4 tonat do you undestand y goad queliy tests. that would be payormed to st "ooh for the Work fob for wht soll (o ‘ona that of aggregate ee Keak ty ascartath! we sheng 2: Penghrahin Rosfeban ca tert om 2 +. Pitrosonfe fuse Vetoeily HRY hi lip de Uf ba 12°F 2S ee Sag odie Gs Pudleut dest Ryo : , ae Cost-fr- place cylinder Br sph SE iy Thy iA SB PPR dione iy CoS nat SAAR ais fa veggie Sen * ay Aas- The, waler-coments rah’ dotted os the raho of tha. WeFgnt ie to the weight of coment used fir.a concrete mix. Nk fsa very finportant . fatter datermfafng varus propeation of the ‘oneroke mix “git y Laer water-coment rahe f high, thes mae coker ‘uaable fot the nix : than the @muent, pie resabts ih onses shength of the ccnaue, Uf the woter- comont nol & dow, thee mae caine for the conoude and thus, Mae shength 6 ochigved. Sof dhe words ; ishength eon tee b Pee Propohtonal. tp the ae Bis, ( 2 RIGS dow the “lr inen aie the bing sf ae ar explain. EaMe Grade q congrats ~ WE dag oo the Shag Concrets andthe: miofimurm, shength Ue con tet sha i 28 ays of, sis ont Pafferent: qradaa of cry M20, M30 etc, Whore stands for aan Neprerents tho cxonall strength fo mea (¢ OH WSem cube afler aang of 28 days. ky nn Grade of steal - sfmitan to grade oh concrele , Grade sree Aloo daffres the shength and composinn We, Sheol retnforeod ban Frodo used ane Fels, FeSoo ek, whee Fe stands fer t ond mumurfear (Ure (like 415, S00) indfcakoithe yfeld she Censi Strength when it & Subjected to eongabion ) of steal fh 4. Whak 6 the dffference Dekweon Yield strength and ulinate shength ? do yor understand by yidd shength $y 0f teinforament bans? Ot Yield Sheng ) Yietd, shengin fs dood a4 ne maximum stress thal o said makerfol can voithstand when it © in Bosh Limit i) Brittle matorfob donc exhibit Uuhimate Strength | ) Uttinats shength'& dagtnad as the gan | shes thok!a sft maberfat dan | Gaith stand before io pale. | yl sft uw) Uwmate sheng 6 sind a4 any yiAd point So thoy Ao ndt Ue faiture colerla for brits have yield shength Mmoalertal , y J ww) In duchte materia, yiedd Shang] ) Fordude materials whmate shengih Ts moth Rower than urate ‘& roughly 15 times Inighen than seength: died shrengthThe yidd syength 4 Biehgoeeractbonit lela shess at uihtth the tefoforcament war begs deforming pom snger at anfgfnas shape ae ode 4 1h example enfin Beret. a Of KOC esi and grade 60 hos glad shength of 6000 pst 5. Pafthe tharacterthie strength ond explain ws chondelere shes “shattihtot 2 vil eg oh i x Charamartsrye sung 8 dae lrg em ue a | mot more thon 5% of Ua! test nesuls 08s eipddled te’ Fal It fe « fo ond 8 to N/en Pe sane a ae 4 =sh¥c. com pressten shength. sf 20 N/m - vt) ’ bea Tho charadertie shength B based an the stobistfcal Analysis Of the lest results because Uae one vortations fh the shength otha moterfat Wsed. TH Sitrplify tho onaysts, it f assumed thak the variahions fre sheng fallews a manmal dfshyibutin eusve whith t symmetrical Abauk foun value os Shon in Ke Gqure below. i ) ye val on = Neon Shength& thar do your understand by Fire cahing ? of i perry 2) Up by SOF i fe sil UF a te i Ans A fie vesfstan ce ‘ahig hypteally mond etait 1 BB pratechin system can withstand astandand (fe be quantifier siinply 08/0 Freass @ tine, pees (alata. aneduity athar evidence ah functionality Or n Fie resistance caings depend on voatous fachors 4f the d , Cause 2A G_NS! 456-2000, giver