greatly. Movement and coordination problems associated
with cerebral palsy include:
Variations in muscle tone, such as being either too stiff or too floppy
Favoring one side of the body, such as reaching with one hand or dragging a leg
while crawling
Learning difficulties
Difficulty with fine motor skills, such as buttoning clothes or picking up utensils
Seizures
Cerebral palsy can affect the whole body, or it might be limited primarily to one limb or
one side of the body. The brain disorder causing cerebral palsy doesn't change with
time, so the symptoms usually don't worsen with age.
However, as the child gets older, some symptoms might become more or less apparent.
And muscle shortening and muscle rigidity can worsen if not treated aggressively.
Brain abnormalities associated with cerebral palsy might also contribute to other
neurological problems, including:
Intellectual disabilities
Seizures
Oral diseases
Urinary incontinence
It's important to get a prompt diagnosis for a movement disorder or delays in your child's
development. See your child's doctor if you have concerns about episodes of loss of
awareness of surroundings or of abnormal bodily movements, abnormal muscle tone,
impaired coordination, swallowing difficulties, eye muscle imbalance or other
developmental issue
Causes
Lack of oxygen to the brain related to difficult labor or delivery, although birth-
related asphyxia is much less commonly a cause than historically thought
Risk factors
A number of factors are associated with an increased risk of cerebral palsy.
Maternal health
Herpes. This can be passed from mother to child during pregnancy, affecting the
womb and placenta. Inflammation triggered by infection can damage the unborn
baby's developing nervous system.
Zika virus infection. Infants for whom maternal Zika infection causes their head
size to be smaller than normal (microcephaly) can develop cerebral palsy.
Other conditions. Other conditions that can increase the risk of cerebral palsy
include thyroid problems, intellectual disabilities or seizures, and exposure to
toxins, such as methyl mercury.
Infant illness
Illnesses in a newborn baby that can greatly increase the risk of cerebral palsy include:
Bleeding into the brain. This condition is commonly caused by the baby having
a stroke in the womb.
While the potential contribution from each is limited, additional pregnancy or birth
factors associated with increased cerebral palsy risk include:
Low birth weight. Babies who weigh less than 5.5 pounds (2.5 kilograms) are at
higher risk of developing cerebral palsy. This risk increases as birth weight drops.
Multiple babies. Cerebral palsy risk increases with the number of babies sharing
the uterus. If one or more of the babies die, the survivors' risk of cerebral palsy
increases.
Premature birth. Babies born fewer than 28 weeks into the pregnancy are at
higher risk of cerebral palsy. The earlier a baby is born, the greater the cerebral
palsy risk.
Complications
Premature aging. Some type of premature aging will affect most people with
cerebral palsy in their 40s because of the strain the condition puts on their bodies.
Mental health conditions. People with cerebral palsy might have mental health
conditions, such as depression. Social isolation and the challenges of coping with
disabilities can contribute to depression.
Heart and lung disease. People with cerebral palsy may develop heart disease
and lung disease and breathing disorders.
Prevention
Most cases of cerebral palsy can't be prevented, but you can lessen risks. If you're
pregnant or planning to become pregnant, you can take these steps to keep healthy and
minimize pregnancy complications:
Take care of yourself. The healthier you are heading into a pregnancy, the less
likely you'll be to develop an infection that results in cerebral palsy.
Seek early and continuous prenatal care. Regular visits to your doctor during
your pregnancy are a good way to reduce health risks to you and your unborn
baby. Seeing your doctor regularly can help prevent premature birth, low birth
weight and infections.
Practice good child safety. Prevent head injuries by providing your child with a
car seat, bicycle helmet, safety rails on beds and appropriate supervision.
Avoid alcohol, tobacco and illegal drugs. These have been linked to cerebral
palsy risk.