Dr.

Tasnuva Faruk
MPH (IUB), MBBS(DU)
Lecturer, SPH, IUB

Contact: meghbalika04@gmail.com

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 By the end of this presentation, participants will be able to:
 Define health, components of health and brief review of
wellbeing.
 Discuss about disease, illness and sickness
 Define society and culture
 Connect links between society and health.

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 Definition
 Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social
well-being and not merely the absence of diseases or
infirmity. (World Health Organization, 1948)

 Determinants of health
According to WHO, the determinants of health include:
 The social and economic environment
 The physical environment
 The person’s individual characteristics and behaviors

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 Socioeconomic Environment Social impacts on health are
determined by complex relationships between economic systems
and social structures. These systems and structures impact the
distribution of resources, money and power in a community and
around the world.

 Physical Environment The physical environment includes land,

air, water, plants and animals, buildings and other infrastructure,
and all of the natural resources that provide our basic needs and
opportunities for social and economic development.

 Individual Characteristics and Behaviors Men and women

suffer from different types of diseases at different ages. Genetics,
inheritance plays a part in determining lifespan, healthiness and
the likelihood of developing certain illnesses. Personal behavior
and coping skills, i.e. balanced eating, keeping active, smoking,
drinking, and how we deal with life’s stresses and challenges all
affect health.

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• Physical health - The state of being free from illness or injury.
It is vital for overall well-being.
• Social health – The ability of a person to interact, and form
appropriate relationships with other individuals.

• Environmental health - Addresses all the physical, chemical, and

biological factors external to a person, and all the related factors
impacting behaviors.
• Mental health - Involves cognitive thinking and harnessing one’s
attention to stay focused, which includes processing information,
storing it in memory, and understanding this new information.

• Emotional health -
The state of positive psychological
functioning and involves expressing one’s emotions appropriately
for one’s age.

• Spiritual health – The integration of a person with the greater

whole of life.

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 Wellness is considered a conscious, self-directed and evolving
process of achieving full potential.

 How health is different from wellness?

Health Wellness
Health is a state of being whole in Wellness is the state of living a
body and mind, and spirit healthy lifestyle
Health refers to physical, mental, wellness aims to enhance well-
and social well-being being

 Wellness is always a matter of choice.

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 Wellbeing is the state of being happy, healthy, or
prosperous.
 It is about ‘how we are doing’ as individuals,
communities and as a nation and how sustainable this is
for the future.
 It includes having good mental health, high life
satisfaction, and a sense of meaning or purpose.

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 Physical Wellbeing — The ability to improve the functioning of
your body through healthy eating and good exercise habits.

 Emotional Wellbeing — The ability to practice stress-

management techniques, be resilient, and generate the
emotions that lead to good feelings.

 Workplace Wellbeing — The ability to pursue your interests,

values, and purpose in order to gain meaning, happiness, and
enrichment professionally.

 Social Wellbeing — The ability to communicate, develop

meaningful relationships with others, and maintain a support
network that helps you overcome loneliness.

 Societal Wellbeing — The ability to actively participate in a

thriving community, culture, and environment.

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 Individual's perception of their position in life in the
context of the culture and value systems in which they live
and in relation to their goals. (WHO)

 Domains of quality of life

 Physical health
 Psychological health
 Level of independence
 Social relationships
 Environment
 Personal values and beliefs

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 Similar Concepts
 Standard of Living- is the level of wealth, comfort, material
goods, and necessities available to an individual or a
community in a certain geographic area.
 based on income

 Health-related Quality of Life (HRQoL)- is an assessment of

how the individual's well-being may be affected over time
by a disease, disability or disorder.
 based on health status

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 Generic instruments
 36-Item Short Form Survey (SF-36)
 EQ-5D
 The Assessment of Quality of Life (AQoL-8D)

 Disease, disorder or condition specific instruments

 Stroke: The Stroke Specific Quality Of Life scale SS-QOL

 Cancer: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG scale)

 Heart Disease: New York Heart Association (NYHA scale)

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 Disease is a health problem that consists of a physiological
malfunction that results in an actual or potential reduction in
physical capacities and/or a reduced life expectancy.

 Illness is a subjectively interpreted undesirable state of

health. It consists of subjective feeling states (e.g., pain,
weakness), perceptions of the adequacy of their bodily
functioning, and/or feelings of competence.

 Sickness is a social identity. It is the poor health or the health

problem(s) of an individual defined by others with reference
to the social activity of that individual.

(Twaddle, 1994)

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Illness
Sickness Reflects personal perspectives

Reflects social perspectives

Deals with behavioral phenomena
Disease

Reflects professional perspectives

Deals with biological phenomena

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 Disability is not merely a health problem, rather a complex
phenomenon, reflecting the interaction between features of a
person’s body and features of the society in which he or she
lives. (WHO)

 Disability as an umbrella term, covers impairments, activity

limitations, and participation restrictions.
 Impairment- problem in body function or structure
 Activity limitation- difficulty encountered by an individual
in executing a task or action
 Participation restriction- problem experienced by an
individual in involvement in life situations

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 Definition
 Society is a group of people involved in persistent social
interaction or a large social group sharing the same
geographical or social territory, typically subject to the
same political authority and dominant cultural
expectations.

 Culture is the characteristics and knowledge of a

particular group of people, encompassing language,
religion, cuisine, social habits, music and arts.

Culture and society are intricately related. A culture consists of

the “objects” of a society, whereas a society consists of the
people who share a common culture.

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 Various elements in the society (social, cultural, political
and moral aspects) interacts and impacts positively or
negatively to give good or bad health.

 Health is a cultural concept because culture frames and

shapes how we perceive the world and our experiences.

 How illness and pain are experienced and expressed are

determined by cultural norms and beliefs.

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 Travis J, Ryan R. Wellness Workbook: How to Achieve Enduring
Health and Vitality.

 Twaddle A, Nordenfelt L. Disease, Illness and Sickness: Three

Central Concepts in the Theory of Health.

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Biodegradable Paper Straw Collapsible Straw Wheat Straw

Collapsible Tumbler Collapsible Cup

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Wellness is always a matter of choice.

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