minimum dimension & Shuchiral MEM Ors for five reo/stan@ rahing tn hour (n), f (iS ol) ii tm) | Goon (om (ies | s \2s 9s vs Wo vs (2s 300 (so | Iso | goo Jas | 190 Juso |3s0 | euo 7. What do you undarstand by fomcork fh conshuckem 4 coerate Sruduic ? what osx tre varfour stripping hire for vonious elemonty 7 ~ formwork & 4 mpanaay mould & which eon cote & Paued and ce te 8 fH co wed fr c@nshuckin for for gfrfag dosed shudwal shape by pouring comets ih tho mould Tradifnat formwork & fabntaled using limber out ft car be cons fucked foram steal , glows Fine rein (orc _Pbstics and hor materfols“Te strvpping sine fs afferent for different shutrural ehemonts Type of foTmevork BEC agar ree * Venticad fomuanks to column, Bt Me ae) |__ Beams and walls Z SofiE Formas to slab k } |_Kerbe bet tage S > Soffit: forma bo beam Crops to ve refixed) ee ie Props to slabs (upt> 45m), S Props te Mads (oar usm) Meet iis Wine} di 6. Props to beam ond archos Cup G-Smn) ————_—__— tpt F Props to beam and onder ‘Cos! 4-5) 8. What do you wunderstand. by posure and ho de yashandle expose While dasiqning RC eloments ? | Qs Exposwe conditions ane tho general enuitonmont (os wahidh the cont | lee exposed daring iG workliag Uk. They ane dossigied ar mild Modal /SWUC, Very Serene And exheme on Ehe boris { Severity /and har fmpantant to thdacid’ng comihal coco {@" Re danfgn. The Exgosuas condition, alle chedes for the cansige type that con be employed in differant environment condihions ( for example , fe “exheme” expose Tne Mihimam grade q concrete & M253 and maximum Waler-cemen|- ratio & 0-40). \S:4562000 gives the all required measwes for i —airroumt Eero aE9. What ore the en " Qps- Regular Inspesion fo crudak pst é on as B fntendodt ,rcth fa farms of qu \ Ad.0. Os follows - ually and progrers + Knowing about eumont ccarrech ve actfons mitdring , Repanhng and Recaand kaoping 7 | 3 BMP Inspectiin anck Moritoring fer Permit: copliance 4 Cerhfred trosfin and edimant Conivol tend || j Ub aay {ny} 10 Woh aV€ the advortages and disadvantage a Lem SM over wan Vd aPamoee Ota on oe Oe as Rdwantoge d Asi Ce ae Ue ee 1) The mafn advantage of Limit state Mathed is that it toker teen dh: yanfance by aaptning Limit: stales, which dates Shength and Servftoabilily i) This method Mendox a shuchural of post 4 iE ung fer We when it vexcoads ‘tho mit states t DEadvantage q 1sm iin) MA i 1) Neuses tho probable approach 4 dosfon % © may Blows a Mength ara servicrabilily ae tab wary conbthaltin g toads ." durthg exheme condihen, ¥ ‘Scanned wih ComScanner"Define character ttf, toad, and food factor, i Bye ehavaitete toad! tind a had Value of load hi he a PeReent probability of not belay exceeded dunting tho Me tf oo) SNuduuie. t TON I Te Bb Noda the Fate of the Roca aa sheng ste Road expected in seevteo They ang nok Used, un’ shucturall ane yale to datermfag tho chon. sheangth anck cormpase i csith maximum load, . yi) il . Re How do you cuba daftechon while desfgning for Sleure ? Ags Some moasurer to contr the aeflochén vahile desfgiting fox {erure ang ~ ) Wereosing Une ditronsfon ¢f the domonk + This Inaude in cwonigthe WY antiness F Stabs and increasing the width and dapth of beams. ) Using conpresston reliegorcoment + Using secondary, bars: ID reste compression Lores an be benoffifal for moducing tho, daftechin value } M) Applfeatien of preshessing + esresing the applicahion of extern toad } a len g moment which Acs against the moment {fom doad to Hive Loads . This results in the neduchtn sf doflechion. 