Introduction

Water is fundamental for life and for most activities of human

society. Both economic and social development and the
maintenance of human health are completely dependent upon
ready access to adequate water supplies. All societies require
water both for basic survival and for economic development.
Although often perceived to be pretty ordinary water is the
most remarkable substance. We wash in it, fish in it, swim in it,
drink it and cook with it, although probably not all at the same
time. We are about two-thirds water and require water to live.
Life as we know it could not have evolved without water and
dies without it. Droughts cause starvation and floods cause
death and disease. Because of its clear importance water is the
most studied material on Earth. It comes as a surprise
therefore, to find that it is so poorly understood not only by
people in general but also by scientists working with it every
day. Without water our planet Earth would be a huge dead
desert. According to present knowledge the Earth is the only
planet of our solar system with water in all three phases: solid,
liquid and gas. The Earth’s surface is clearly dominated by
water: 70.8% of it (361.2 million km²) is covered by the oceans,
about 3.16% (more than 16.1million km²) by ice on land. Lakes
cover approx. 2 million km² (0.39%).
Including rivers and wetlands, with approx. 2.7 million km²
(0.53%), the total water-covered surface of our planet is above
75% (MARCINEK & ROSENKRANZ 1996). This is without
considering the surface that are constantly covered with snow.
In the troposphere water also occurs in liquid, gassy and solid
form, and very small amounts of water from the troposphere
can even reach the stratosphere by means of turbulence.
Water has very important functions in the world. It plays a
central role for the climate and for the co-evolution
of the life on Earth [1].
Overpopulation is a major cause of most of the world’s
problems. Whether it is a question of food shortage, lack of
drinking water or energy shortages, every country in the world
is affected by it – or will be.
Partly thanks to the import of goods from abroad, any
particular country is able to preserve its own welfare. But this
cannot go on in an unlimited way. In fact, the number of
inhabitants is rising in every country. The world population is
threatening to rise in the next few decades to 8 or 10 billion.
There is a good chance that more and more countries will need
their own products themselves.
Water resources
Concepts and definitions
The concept of water resources is multidimensional. It is not
limited only to its physical measure (hydrological and
hydrogeological), the ‘flows and stocks’, but encompasses other
more qualitative, environmental and socio-economic
dimensions. However, this report focuses on the physical and
quantitative assessment of the resource [2].

TYPES OF WATER RESOURCES

Renewable and non-renewable water resources:

In computing water resources on a country basis, a

distinction is to be made between renewable and non-
renewable water resources.
 Renewable water resources are computed on the
basis of the water cycle. In this research, we are
represent the long-term average annual flow of rivers
(surface water) and groundwater.
 Non-renewable water resources are groundwater
bodies (deep aquifers) that have a negligible rate of
recharge on the human time-scale and thus can be
considered non-renewable [3].
[4]

