1

Introduction

Filipinos are recognized as one of the most adaptable people. Their resourcefulness and

their resiliency has been tested through not just natural calamities, tragedies, and disasters but even

in living through day to day life. Living in the Philippines poses a number of challenges that

Filipinos have to overcome, especially with the economy seemingly getting worse. Life gets harder

to get by for those Filipinos who are in the poverty line.

Poverty is a universal socio-economic issue that has negative implications not just for

Filipinos but for people living through it regardless of their ethnicity or nationality. Problems with

housing, food and water supply, source of income, education, chronic unemployment pile up,

leaving little room for those who live in poverty to resolve these issues due to their limited

resources. However, in a third-world country like the Philippines, where extreme poverty exists,

poverty seems to be abundantly present if not in every corner of certain regions. Extreme poverty

in the Philippines can be best pictured as unemployment, lack of education, inability to provide

daily basic needs such as food, water, and shelter to one’s self and family, deprivation of access to

certain services such as life insurance, security, leisure and entertainment, sanitation, lack of access

to healthcare services and facilities, and many more.

As cited in The Borgen Project (2018) which is a non-profit organization formed in

2003 that addresses poverty and hunger, there are 3.1 million homeless people living in Manila,

making Manila as the city with the highest homeless population in the world. Slums are scattered

over 526 communities in all cities and municipalities in Manila. Moreover, there is an estimated

6,000 slum-dwellers from 800 families who live in the slums of Manila North Cemetery since
 2

1950s. Slums around a garbage dump are also present in the city, especially in Tondo. There are

about more than 12,000 people living in shelters around a garbage dump in Tondo. However,

despite the decrepit conditions they are living in, the residents in the area continue to survive by

collecting food leftovers in bins and recycle them through boiling, which is then sold to hungry

families in slums for a few pesos.

According to Rodriguez (2014), food collected from the garbage, otherwise known as

“pagpag”, are leftovers mostly from fast food restaurants that are scavenged from the garbage and

thoroughly washed with water. The “pagpag” collected are then either sold to others or cooked for

their own consumption. There are numerous health concerns about eating “pagpag” from health

professionals ranging from the evident concerns such as diseases that could be acquired from

eating secondhand food to the inadequate nutrition received from eating only “pagpag” (Lah,

2012). Despite the controversy surrounding “pagpag”, there is still a market for “pagpag” in the

urban poor. Eating “pagpag” is still a means to satisfy their hunger for affordable prices as low as

twenty pesos and this is a better alternative than having nothing to eat. Poor nutrition is prevalent

in the city of Manila making the Philippines as the ninth highest prevalence of stunted kids in the

world (The Borgen Project, 2018).

Having this knowledge about extreme poverty present in Manila at hand, getting in touch

and knowing more about these Filipinos who trade “pagpag” is one of the main purposes of this

study since these group of Filipinos are somewhat untouched and neglected by the society.

Therefore, the researchers aim to “reach the unreached and touch the untouched” in order to learn

about the life challenges they experience and their formed aspirations in life, which could

eventually add on and stir up new knowledge in Filipino Psychology.

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Theoretical Framework

David Buss’ Evolutionary Theory of Personality

From an Evolutionary Theory of Personality standpoint, it is not just the human body that

evolves to guarantee the survival of an individual in the world. According to Buss, humans have

physical and psychological mechanisms that shall ensure their survival. These mechanisms are a

way solving particular problems humans may encounter in their lives mainly, survival and

reproduction.

For this study, the researchers will focus on the psychological mechanisms of an individual

which are adaptations that solves particular survival problems using cognitive, motivational, and

personality systems that can accommodate to any type of situation. These psychological

mechanisms are considered as evolved mechanisms. An example of these psychological

mechanisms are personality traits and human drives or motivations.

These physical and psychological mechanisms come into play when people living in

extreme poverty resort to scavenging for leftover food from the garbage, in order to satisfy their

hunger and survive. While their physical mechanisms fortify their immune systems to ensure they

do not get sick, their psychological mechanisms enabled them to adapt to this impoverished

lifestyle by prompting them to find creative ways to find food and a steady flow of income. These

people repurpose the leftovers they find by either cooking it into a Filipino dish to consume or sell

it for some income. Despite the bleak way of living they have, they still managed to survive in this

modern world without adequate resources.