43. Wondt ts the s&nfpfoance 4 ‘medutor Fahvo? (vm) in Working shes Mathod of analysis and destgn 2 ‘gg Medulor vot Gm) 4 tra-toht dp Modulus aashiy of sleet ts Modu AE eashaly q concrele . \n cooking shets method a design, is senytont | fh finding tho losses p) PreatTeS. And when we ono CLeulotfng moment a | yeststance fora RCbeaM we scum the matertal & homoagenoae ond Baropic. So inxder bv make the RC beam Nomogenoour 2M We MUllwy modwar FAK ty Ure area Oe Steel $0 (hak the equivalent ts th Game agen os that Of COnSLUmA by cancacte . Scanpom a we 4 Teksing proas f not Thuelved We the produtiin TT 2 He f j ve.ual shesses fhuctved fh that -wanieh te hunn freee. Ae RAD EUR ja cae iio ke ae 2, TMT bare consume wph> 17 Ye hy 26% less amount stea steal bors ae Oma ieee 3. TMT boos do net wack Uith Pe’ ShUcnes quickly insido the [Ri & why i hele te prevent rut 15 How do you esimote the tequiied depth Of 0. Nenmn 2ibong dopend on the span of the beam? Explain . We i fps fe per ISASE , Bin dapth ef 0 beam depends on the |es Ne What do ayou mean by ingly Refyorud Beam ond Seam 2 Lohy doubly stathferad beams one requited ? Povey ? t Arn 7) Ba ogy lard team. stem at 6 Kenta sd ey Yr fensten zons it fh known 04 singly Refnferad beam. Nene Ue. ultimate Bending moment and ithe tonstin due. te bending, 0. coanied. out by AANfOrcorment, while compression & connied by Conglate ‘ Dowrly reffered ream. Beams thakiNave steot reinforcement or beth Aenstin and compression zone & known og oubly SeEnfarcod beam . Requirements of doubly rehfercod, beams ~ | 11) Rrevided. to frereave tua mamant of reesBtan ce @ a Bear hoving Cimniled _ dfinenstors W Frovided to counter asind (oreer, sefsrnic forces and Kempmature shers WW) Wes (pebicled eshen' the’ depth of beam & restricted Keeauce beam sath United dopthr and only teinforcomant in ensign Zone may Act bo Strong Enguish; to withstand, be bending Mernent G7) What do you understand by bolanced sechon, over teinforced and incor ingercod sechion 7 Ars Golorted sechon - The sechitm fh white the quantily of sted B fust ute | © provided tak the concrete in Compression Fano and seal. i \ension Foreiare | reochs thofr pernfiscble sheeses Simultaneously, i Called a batancod section | th Gus situchion, the adrtat noutral Oxi dopth & qua Yo the deg erdicol nouirol axis. (ie, K= Ke) Over reingered - In an ocrr-reinford tedton, tho percent 3 BFK Se providag IS greater than the boanced sechion. $0 the actual neuhal axis dopth snft downwond (to, K> Ke). So, Yh fouluie a this searen i deo bo Pose COAL 2 ik revcher 1G Permissible shes Soon than that 61 2 ve Scanned wth CamSeannerupoand MA Me) Ww As pomissiue sess ease eo aE XP aes k/n Moye jie ide 1 jb cori 1 i@ Secon | Balanced 1G) over | Head d HIM t oat ac || in Sab: ON AS IO oI 1 ony 40 you regutie Booms vith Com pression reinforcement (Asc) Breefty explain. ey j hyd oa | Ans IFabeam coss-sechfon & Limited becauseof onthiterural an thio constdgrahtns, it may verre thak tho ae cand ovelop be compesston | (oreo requifted to hebfsk tho. gfien bending amen on We case retofortig | EA iD, & odded nthe compressiog gone, rsuteg he oso-cd re Aout beom ,ie, ne lUsith eompressfer as Well ds sda othforcement cp Compress 1 {5 oles ted. ts imprive | y Wy