PETRONAS TECHNICAL STANDARDS

HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT

STANDARD

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE) GUIDE

PTS 60.2114
FEBRUARY 2010

© 2010 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or
transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise)
without the permission of the copyright owner.
 PREFACE
PETRONAS Technical Standards (PTS) publications reflect the views, at the time of
publication, of PETRONAS OPUs/Divisions.

They are based on the experience acquired during the involvement with the design,
construction, operation and maintenance of processing units and facilities. Where appropriate
they are based on, or reference is made to, national and international standards and codes of
practice.

The objective is to set the recommended standard for good technical practice to be applied by
PETRONAS' OPUs in oil and gas production facilities, refineries, gas processing plants,
chemical plants, marketing facilities or any other such facility, and thereby to achieve
maximum technical and economic benefit from standardisation.

The information set forth in these publications is provided to users for their consideration and
decision to implement. This is of particular importance where PTS may not cover every
requirement or diversity of condition at each locality. The system of PTS is expected to be
sufficiently flexible to allow individual operating units to adapt the information set forth in PTS
to their own environment and requirements.

When Contractors or Manufacturers/Suppliers use PTS they shall be solely responsible for
the quality of work and the attainment of the required design and engineering standards. In
particular, for those requirements not specifically covered, it is expected of them to follow
those design and engineering practices which will achieve the same level of integrity as
reflected in the PTS. If in doubt, the Contractor or Manufacturer/Supplier shall, without
detracting from his own responsibility, consult the owner.

The right to use PTS rests with three categories of users:

1) PETRONAS and its affiliates.

2) Other parties who are authorised to use PTS subject to appropriate contractual
arrangements.
3) Contractors/subcontractors and Manufacturers/Suppliers under a contract with users
referred to under 1) and 2) which requires that tenders for projects, materials supplied
or - generally - work performed on behalf of the said users comply with the relevant
standards.

Subject to any particular terms and conditions as may be set forth in specific agreements with
users, PETRONAS disclaims any liability of whatsoever nature for any damage (including
injury or death) suffered by any company or person whomsoever as a result of or in
connection with the use, application or implementation of any PTS, combination of PTS or
any part thereof. The benefit of this disclaimer shall inure in all respects to PETRONAS and/or
any company affiliated to PETRONAS that may issue PTS or require the use of PTS.

Without prejudice to any specific terms in respect of confidentiality under relevant contractual
arrangements, PTS shall not, without the prior written consent of PETRONAS, be disclosed
by users to any company or person whomsoever and the PTS shall be used exclusively for
the purpose they have been provided to the user. They shall be returned after use, including
any copies which shall only be made by users with the express prior written consent of
PETRONAS.

The copyright of PTS vests in PETRONAS. Users shall arrange for PTS to be held in safe
custody and PETRONAS may at any time require information satisfactory to PETRONAS in
order to ascertain how users implement this requirement.

3 PTS 60.2114
FEBRUARY 2010
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 FOREWORD ............................................................................................................ 7

2.0 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 7

3.0 OPTIONS FOR CONTROL ....................................................................................... 7

3.1 DETERMINATION OF CONTROL NEEDS..................................................... 7
3.2 HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION .........................................................................8
3.3 RISK EVALUATION....................................................................................... 8
3.4 MEASURES TO CONTROL EXPOSURE....................................................... 9
3.5 EVALUATION PROCESS ............................................................................ 14
3.6 COST........................................................................................................... 17

4.0 MANAGEMENT OF PPE PROGRAMMES ............................................................. 17

5.0 SELECTION, ACQUISITION AND USE OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE

EQUIPMENT .......................................................................................................... 21
5.1 TYPES OF PPE ........................................................................................... 22
5.1.1 Acquisition of PPE....................................................................... 23
5.2 HEAD PROTECTION ................................................................................... 26
5.2.1 Construction ................................................................................ 26
5.2.2 Selection ...................................................................................... 27
5.2.3 Comfort ........................................................................................ 27
5.2.4 Replacement ................................................................................ 28
5.2.5 Precautions .................................................................................. 28
5.2.6 Other Factors ............................................................................... 28
5.3 FOOT PROTECTION ................................................................................... 29
5.3.1 Footwear Selection ...................................................................... 29
5.4 EYE AND FACE PROTECTION ................................................................... 31
5.4.1 Contact Lenses ............................................................................ 32
5.4.2 Eye Protection Equipment Selection .......................................... 32
5.4.3 Lenses .......................................................................................... 33
5.4.4 Goggles ........................................................................................ 33
5.4.5 Spectacles / Glasses ................................................................... 33
5.4.6 Visors / Face Shields ................................................................... 34
5.4.7 Optical Filters............................................................................... 34
5.4.8 Hoods ........................................................................................... 34
5.5 HAND PROTECTION ................................................................................... 34
5.5.1 Selection ...................................................................................... 35