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Conceptual Paradigm

Figure 1. Schematic Design of the Study

Figure 1 shows the conceptual paradigm of the study wherein extreme poverty is

considered to be the major factor in the resort of a young Filipino adults in eating recycled leftover

or “pagpag”. This study aims to see the resourcefulness of these young adults, to know why these

young adults continue to rely on “pagpag” for their financial income and shows if these young

adults want to continue living this way even if given a chance to escape from it.

Statement of the Problem

1. How did the young adults discovered the idea of trading “pagpag”?

2. What are the reasons of the young adults to continue settling in trading “pagpag”?

3. What are the end goals of the young adults who trade “pagpag”?
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Assumptions

1. Filipinos are well - known for being resourceful. For the marginalized, the main goal is to

escape poverty and have a better quality of living. Although trading “pagpag” is not necessarily

a better option for some, it is their only option for survival. Those who prefer to eat “pagpag”

consider this as a means of saving. By doing so, they are able to allocate their very little income

to other needs such as shelter and schooling. “Pagpag” is also used as a means for livelihood.

It is assumed that those who scavenge for and eat “pagpag” live in a community where others

also do the same and is thus, considered a norm. By selling “pagpag” to their neighbors, they

are able to earn extra for other everyday expenses.

2. End goals are shaped by our environment and experiences. Extreme poverty causes them to

resort to “pagpag”, these young adults will be moved to work harder and earn more, especially

for those who have younger siblings. The bare minimum of their end goal is to be able to serve

fresh and clean food on the table. Having known and experienced poverty all their lives, they

will aspire to escape from it but, they will strive to get there step-by-step, part of that is having

to find other alternatives such as trading “pagpag” to survive. The dream is to have a better

quality of life, one where they would not have to trade or even eat “pagpag”.

Significance of the Study

Young Adults Living in Extreme Poverty. This study serves as a paper that shows the

extent of the living conditions of young adults living in extreme poverty. This study also gives a

voice for those young adults living in extreme poverty to share the challenges they face day-to-

day and the aspirations they have even though they are living in extreme poverty.
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Health Practitioners. This study informs health practitioners that there are young adults

relying on unsafe recycled foods, the implications to the health of an individual must be studied.

This study also prompts health practitioners about the safety of eating recycled foods specially

those coming from trash.

Government of the Philippines. This study informs the government the severity in the

problem regarding poverty, resulting in these young adults to eat “pagpag”, to survive their day-

to-day lives. This study also shows that even with the financial help from the government it isn’t

enough to get these young adults out of extreme poverty.

Non-Government Organizations and or Charities. This study informs that there are

young adults living in extreme poverty which results in them trading recycled food or “pagpag”.

This study shows that help from Ngos, Nfos, and charities are needed by these young adults to

help in their daily lives for them to at the very least eat properly.

Readers. This study gives interest to the readers about the unique perspective of the young

adults trading “pagpag”. The readers discovered that these young adults in their extreme living

situation still find ways to make a living even with limited resources. The readers also looked into

the resourcefulness of young Filipino adults. The readers also recognized the relation of needing

to survive and the resourcefulness of these young adults.

Future Researchers. This study serves as a support for their related literature regarding

the topic of young adults eating “pagpag”. Considering the limited amount of research in the

Philippines, this study can impart recent knowledge about young adults trading “pagpag”, the

challenges they face, the aspirations they have and how these challenges affect their aspirations.

This can also serve as an empirical qualitative research for Philippine norms.
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Filipino Psychology. This study shall contribute to Filipino Psychology because of the

nature of “pagpag” being uniquely Filipino. This study shall explore the challenges and aspirations

of Filipinos living in extreme poverty. Despite their marginalized status, these people are still a

part of the Filipino community and follow Filipino values and behavior.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study will be conducted to explore the unseen world of people living in extreme

poverty. The researchers would like to look into to the resourcefulness of these young adults, to

know why these young adults continue to rely on “pagpag” for their financial income and shows

if these young adults want to continue living this way even if given a chance to escape from it.