rfopove Cag ten i dojwdrors ,ond to provicle supp art {or be eae beam, i) Mi Od Vine 8 DL BO oS f OR ‘Scanned with CamScanner© you understand by seca How doos ibaffect the Nig @paciy of a column 2 Explain. mess ratte 8a moasuse of paopensily of a. Olumn tb buckle -lt Is Qs the the rahi of effec olength ef tho cdtuimnn fo the last of quratton Sendlomess waho, § = te Ley = effedrive length : K= radius & gyranon - . Slendemuse ratte of 0 column give the fagcahin Of buckling faiuie cau Mane the sundennos ralto , MB B the kadoncy o in be Fail by Duckling effect in that direchOn Soin this Woay, jt the Wood conryling capacity of a céLumn .Sah Slee of calummr = 450mm X 450 mm i. Ae = 865m= 3650 mm= L(say) [Assuming seth nda : te > so wag Ahurgore we con dtp TE 04 0. shat humm 0 i WS=45E-2000 1g) Now, $ 5c ee ee, i+ [from couse 2541 U56:20009 | Soo = 3650, aso | i ee it 22-3 mm F2Omm ee sp Tharefare, we shat design alahant, ready toaded We Came Lath Rong= 23mm Los per Cau 39-3 } 11S USE-2000] | Bg 08 So, x A. a Rage ' par 2 1200x10"x V5 = 04 x95 XUsOoxUso+ O6A x Uisx A. { Paikial Safthy Fado, = 15 Os per. 36-4.2.4 ¥ 2 As =~ 803-2mm ‘ ea hee | ' canny the Load , Lot us Povide M PRX aaite 26.5.2 Bt 15:56 aang SEX USOXUSO © 162008 et us {620mm Bing the cdumn % strong, enough aminfmum nafngorament of 08% Me Ags S82 x Qo for Lémm dio bars , Ne b ited = 120 u H bass requited Rie = 906 V1o q a 50) iil aaeiaieeeaeaes ee ‘Scanned with CamScanner© U= am= 3000 me Leg = Gs 3000mm [Rem annex, t P= 2500KN = 2500 X10" NV Oe Vek WA DSSUML, Cas 0-050 [ cr pen 393 Asuse 2) 20 =005 0 2D = Goomm ® a erode ae rae, ee = 3 j Maa eee abet tag, agaun «from Gaus 25-4 en, = £4 D - 2000 ¢ WOR 500 30 oat par * 13:33 < 20mm So, we sha deafon a shart axially foadod circular umn bite hatfeak reinforcement ond Cmia= 20mm Nau, as per Gause 393 and 39-4 f 8}45e-2000. Qe 1O5LO4¢ Ace O67 4, Acc] 2 3750000 = 1.08 0-4x%5X A(4oo), 0.69 XUISX lac J q > Ase = $325-09 mm? Bx x00 = G6R% DWH , thus OKA ok a tee i sit a si Sie ‘Scanned wih CamScanner=> . = os7m. 92mm= |) WH dade rae Bsc vio = 5782-892 T(soo)* =I Xt0O = 97 [orceacay bs For 20mm dia bars , 1 wy No = As 382. & {bans xo a alee Ree” S | q nnvom = Qe é | for 25mm dia bans, a ) OO No-gplbass > 'S7F2 892 459 hy | ; mt (es)" ; ” Oe Ty ih 5) 80, we cad provide 12 Nos. oq. *Smm dia. bas walicot acinfongment ¢ Diameker ¢ @) Hes 8800 ©) mm ra kek us provide &mm dia Aalical reinforcement 1% | Waar Cover = 40 mm Cgfven) fan spacing d= 500- (40x2)-(8x2)-a5 | = 373mm - 3 = x 3: Posing me 99.22mm < 300mm ‘Scanned with CamScannera a ML so0-(uoxe)} ane $236 m > esse >a -outxion i> AG Libera me | 2 f by ed | From G. 26.53-2(A), Pitch ia 2 Ree G8 ag So tok ws Fond mm dia helical veges @ Somm i ) | All dimenstons fr mom BOL) iii ‘Scanned with CamScannera boot Rico - eat x Ma baat) fe Gore)-20 opal i (< 300mm) ahh ORR ue (sar spacing = 100-20 = 80 mm (> 25mm) ; ’ From Clause 26 -3.2 Geor spacing > ( 20mm @2omm || © 20455 25mm it ie °. Transverse Rofrforcament ay For Clause 26-$-3-2 (c) 1+ Pitth £@ 4sSomm © (ex20 = 320mm ©) Boomm wi. ne | 2 Yameoker > 04,20 = Stam Dae i9 es © mm - Wh Hb eae There Rae, Wwe Cn provide, 6mm dia takeal ber lot 300m ef.) b if ‘Scanned wih CamScannerTEhaltocd a fotng P= ‘2004 Bo = 1436 ken oc -*. isola \ws0 A na 166 For squase fostig ,'L=8- Sir = ai. So sek ils 0 quae py fe sen Design for ore way shear P= 1U30KN | a= USOmm =0.4sm Gu= IU30xI-s= 24S un] Raticl Safety factor 21S ag Per Gause 36-424 1824562006) > A= ttm? + factored soft pressure , ia ah. ius aS " ; A 3sas 7771 KN/m Shean force duo kp sechion = SAX AL Lg eraas- hea Gs-1x BE AS ay faced PRSSURe at: the’ dre) ‘Scanned wih CamScanner2 OE act, 9 due to pesos ae ae ae sechion & a vex l(ire)-(asay?)) ble Ws1[ G5) ~(o.usso-s)® eo. aa = 1986.95 Kn From Cause 21-634, 2, = ote | ax { = WS N/mm* : = ay i 1 ame J-Sroor Strongth = Wie xXUCaray a ‘ + * = WSXUXOS (os+ousy = 2124-2 KN > 1986-95 KY Hence the footing is sofe fam hwo- cay Sheon Cock fox Bending moment Copa 2a Momence ak the face of the cdlumn ce a L-a Maa io x 0 | = \ISAX 35x (3-5-0.45)* ‘i, \ Ae J = 22-62 kim 4 z Bi. o. a : es a i . Ba - ‘Scanned wih CamScannerne. niche bell So, Lkus provide d= S00 mm Wy at Le rete Neticcneee “A ‘ hy wt a (1- Bete Aw by ) Pas « se X560 (1- Ax xuis aE => T2-63xto' = OMX asx. > 3047-4 i 2x0 ca) Oo es a > Ps = Ese vik SER oe a aye Dee eS —xioo = AiS4-62 =O2 3500xs00 ee uae POA) 2. Lak US provide ey Plowhas | ONS tony shea), se £25 8SOOK S06 = 4325 mms bee uve aliny For 20mm dia bart no dt ban requited = 4375 “Bo ; un Teo BHA - We on provide IM nos of 20mm Ava Longin bana. Spacing > Spacing = $500 i = 233-33 <200mm 38-3 can — ‘Scanned wih CemScanner23. Explafa from (8: 456-2000 show do you calculate capacily of a rectangy - lar beam sectfon in Limlt State Method - LSm | Ars 1. Sectibns catlhout Conpressfinn Raihforcem ent - The moment pacity sf a rectangular beam sectfr. shad be obtafned a+ Follows - @) Deh of neutrat axis & datermmnect (rm tha Callocoing equation * Xu = 097 fy Ase t “Ose qbA | OH value of A & tase thon the Gimfling value Aaron (from Oause 38-1 | | af Suse-2000), moment of resfatanee FE calculated by the follow, equolrn Ma= 0874, Aged (1- As ty) Bd ba © Wh Auf b equal te tho Umitting value thon Mert) O36 Mo thin) = 03 %acmacy (\- 0°42 Xumar ) bd? ie 4 See @ Y %u/a & qreater than the Citing value the secon should be redesigned An the above equcirfons, Gace rasackenishe compres | Aus dogtin of nautral aocis Shength ¢f conesute d= Uffedtve depth b= width of compression face aT roe Muig’ Smiting moment of resistance | Kinfo omen 5 secon without compessin Ask - asec dy lensfon ¥einforcemant informant Xu (ony BLING volun A x,22. Explain how de you exhmate tho moment capacity 4 a Tbeam and LS HEAM AL PRN provisfons qian fh IS code Ags (For ud Dy, Mement By qosistanice May be calculated (fom the qQuadtn | Mat O89 6, Aga (i= Ailes), 28 tama (Dimming ve q bate & * imax (Cimhing vee ) = Midian 236 Ram (> O42 Auman) bata 7 GRee Au" Zucmae) ‘ ay te Ueniting Value of tho Mement of resfstanee of the Sechin may be cocained by be follaoiag equahon when the raho Pr/d doeink ecceed 02 Mus 036 Xu A122, ilrnad 2 ee ames ( = ) Kae bud + OUS ty Cbe~ bw) De (d= By) —— &) CHAE, My Uiqy? Lanting moment gl resiston ve a= efectie dopty My sees Uenthng. Valu of x4 dp = CEfeche sith fy = choracterishic shength of fonge Yeinforeement boot breadth 4 tho web Asm dread lension FRinfoxcomen ( G]) Whan cahB Pj /q exceeds 0.2, moment of sistance 6 tho sechton may bo calculated ad Qoltowing * Dy = Whickness A the Flange Ma 036 te (48M ad 4 OHH yy @ WE Y= OS AQ+ OES Oe, but Nd grealer than dy.