DATA Analysis

Research Methods for Project Managers

1/3/2021
Rimsha Farooq
MPM201030

Submitted to: Dr. Lakhi Muhammad

Question Number 1:

What are the main points while looking for data analysis?
DATA ANALYSIS:

It involves the analysis of results, and inferring relevant results as per the scope. First of all the
frequency tables are transferred on SPSS from the excel file. When frequency tables are finalized
we go towards the reliability testing and validity which is directly inferred as hypothesis testing.

DEMOGRAPHIC STUDY:

May involve age, gender, income, education

RELIABILITY:

 The inter item correlation is known as reliability, and we find it by using some values.
 Based on Cranach’s alpha value
 If we are developing the scale then 0.6 is considered to be reliable but otherwise it we are
using already developed scale then the value should be >0.6.
 Click analysis
× Scale
× Reliability analysis
× Move items of constructs
× Click continue
 The minimum value is 0.7 which shows that data is reliable.

VALIDITY:

 The validity is applicable at the construct stage. The correlation among constructs is
responsible for the prediction of reliability of data.
 Have two types’ i.e. convergent validity and discriminant validity.
 SPSS is first generation software so it does not support convergent validity.
 Correlation value should be <0.6 is applicable for validation of data.
  Variance explained by independent variable to dependent variable is called R2.
 The acceptable R2 values are
× 0.02= weak
× 0.13= moderate
× >0.26= substantial

MEAN:

The following procedure is involved for creating the mean.

 Transform
 Compute variable
 Function group
 Statistical
 Mean
 Select items of construct
 One construct will be created.

CORRELATION TESTING:

 A model fit technique used to check the significance level.

 It determines how these constructs correlate with each other
 Correlation means to find the similarity index among the constructs.
 Values less than 0.5 are acceptable, the values greater than 0.5 are not require.
 In generation 1 and generation 2 the reliability is calculated by correlation testing.
 Furner Larker criteria and Henson Criteria have replaced the correlation testing via SPSS
for being most reliable one.
 Now a days HTMT (Heterotrait Monotrait Ratio)is used for validity testing.

RESEARCHER BIAS:

The mistake committed by researcher during the data collection as he choose the wrong
respondent for data collection purpose.
RESPONDENT BIAS:

The mistake committed by respondent during data collection because of misinterpretation of

data.

REGRESSION (HYPOTHESIS TESTING)

 Take just one dependent variable at a time it’s the biggest fault due to which other
validation criteria’s have introduced.
 B value if > 0.05 then hypothesis rejected even if 0.06.
 The significance level is 0.5.
 It basically represents the confidence on data e.g.
× 10% means we are 90% sure that we have a true hypothesis under
study.
× 5% means we are 95% are that we have a correct hypothesis under
consideration.

MEDIAN MODERATION TEST:

For this purpose firstly the Preacher, Hayes Mediation Model was installed in SPSS.

 X,Y,M values are interpreted by watching the model on literature.

 The model number was selected.
 Confidence interval 95
 5000 bootstrap sample.
 We actually look for Upper limit and lower limit but no t, P values.
 The confidence interval should not be zero.
 Both LLCI and UPCI should have the same signs which predict non zero as per number
line method.