This study will involve young adults, ranging from 18 years old to 25 years old, as the participants

for this study living in Metro Manila.

For the limitations of the study, there are also many other people, such as adults and even

those who are in their early childhood stage, who are trading in “pagpag” in other places, inside or

outside of Manila, for their daily nourishment and survivability. But for this study, the researchers

will only focus on young adults, ranging from 18 years old to 25 years old, as participants in Metro

Manila.

Definition of Terms

End Goal. A future results an individual would like to achieve. These are typically easy to

identify as they are simply desirable outcomes.

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Extreme Poverty. A categorization for someone who are greatly underprivileged of

primitive human needs and sometimes the ones who have minimal to limited access to service

assistance for the public.

Pagpag. Leftovers from the garbage that usually came from fast food chains that are

scavenged, meticulously washed with water, then recooked or occasionally sell. It means dusted

off or re processed food.

Trade. The action of buying and selling goods.

Young Adults. People whose age ranges from 18 – 25 years old.

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Literature Review

Poverty in The Philippines

One of the major concerns of every country is reducing or eliminating poverty. United

Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (2017) defined poverty in either relative

or absolute terms. Absolute poverty was defined as a measure of poverty in relation to the

necessary amount of money for attaining basic needs like food, clothing, and shelter. Social and

cultural needs of individuals are not taken in consideration in absolute poverty, whereas the

concept of relative poverty defines poverty in relation to the economic status of one to the other

members of the community. Individuals are considered poor if they fall behind the considered

standards of living in a certain community. Moreover, “the international standard of extreme

poverty is set to the possession of less than $1 a day”.

In the latest data released by the Philippine Statistics Authority (2019), the proportion of

poor Filipinos was set at 21% during the first semester of 2018. Statistics was formulated with the

use of food and poverty thresholds. Food threshold is defined as the “minimum income required

to meet the basic food needs, satisfying the nutritional requirements set by the Food and Nutrition

Research Institute (FNRI) to ensure that one remains economically and socially productive”, while

poverty threshold is “the minimum income required to meet the basic food and non-food needs

such as clothing, fuel, light and water, housing, rental of occupied dwelling units, transportation

and communication, health and education expenses, non-durable furnishing, household operations

and personal care and effects”. According to Philippine Statistics Authority, the food threshold of

a family of five is no less than 7,337 PhP in a month, while the poverty threshold is no less than
 10

10, 481 PhP in a month. The food and poverty thresholds in the first semester of 2018 are 10.9%

higher than the food and poverty thresholds from the first semester of 2015.

Aside from the food and poverty threshold, the Philippine Statistics Authority also released

the income gap, poverty gap, and severity of poverty in the first semester of 2018. Income gap is

defined as a measurement of the average income required for an individual to get out of poverty,

which is relative to the poverty threshold. Poverty gap, on the other hand, is “the income shortfall

of families with income less than the poverty threshold divided by the total number of families”.

And lastly, the severity of poverty is “the total of the squared income shortfall of families with

income below the poverty threshold, divided by the total number of families”. In the first semester

of 2018, the income gap, poverty gap, and severity of poverty were as follows: 26.9%, 4.3%, 1.8%.

A statistically significant decrease was noted in relation to the data gathered from the first semester

of 2015. In 2015, the income gap, poverty gap, and severity of poverty were noted to be: 29.5%,

6.6%, 20.8% in consecutive order.

The Asian Development Bank (2019), also released a diagram which compared the number

of population below the National Poverty Line among different South East Asian Countries.

Myanmar had the highest share of population below the National Poverty Line with 32.1% in the

year 2015 followed by Lao People’s Democratic Republic, with 23.2% in the year 2012. The

Philippines ranked third with a percentage of 21.6% in the year 2015.

In an article written by Cai Ordinario of Business Minor (2019), “poverty worsened in 17

provinces and cities, including districts in Metro Manila in the first half of 2018”. The highest

increase in poverty incidence were noted in Basilan and Isabela City, which worsened to 65.3%

and 52.6% respectively. Caloocan, Malabon, Navotas, and Valenzuela which are part of the Third
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DIstrict of Metro Manila had a 1.57% higher poverty rate in the 2018 compared to 2015. The First

District of Metro Manila also had an increase of poverty rate by 0.91%.