Surface water resources

The total land area that contributes surface runoff to
a river or lake is called a watershed, drainage basin, or
catchment area. The volume of water available for
municipal supply depends mostly on the amount of rainfall.
It also depends on the size of the watershed, the slope of
the ground, the type of soil and vegetation, and the type of
land use.The flow rate or discharge of a river varies with
time. Higher flow rates typically occur in the spring, and
lower flow rates occur in the winter, though this is often not
the case in areas with monsoon systems. When the
average discharge of a river is not enough for a
dependable supply of water, a conservation tank may be
built. The flow of water is blocked by a dam, allowing an
synthetic lake to be formed. Conservation tanks store
water from wet weather periods for use during times of
drought and low streamflow. A water intake structure is
built within the reservoir, with inlet ports and valves at
several depths. Since the quality of water in a reservoir
varies seasonally with depth, a multilevel intake allows
water of best quality to be withdrawn. Sometimes it is
advisable, for economic reasons, to provide a
multipurpose reservoir. A multipurpose reservoir is
designed to satisfy a combination of community water
needs. In addition to drinking water, the reservoir may also
provide flood control, hydroelectric power, and recreation
[5].
global land surface water distribution in the world
According to Chinese studies
Ground water resources
Groundwater systems are renewal by Deposition and surface
water and discharge into surface waters, the ocean or by
Evaporation back in the atmosphere. Groundwater circulation
globally is less than atmospheric and surface waters but what is
stored beneath the earth's surface is orders of magnitude
larger. Its total volume represents 96% of all earth's unfrozen
fresh water Without groundwater, the face of the earth would
look different. Groundwater feeds springs and streams,
supports wetlands, maintains land surface stability in areas of
unstable ground and overall is a critical water resource serving
mankind's water needs.
About 60% of groundwater withdrawn is used by agriculture;
the rest is almost equally divided between the domestic and
industrial sectors. The predominant use is agriculture in many
countries where arid and semi-arid climates prevail.
Predominantly industrial sector use is in a few countries only. In
many nations, more than half of the withdrawn groundwater is
for domestic water supplies and globally it provides 25 to 40 %
of the world's drinking water. Today, half the world's
megacities and hundreds of other major cities on all continents
rely upon or make significant use of groundwater. Small towns
and rural communities particularly rely on it for domestic
supplies.
Even where groundwater provides lower percentages of total
water used, it still may serve local areas where otherwise no
other accessible supply exists and it usually does so with
relatively low cost and good water quality. Finally, groundwater
bridges water supply gaps during long dry seasons and during
dry [6].

Table showing groundwater distribution and per capita share in

16 countries, area, and population.
Water resources in Jordan
The Kingdom of Jordan covers an area of 89,322 km2 in the
Middle East. The population of Jordan is 10.4 million in 2019
and is expected to reach 12 million by 2025 with a current
population growth rate of 2.3%. Approximately 70% of Jordan’s
population lives in urban areas. Jordan is one of the most water
stressed countries in the world, a situation that is only likely to
worsen over time, and which is further exacerbated by the fact
that water stress is coupled with both financial stress and lack
of energy resources in Jordan. Water is the single most critical
natural resource in Jordan. Industrial and agricultural growth,
productivity, public health, the environment, a democratic and
pluralistic society–virtually all aspects of sustainable economic,
social, and political development depend on availability of an
adequate water supply in the country.In Jordan the lack of
water is a problem, and portends a national catastrophe within
the decade. Total water supply in 2010 was estimated at 1059
MCM, which includes the over-pumping of aquifers as indicated
in Table 1. Even with over-pumping, in most Jordanian cities,
residents receive water only sporadically, and domestic water
consumption is very low (less than 100 litres/capita/day).
Water scarcity is exacerbated by rapid population increase,
inefficient water management and use, lack of adequate
wastewater treatment capacity, and inappropriate pricing
policies. Large-scale desalination is not yet economically
feasible. Long-term solutions are likely to involve a combination
of new supplies, demand management and reduced
population growth. Over the short-term, the most feasible
options for reducing the gap between water demand and
supply are improved management of existing water resources,
and improved quality of treated wastewater for re use [7].