@ for % ‘Umax Xu > Moment dt resftan ce May be colculakeot by the equotfons gtven i G) whon Dp fy, does ndt excood O-4% gind 42} hon Of foxy CX@ALE O43, in both Carer Sbshluhag. % Umno bY > B Who d© you uadrstand by divo way and one way slab? Uonat ase the vosTous anotyst method wih are adopted by ho way slab ? Ras Slabs ane those shuckuer ushfth tranglen dood load and She load ove | WOage Span Gr cea to the beam And «umn asicotly there ore hoo | yee of slab. They are- (0) ono eay Slob ; and (i) two way slab © Gao way stab- nth’ slab, rah of Longer span to sharker span of slab Js mow than at equal do 2. Here, bending Maman baker place fr one AedtOr only ,i2,%0 shanter span . Malin steal bans ane provided along | shanten dfrechor - One way slab sequtnes mae depth . @ Teo way slabs- la Ah slob, ratfo of Longer span to shorter span ef slab fs | | des thon 2- Hae, bending manent take place fH ba dvechYon, 12, along | Que shorter 9Pan ond along the Songer Span. Main seat bass ane povided | along both dfreckfans - Two coay slabs nequier toss depth. | Too way slabs can 6g analysed and designed by any melhact | sotigyfing qquilibrium and geometrf COmpalroiliry. The established matnods eofdely ussed one ~ + Direct dostgn mathed - le Limited wm slob syplem to aanifonnly dishituled Joods and SuppanteA on Cqually spaced elumas . Th& method wes a seb of coetttcfents to determfne the destgn momont ot crite sectiin,2- Qquivatont Frame Method CEFM)- A 2D building & Afvfded thio o set 20 equivalent frome oy cutting the building along Sine» midway beeen columns Tre resulting frames one considered separately in the Rongiudinal and ansvese sechons the buitling and knaoled floor by (loor Fine Worment Method This mathed & pashtutasly useful for Preguiare Slats syslerns Lith antidle Unfanoss openings and athor feature ndt penmfssiie Fe DOM or EFM. This method f an approximate numeral method -tt & Dosed on several assumphdu and the operator hos a great doak of docfsfons to make while seltfag up the modal and appiying Goods andl boundary conditions Fev dor onalysts methods one elastic analysts , plasbve onalysis ,nen-liiean Orechiss 24. What do wor Undedtand by Restrafoad, and Un-vestrarned slab? Auo eplath solfd dad and flat slab. Ans ALL slobs whfih ane cout monolithic with ReC beam fh continues frames ate pestrafned by the Seam ume frame and when sutra slab % toaded, TL mot (reeds wundlrge dofloction ch ich couser torstional momends fh the dlobs and auch slabs ang Knocon as Lestrafrad stabs On the cithan Nand, add the slabs ushfcn ane sfrnply suppanted cee erfdk eons caithout ony restraint anc ona trea to bend aa Undeige dofindfion uinder Qoada ane Known oF wuanestrated slabs Acarding I 18 456-2000 , rvaoed stab % the slab th wohith anne ang prevented from Ufuing ly pesfding Tsfonak refhrforcerent bdth fr drop and bottom face equatly . Qhonwotse 1% Known O wunnestrcfrad slob whoo corns ora alowed ts be hald docoaAns: One-Way Shear ne way shoar f cate a change, Sotfd slabs ane fubly cusm*zadle concets slabs ¢ very fog width fongth and thivkness Thay cnbe dosfgrad and produced osith mied yefnfarement or by addthg prestressing stronda. They hove a constant noss-sechion and ors aused a8 floor elemonts fh construdfn whith require a slob with a hyn loud of Roodfng, hgh (ina cwsistance and a good acoushe ond thermal fh sulatin Flak slob Isa reinforced concrete slob supported diredly by concrete column wnithouk the uve of beams . Tray ang used fr constuction prp ufolfing min fmum