Challenges of Poverty

According to Pennington J. (2017), Filipinos have high literacy rates. However, poverty in

the Philippines still continues to rise. Filipinos see that access to good education as a way to help

them get out of poverty but still at least one-fourth of the population of the Philippines remain poor

or part of the poverty rate. Majority of the respondents from the survey performed states that the

main reason for not going to school is “lack of family income” but another popular response was

an insufficient amount of facilities and teacher for the student who do go to school. The Philippine

Government was not ignored in this study where they create laws to provide better quality for

public schools and entice students to go to school or parents to send them to school and provide a

better batch of graduates trained for work however these methods still can’t stop the dropout rate

of students to rise due to poverty. In the Philippines where unemployment rate is high and the

inflation rate is high there is a disparity between the income and the spending of the people

especially for the poor or experiencing poverty. Even if there are available education for them,

they still cannot go to school because of the lack of money.

It is stated that as the number of family members’ rises, the probability of the family being

food poor also rises. But this is affected by the family’s demographic location where the weather

affects the resources of the family, especially the food that grows naturally in their area or nurtured

by the family. Food poverty of families are affected by the demographic location where they live

in for example people living near the field could cultivate their own food provided the weather is

in their favor however people living in the city areas have higher food poverty rate. Food poverty
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was described to be the incapacity to eat at least once a day for the whole family. In line with these

results they state that families with at least one member that has access to good education could

help the family to escape food poverty or higher chance to eat more than once a day. Baje &

Dacuycuy (2017).

According to statistics, 21 percent of Filipinos belong to the poverty during the first

semester of 2018 (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2019). In line to this, in order to survive, some

families sell “pagpag” in order to have some income and some buy in order to survive hunger.

According to the study, “pagpag” has four classes that ranges from 5 pesos up to 30 pesos

depending on how the leftover food was cooked or what kind of viand it is. Class A consists of 4

pieces of white chicken breast meat (without skin and bones), which is sold for $0.46 (Php 30).

Class A is the least produced, which is why it is ordered on a reservation basis. Class B is a

combination of wing and leg parts with chicken meat and bones. A bag of Class B would cost

$0.35 (Php 15). Class C is similar to Class B, with fewer strips of chicken meat. It is sold in a

cheaper price of $0.23 (Php 10) per bag. Class D is purely strained chicken skin left after cooking

and is sold for the cheapest price of $0.12 (Php 5). Class D offers another variation wherein rice

is also mixed in (Chua, Mercadillo, Munoz, & Salud, 2018).

For those who trade “pagpag”, they stated that they tried eating it at least once in their lives

and most of the buyers usually buy it at least three times a week. Some of the reasons why they

continue to consume “pagpag” is that it satisfy their hunger and they do not get sick from it. (Chua,

et al., 2018)
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Effects of Poverty

Poverty has both immediate and lasting consequences that can follow a child into

adulthood. Growing up in poverty leads to a lack of food supply, nourishment, and inadequate

health care system for the sick people by eating unsafe foods. This creates limited access to

education because the child is less likely to return to school thus continuing the cycle of poverty.

(Ultius, n.d)

In 2016, Beam stated that, there is also a wide range of negative psychological effects

caused by poverty. One negative effect is Learned Helplessness. Children feel as if they have no

power to control their circumstances because children are those who have the least choice and

ability to change what happens to them. And as they grow up, these behaviors are more embedded

in their personalities and often considered unrecoverable as the effects of prolonged poverty.

Childhood poverty is a widespread issue in the United States with one in five children

living in need, as a result, a child can acquire many different food-related diseases, simply because

the poor can't always afford safe and nutritious foods. Unfortunately, the effects of having poor

health can carry through adulthood, as childhood illnesses may lead to chronic health issues

throughout the lifespan.

Reasons for Poverty

Poverty is not just about the amount of money a family has acquired or how much

income they make. According to UN Habitat (2003), poverty also defines the aspects of scarce

income, inadequate asset base or shelter, lack of public infrastructure, no provision for basic
 14

services and safety net, voicelessness and powerlessness, and deficient protection of power

group’s right.