Map of water resources in Jordan

population growth
The world’s population continues to grow, albeit at a slower
pace than at any time since 1950 The world’s population
reached 7.7 billion in 2019, having added one billion people
since 2007 and two billion since 1994.The growth rate of the
world’s population peaked in 1965-1970, when it was
increasing by 2.1 percent per year, on average. Since then, the
pace of global population growth has slowed by half, falling
below 1.1 per cent per year in 2015-2020, and it is projected to
continue to slow through the end of this century.The global
population is expected to reach 8.5 billion in 2030, 9.7 billion in
2050 and 10.9 billion in 2100, according to the medium-variant
projection, which assumes a decline of fecundity for countries
where large families are still common, a slight increase
of fertility in several countries where women have fewer than
two live births on average over a life time ,and continued
reductions in mortality at all ages.There is ingrained suspicion
in population projections. At the global level that uncertainty
depends on the range of plausible future trends in fertility,
mortality and international migration ,which have been
assessed for each country or area using demographic and
statistical methods. This analysis concludes that, with a
certainty of 95 percent, the size of the global population will
stand between 8.5 and 8.6 billion in 2030, between 9.4 and
10.1 billion in 2050, and between 9.4 and 12.7 billion in 2100[8].
World population growth (1700-2100) and annual growth rate
By Max Roser
Population growth in Jordan
For centuries, the region that comprises the modern
state of Jordan was few populated, but the population
has increased rapidly from the second half of the 20th
century.According to the most recent national censul
(2004), the population of Jordan stood at 5,100,981, of
whom 51 percent were males and 49 percent females.
The growth rate was 2.5 percent, compared to 3.3
percent in 1994. According to the World Bank, the
population was estimated at 6.2 million in 2012, at least
two million of whom live in Amman. Around 80 percent
of the population is urban and it is one of the youngest
among upper-middle income countries: 38 percent of
the population is under the age of 14, while the entire
working age (15-64) cohort comprises only about 58
percent of the population. The life expectancy at birth
was 73 years old in 2011.The Jordanian government
offers no recent figures about the make-up of the
population, due mainly to the sensitive issue of the ratio
between native Jordanians and Jordanian citizens of
Palestinian origin (refugees and their offspring). For
political reasons, the Jordanian authorities find it difficult
to acknowledge the reality that Palestinians have long
formed the majority of Jordan’s population.The Gulf War
brought a new wave of refugees from Iraq, exceeding
one million today. Also around 300,000 Jordanian
evacuees returned to Jordan after the Gulf War, many
of whom are of Palestinian origin [9].
[10]
The effect of population growth on water
resources
Today, about one third of the world’s population lives in
countries with moderate to high water stress; by 2025,
largely because of population growth, fully two out of three
of the world’s people will live under those conditions. A
recent McKinsey and Company report warns that within
two decades, demand for water will exceed supply by 40
percent.Human numbers are growing most rapidly where
water is scarce.
The World Bank’s Water and Development report
identified 45 “water poor” countries that are both physically
short on water and economically the poorest. Those
countries have an average fertility rate of 4.8 children per
woman – nearly twice the world average – and their
populations are expected to double by 2050. “Rapid
population growth makes water problems more
complicated and difficult to solve,” said Sandra Postel,
director of the Global Water Policy Project, in an interview.
When water-stressed countries lack surface water
supplies, they typically resort to overpumping underground
aquifers, drawing down wells faster than they can be
replenished. As a result, groundwater levels have dropped
reckless in many places over the past nine years, and
wells have gone dry in parts of India, China, and Pakistan.
The depletion of ground water is an ominous sign for world
food production, which must increase 70 percent by 2050
to meet the demands of a growing world population.
Postel estimates that 10 percent of world food production
now depends on the overpumping of ground water [11].

Link between water and population

Population growth is a major contributor to water scarcity.
Growth in populations means mounting demand and
competition for water for domestic ,industrial, and municipal
uses. Water is also needed for agriculture and
industrial use, and for the evacuation of waste materials. The
most water scarce or stressed areas are typically
those with few water resources ,high population densities, and
high population growth rates.3 Population
growth limits the amount of water available per person, drives
people into marginal regions—which are already water stressed
—and also into cities. For instance, most of the
countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region
cannot meet their current water demand. Seven of the world’s
10 water scarce countries are in the MENA region With per
capita water availability projected to fall by half by 2050,
the situation is likely to be dire in the coming years Projections
show that by 2035, 3.6 billion people will be living in areas with
water stress or scarcity, as population growth causes
more countries and regions to become water scarce [12].

world population and average water availability [13]

Reducing Population Impacts
The impacts of future populations on the amount and
quality of water resources available for use can be
lessened by modifying the local rate of population
increase, by modifying the per capita use of water, and by
a combination of the two approaches.
Suggested solutions to the problem of
overpopulation and lack of water sources

1- Loss Prevention
 keeping an eye on related infrastructure and making sure water
channels are looked after and any leaks repaired. This applies to cities,
businesses, and homeowners alike. Leaking pipes and faucets lead to a
lot of water waste that can be prevented, whether it be from a
business, city utility, or private home.