dapth, fast ccnstruchtm and altocoing forte cuuma grefas They are mathly used whee user of beams aneme required or where the shudure requires Gass Jormuseak- The mata dffference behoean sAfd slab and flat slab {5 that SARA slabs are suppanked by beams woheear lok Slabs do adt requine beam suppant bul are rakher SuppaKA by drop panels - Those ARep pands Tneaeo re Wns area of Ue chuMM Oueedy neducng tne punching shoo. strens 25. Usnat & one way shox ond two way sheor th fodting 2 Breefly explain Of bendiig moment One way shooe testo Sree) Rea cthe Ufrgor element fe uo cAfreclfon of actfon. In Gna way shear, ths footing bend fr one direchon and critical section ts located ata dfstane “a” from Une face of the clumn where “Ad” f& catted te ffearte dapth of the fodting slab Foundotions fn one woay shoon faiune foiu th thafrod crodes One-way Shear across (ud. coidth of the footing that thlercept the bdttom of the eating slab of @ dfstanee. “A frrom tho face 4 the umn: Scanned wth CamScannerTo avofd one-woay shear failure 6f foundanons, the shear shen at the attra sect of footing should be Les than the shean strength ef concrete Goith glen pencont age nofnforcemont used Two soy Steor= Two tay shear fsant that couses columns fo punde UuLough c two-dtmensfonal shudune “I hoo way shoar , footing bend fn. (oo dfrocifins and tha critiial sechin fs Foleer 3 A *3/9! front the (ace ¢} the ccfuumn, wshieie ‘A! fi % the effectite depth | Rooting. fan tr hwo way shea, foundolfen foils Wei due te formatitn of frafrod macks anound the | , perimeter of tho umn. T avotd unt foilune the Aloe thay star wallimale upcoand shear force at th® secon th the foundolfatn shouta be (ess thon the sheon reafitance q conciete for the gfren percentage a conorate | Addinfancl neiryocement should be provided fh case shoan resBlonce O conus With reefinforcement Provided f mot sugefefent. This folure a found alion appears as truncaled coe an pyramed oxcund the umn, stanchfon or pier. 26. What do you understand y shattow foundotian and doce foundatfons 2 Wnotane various types Of shalloe and deep frundobiyrs 7 Explain . ys A shallow Foundohon & a type of building foundohion that transfers building Loads to the eonth verynean fo the suapace, rather thon ty a Sub Surface Layer - On the dther hand 0 deep foundahin 8 a type foundation that tronsfes building toads to the eontk farther docan from Une surface thana shallow Fourdain does toa sub sunface Layer ar a range of depths:SS see eee ee Recording & Tergaghi a found ation i shallows if its depth 6 qual to or (@ss than its Width -Iq the @s* of doce Koundohions , the depth is qual tp grealer than the width Types st Shallow foundahions : 1. Spreadar Isolated focting 3+ Combined footing 2. Strae footing 4. Makar raft footing |) Spread or (solated footing : \t provided to stuppart ar individual umn Ir is circular, square or rectangular slab 4 wini farm thickness 7 Ray ee | | =a | @ Shep fooling $ Ie fs a column type of footing, consisting of hoo or more cduma footings connedked by A concrete manrben (beam) G) Combinad foolng +t is basically a spread fodting whith supports hoo or mae Cums - Oo O| @) Matt or raft footing = Kets essenllalty a continuous slab vesting on the Joi2 | that extends over We endie footprint of the building, thenoby Suppavhing | the building anc Weansfering th oerght to the ground |‘Scanned with CamScanner