3 dimenstional geometry - Planes -1

What is a Plane?
A plane, in geometry, prolongs infinitely in two dimensions. It has no width. We can see an
example of a plane in coordinate geometry. The coordinates define the position of points in a
plane.
In Maths, a plane is a flat, two-dimensional surface that prolongs infinitely far. A plane is a two-
dimensional geometry which could consist of a point, a line and three-dimensional space. Planes
can appear as subspaces of few higher-dimensional spaces, like the walls of room extended
extremely faraway, or these walls experience an independent existence on their own, as in the
framework of Euclidean geometry.
What is a point?
A point is a location in a plane that has no size, i.e. no width, no length and no depth.
What is a line?
A line is a set of points that stretches infinitely in opposite directions. It has only one dimension,
i.e., length. The points that lie on the same line are called collinear points.

Plane in Algebra
In algebra, the points are plotted in the coordinate plane, this denotes an example of a geometric
plane. The coordinate plane has a number line, extending left to right endlessly and another one
extending up and down infinitely. It is impossible to view the complete coordinate plane.
The truth that it extends infinitely along the x-axis and the y-axis are designated by arrows on the
ends of the number lines. These number lines are two-dimensional where the plane extends
endlessly. When we plot the graph in a plane, then the point or a line plotted does not have any
thickness.
Also, learn:
 • Angle Between Line Plane
• Angle Between Two Planes
• Equation Plane

Intersecting Planes
Two planes can be related in three ways, in a three-dimensional space.

• They can be parallel to each other

• They can be identical
• They can intersect each other
The figure below depicts two intersecting planes.

The method to get the equation of the line of intersection connecting two planes is to determine
the set of points that satisfies the equations of both the planes. Since the equation of a plane
comprises three variables and there are two equations (because of two planes), solving the
concurrent equations will give a relationship between the three variables, which is equal to the
equation of the intersection line.

Properties of a Plane
• If there are two different planes than they are either parallel to each other or intersecting
in a line, in a three-dimensional space
• A line could be parallel to a plane, intersects the plane at a single point or is existing in
the plane.
• If there are two different lines, which are perpendicular to the same plane then they must
be parallel to each other.
 • If there are two separate planes that are perpendicular to the same line then they must be
parallel to each other.

The vector equation of a plane in normal form is

→r.^n=dr→.n^=d

Here →rr→ is the position vector of a point lying on the said

plane; ^nn^ is a unit normal vector parallel to the normal that joins the
origin to the plane (a unit vector is a vector whose magnitude is
unity) and, ‘d’ is the perpendicular distance of the plane of the plane
from the origin.
So, if you are given a point A (x, y, z) that lies on a plane, then the
vector →OAOA→ where O is the origin, can be written as –
→OA=x^i+y^j+z^kOA→=xi^+yj^+zk^
We can write ^nn^ as –
^n=l^i+m^j+n^kn^=li^+mj^+nk^where l, m, n are the direction cosines
of the unit vector. Combining the above two equations, we can write the
equation of a plane in the normal form as under –
(x^i+y^j+z^k).(l^i+m^j+n^k)=d(xi^+yj^+zk^).(li^+mj^+nk^)=d
This is the equation in vector form.

Cartesian Form
The Cartesian equation of a plane in normal form is

lx + my + nz = d

where l, m, n are the direction cosines of the unit vector parallel to the
normal to the plane; (x,y,z) are the coordinates of the point on a plane
and, ‘d’ is the distance of the plane from the origin.

Find the Cartesian equation of the following planes:

Answer:-
It is given that equation of the plane is
Q1. r-> . (î+ ĵ-2k̂)=2 (1)
For any arbitrary point P(x, y, z) on the plane, position vector r⃗is given
by,
r-> = xî+ yĵ+ zk̂
Substituting the value of r⃗ in equation (1), we obtain
(xî+ yĵ+ zk̂)(î+ ĵ-2k̂) =2
=>x+y-z=2.
This is the Cartesian equation of the plane.
Q2. r->. (2î+3 ĵ-4k̂)=1 (1)
For any arbitrary point P (x, y, z) on the plane, position vector r -> is
given by,
r-> = xî+ yĵ+ zk̂
Substituting the value of r-> in equation (1), we obtain
(xî+ yĵ+ zk̂)(2î+3 ĵ-4k̂) = 1
=>2x+3y-4z=2.
This is the Cartesian equation of the plane.
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