As stated in the book of Poverty in the Philippines: Causes, Constraints and

Opportunities by Asian Development Bank (2009), the main reason for poverty in Philippine

settings is the low to moderate economic growth over the past 40 years that has limited impact

on the poor. Economic growth does not interpret in reducing the families within poverty line

over the years. The flaws and quality of employment generation contributes to the causes of

poverty by making it difficult to find a job that will generate a regular income.

The limited to minimal access to education as well as its poor quality results to the

families within poverty line to only reach primary to secondary level of education. As mentioned

in the article of Diane Adame (2018), “At least two-thirds of poor households are headed by an

individual with an elementary level education or below”. It would require a strenuous act for an

individual without a college degree in seeking employment.

Young Adulthood

People who were born from 1980 to 2000 are Millennial Generation, under this generation

is a minority group of young adults ages 18-25. As studied by Moran (2016), a great deal of these

young adults is meant to be pursuing their college degree or starting their chosen career paths.

Several are starting to earn money, buy homes, and start their own family – living their own life.

However, there is still a fraction to these young adults that do not have the competence to meet the

norms for a typical young adult owing to different situations and factors. Most young adults in

every underprivileged household are the one standing as the head of the family or the one

supporting their family’s ordinary needs, mostly, financially. Some of them were gratified to think
 15

the sake of their family before their own sake or their own life. Situations such as the everyday

struggle of families within the extreme poverty line to provide for their physiological or basic

needs. At this point, it is becoming harder for an individual to reach their self-actualizing state if

simple primitive needs are already hard to justify.

As eloquently stated by the Youth Development Institute (2014), young adults between 18-

25 years old are complex intellectuals. Their cognitive development can help them focus on not

just one concept but can also process multiples of them and organize their thoughts. This ability

supports them in forming ideas, thinking about values, and looking on different perspectives.

These young adults are also morally urbanized, their “appreciation for diverse views” helps them

value and respect other people’s beliefs, principles and point of view. It also helps them appreciate

that there are several sides and numerous answers to every single problem.
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Method

Research Design

The study will be using a phenomenological approach to study the challenges and

aspirations of who eat “pagpag” and how the challenges they face affect their aspirations. A

phenomenological approach is the best option for the researchers to use in this study for it seeks

to understand an individual’s experience and how it relates to their personal lives (Noon, 2018).

This type of approach is most beneficial to this study due to the fact that eating “pagpag” and the

concept of it is unique to the slums of Manila. With the phenomenological approach the researchers

shall be able to dig deep into the participant’s personal experiences and gain a better understanding

of their situation. The research team will administer a semi-structured interview. This is to allow

researchers to have a conversation with the participants without the interview being too restrictive

and this will help researchers inquire about unanticipated topics that may arise (Newcomer, Hatry,

and Wholey, 2015). While the nature of the interview used in the study is semi-structured, the

researchers shall use an interview guide to help them obtain the data they need for the study. With

this design the research team can confidently gather the data they need for this study.

Participants

This study will gather 10 participants through the use of snowball sampling and purposive

technique. Snowball sampling is a technique where the researchers will ask the participants for a

referral of other possible participants that fit the criterias. (Mathstopia, 2019). Research

participants are asked to assistance identifying other people. It will ask the participants to provide

the data needed to locate other members of the population whom they happened to know that has

the same experience they are having (Babbie, 2007). In purposive sampling, personal judgment
 17

will be used to choose cases that help answer research questions or achieve research objectives.

(Research Methodology, 2019). This technique involves selecting and identifying individuals or

group of individuals who are knowledgeable and well experienced with the situation. (Cresswell

& Clark, 2011). The participants believe that referrals will be a reliable source of acquiring

individuals to be their participants. Then, the researchers will gather information about how did

they have the idea of trading “pagpag”, why do they rely into that and their end goal. The

researchers chose young adults as participants because according to studies, multiple physical,

emotional and social changes, including exposure to poverty, abuse, or violence can make young

adults vulnerable to mental health problems (World Health Organization, 2019). The researchers

believe that having young adults as participants in this research is beneficial because during this

age an individual is at the peak of his/her life where there are a lot of decisions to be made and

dreams to chase. In line with these, the young adult age is the time where the food intake or the

nutrients needed by an individual is at its peak. The researchers also want to know if what these

young adults who are exposed to extreme poverty do in order to fight these and other challenges

they are experiencing. The criteria that participants acquired are as follows:

1. Young adults ages 18-25 years old.

2. Young adults who trade “pagpag”.

2. Young adults who are currently living in Metro Manila.

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Instruments

Informed Consent Form. The informed consent form will notify the participants of the

information about the study and to obtain the participant’s consent to participate in the study. It

will be both in English and Tagalog.