2- Solar-powered water purifiers

Hot climates suffer from water shortage the most. This is what
drove an American schoolgirl to come up with a way to use
solar power to purify water. When she was just 15, Deepika
Kurup invented a way to use zinc oxide and titanium dioxide in
containers that expose it to ultraviolet radiation and cleanse
the water, making it suitable to drink. She was on the Forbes'
2015 30-Under-30 in Energy list and was even awarded the U.S.
Stockholm Junior Water Prize for her invention.
Her invention will help to address the fact that 1.1 billion
people worldwide don’t have consistent access to clean
drinking water. Using Kurup’s invention and others like it,
people will be able to make contaminated water drinkable so
that they don’t have to depend on outside sources.
3- Leak monitors

German utility company, Albstadtwerke, has been using new

software to pinpoint leaks and send the data instantaneously to
a central data center. Showers, toilets and dripping taps are
known to waste water, but the biggest problem is originates
from pipelines that lead into the home.
The company believes that almost a third of water is wasted
even before it reaches a home. The software, Zonescan Alpha is
helping utilities around the world crack down on this
inefficiency and massive waste of precious resources.
4- CO2 cleaning

Water is used in many industrial applications, sometimes as a

wet coolant or cleaning agent on a grand scale. Both of these
activities lead to tons of waste every single year. To give you an
idea of how much, manufacturing a car requires nearly 40,000
gallons of water – just imagine how that much water could
benefit a community that’s experiencing a water shortage.
Fortunately, technology that would allow for water to be
replaced by CO2 has evolved enough to be viable in a wide
variety of industries.
CO2 cleaning involves the use of carbon dioxide in solid form,
highly propelled dry ice particles out of a nozzle to clean a
variety of different surfaces. The technology can be used for
composite aircraft and automotive structures, cleaning complex
medical equipment, and dry cleaning operations in an eco-
friendly way. The CO2 required for these machines is recycled
from other industrial uses, so not only does it contribute to
solving the water shortage crisis, but also helps with climate
change. This is a great example of an environmental solution
that kills two birds with one stone.
5- Showering with ultra efficiency
We’ve all gotten into a shower, turned on the tap and waited
for the water temperature to be just right before we get in. The
problem, according to Richard Ogodeton, is that hundreds of
millions of people do this every day around the world. In
aggregate, this is a lot of water wasted. To save this water
Ogodeton invented an eco-friendly shower system, which can
have the water to the desired temperature in less than 30
seconds, significantly cutting down shower time and reducing
water wastage.
Another innovation in shower technology is from Peter Cullin in
Adelaide, Australia. He came up with a device that could save
hundreds of millions of liters of water every year, even if it
were installed in only 1,000 homes. He calls his device the
Cullector Ultra Efficient Shower, which uses a reservoir tank to
collect the water normally wasted during heating up the
shower, then re-filters it back at the right temperature. These
ideas and more show promise in limiting water usage to better
our current environment[14].
6- Promote family planning
Simply educating men and women about contraception can
have a big impact. When Iran introduced a national family
planning programme in 1989, its fertility rate fell from 5.6
births per woman to 2.6 in a decade. A similar effort in Rwanda
saw a threefold increase in contraception usage in just five
years.
7- Government incentives
Those at UK charity Population Matters believe there should be
a senior government official responsible for addressing
population-related issues. They urge governments to promote
“responsible parenthood” and say subsidies should be limited
to the first two children unless the family is living in poverty.

CONCLUSIONS
In the end, we benefit from this research that the population
increase affects a large impact on water resources, and it is one
of the biggest problems facing the world today and in the
future as the population increase causes greater consumption
of water resources, which leads or will lead to water scarcity or
depletion and increases the speed of pollution of water
sources. Because of misuse by many people, this leads to the
difficulty of treating the consumed water to compensate for the
lack of water or the increase in the price of treating it.
Sometimes it becomes impossible to treat it. In this research,
we suggested possible solutions to address the problem of
overpopulation and its impact on water sources.