Personal Data Sheet. The personal data sheet will contain the following information of

the participant such as age, occupation, civil status, whether or not they eat “pagpag”. Participants

have the freedom to disclose or omit their names.

Interview Guide Questions. The research team shall use an interview guide questions

which shall be validated by subject matter experts. The interview guide questions will then be

translated to Tagalog by experts in using the language.

Procedure

First, the researchers will ask permission from the Department of Psychology to administer

a pilot interview using the interview guide questions that the researchers generated and verified by

the Subject Matter Experts of Far Eastern University. Then, the researchers will gather 1 qualified

volunteer to be the pilot participant that the researchers will conduct upon the pilot interview in

Metro Manila. Before the interview, the researchers will brief the participants about the contents

of the Informed Consent Form which includes voluntary participation and the researchers can

record the interview for the data gathering.

Next, the researchers will administer the interview to the qualified participant using the

interview guide questions. After the interview, the researchers will debrief the participant and will
 19

give a token of appreciation for participating in the study. If the pilot interview is a success, then

the researchers will proceed to the actual interview and the same procedure will be done.

After gathering the data, the researchers will transcribe all the audio recordings and will

give a code name for each participant. All of the data will remain confidential and will be kept in

a safe storage where the researchers and the research collaborator only can access it.

Data Analysis

The research team shall use Thematic Analysis to analyze the verbal data collected from

the participant. According to Braun & Clarke (2006), cited by Vaismoradi et al. (2013), this

method of data analysis will allow the researchers to identify, analyze, and observe the themes

within their data.

After collecting data from the participants, the research team shall transcribe the

respondents’ responses with the aid of a voice recording of their interviews. Aside from the verbal

responses by the participants, the research team shall also take note of the participants’ initial

reaction to each question asked by the interviewer. The research team shall then read the data and

analyze it with a thematic approach, the research team will be able to categorize the participant’s

responses into themes. By categorizing the data into themes, this will make it easier for the research

team to identify and come up with an interpretation from the collected data.

Once the researchers have their findings, they shall then utilize the triangulation method to

address issues of trustworthiness. Triangulation is the eclectic use of methodologies in the study
 20

of an identical phenomenon (Denzin, 1978, as cited in Jehn, 2009). The research team shall split

into two groups. The first group shall look for themes within the collected data, while the second

group shall verify if those themes do exist within the data collected. The research team shall then

confirm their findings with their research adviser.

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Appendix A

Personal Data Sheet

Name(Optional):

Age:

Civil Status:

Occupation:

Trades “Pagpag”:

ÿ Yes

ÿ No

Personal na Impormasyon

Pangalan(Opsyonal):

Edad:

Kalagayang Sibil:

Trabaho:

Nagbebenta ng “Pagpag”:

ÿ Oo

ÿ Hindi

Appendix B

Interview Guide Questions

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1. Ikaw ba ay nag-aaral?

2. (kung oo) Anong taon mo na sa eskwelahan?

3. Ikaw ba ay nakapagtapos ng pag-aaral?

4. Ilan kayong mag kakapatid?

5. Pang Ilan ka sa mag kakapatid?

6. Gaano na kayo katagal gumagawa ng pagpag?

7. Kinakain niyo ba ito? O ibinebenta?

8. (Kung nag bebenta) Mag kano ninyo ibinebenta ang pagpag?

9. Maaari mo bang ikwento kung paano ninyo ginagawa ang pagpag?

10. Ano – ano ang mga pinag dadaanan mo sa kasalukuyan?

11. Paano mo hinaharap ang iyong mga kasalukuyan na pinag dadaanan?

12. Ano – ano ang iyong mga hangarin sa buhay?