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 5.6 BODY .......................................................................................................... 36
5.6.1 General Work Clothing ................................................................ 37
5.6.2 Chemical Protective Clothing (CPC) ........................................... 37
5.6.3 Fire Protective Clothing............................................................... 39
5.6.4 Clothing for Hot Working Environments .................................... 42
5.6.5 Clothing for Cold Working Environments .................................. 43
5.6.6 Work Clothing and Static Electricity ........................................... 44
5.7 RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (RPE) .................................... 45
5.7.1 Oxygen Deficiency....................................................................... 45
5.7.2 Health Aspects of Respiratory Protection .................................. 46
5.7.3 Air Purifying (Filtering) Respiratory Protection.......................... 47
5.7.4 Atmosphere-Supplying Respiratory Protection: ........................ 50
5.7.5 Selection ...................................................................................... 54
5.7.6 Fitting a Full Face Mask............................................................... 57
5.7.7 Emergency Escape Respiratory Protection................................ 57
5.7.8 Respirator Fit ............................................................................... 58
5.8 HEARING PROTECTION ............................................................................. 61
5.8.1 Types of Hearing Protector ......................................................... 61
5.8.2 Selection of Hearing Protection .................................................. 62
5.8.3 Protection Provided In Practice .................................................. 63
5.8.4 Problems in Use........................................................................... 63
5.8.5 Guide for Selecting Hearing Protectors...................................... 63
5.9 SAFETY BELTS, HARNESSES AND LINES ............................................... 64
5.9.1 Types of Safety Belt ..................................................................... 65
5.9.2 Materials of Construction ............................................................ 66
5.9.3 Selection ...................................................................................... 66

6.0 CARE AND MAINTENANCE OF PPE .................................................................... 67

6.1 SAFETY HELMETS ..................................................................................... 67
6.2 GLOVES ...................................................................................................... 68
6.2.1 Storage and Use .......................................................................... 68
6.2.2 Fit.................................................................................................. 68
6.2.3 Cleaning ....................................................................................... 68
6.2.4 Physical Checks .......................................................................... 69
6.2.5 Recovery ...................................................................................... 69
6.3 RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT............................................... 69
6.3.1 Respirators .................................................................................. 69
6.3.2 Breathing Apparatus ................................................................... 69
6.4 SAFETY BELTS .......................................................................................... 70
6.5 CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING ........................................................ 70
6.6 NORMAL WORK CLOTHES ........................................................................ 70
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7.0 GLOSSARY ........................................................................................................... 71

8.0 STANDARDS AND REFERENCES ........................................................................ 75

9.0 APPENDICES ........................................................................................................ 78

9.1 CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING (CPC): - PERMEATION THEORY -
CPC & GLOVES: ......................................................................................... 78
9.2 MATERIALS COMMONLY USED IN MANUFACTURING CPC AND
GLOVES ...................................................................................................... 78
9.3 MEDICAL - EMPLOYEE NOTIFICATION CARD FOR RPE ......................... 81
9.4 BREATHING AIR - QUALITY REQUIREMENTS.......................................... 81
9.5 QUALITATIVE / QUANTITATIVE RESPIRATOR FIT TESTING ................... 82
9.6 CALCULATIONS OF SOUND ATTENUATION ............................................ 86
9.7 FLAME RETARDANT WORKWEAR SPECIFICATIONS ............................. 88
9.8 MESC SYSTEM MATERIAL AND EQUIPMENT STANDARDS & CODE ..... 92

6 PTS 60.2114
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1.0 FOREWORD

This Guide has been prepared to provide management with the background data,
selection and decision criteria and specifications necessary to establish an effective
programme for personal protective equipment (PPE).

Personal protective clothing and equipment plays an essential role in worker

protection but is no substitute for effective engineering controls, safe working
conditions or sound work practices. It aids in controlling individual exposure to
prevent injury or adverse health effects but does not eliminate the hazard.

Local site management should read these guidelines in conjunction with any relevant
statutory regulations in order to self-assess its procedures. In a country with more
stringent statutory regulations, they should be applied.

Refer to PETRONAS or the list of publications at the end of this document for
information on situations where specialised personal protective equipment may be
required (e.g. ionising radiation / cold water survival).

2.0 INTRODUCTION

Risks to health and safety may occur whenever there is exposure to chemical,
physical or biological hazards. The degree of risk depends on the severity of the
hazard and the degree of exposure.

The many and varied jobs undertaken by PETRONAS employees and contractors
worldwide present a range of risks to health and safety. Control to an acceptable level
depends on the identification and evaluation of the hazards with reference to
exposure standards.

Section 3.4, "Choice of Control Options" discusses the general methods of controlling
hazards in the workplace in detail. PPE usage is only one of several available control
options. Further advice on the correct type of PPE may be obtained from Safety,
Occupational Hygiene or other Specialist advisers, based either locally or at Group
HSE Division.

It should be noted that the term "Personal Protective Equipment" is abbreviated

throughout the text of this Guide as "PPE" and includes both clothing and equipment.

Section 7: "Glossary" provides clarification of a number of terms which may be

unfamiliar to users.

3.0 OPTIONS FOR CONTROL

3.1 Determination Of Control Needs

The most effective way of determining the level and type of control needed to
provide employee protection is to apply a step-wise evaluation procedure.
This requires a considered judgement on:
a. workplace hazards associated with specified jobs (consider normal
operations, maintenance activities and foreseeable emergencies)
b. the risk to persons doing those jobs.
7 PTS 60.2114
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3.2 Hazards Identification
Identify the nature of the hazard, the chemical and / or physical agent, its
characteristics, potential routes of entry or contact and the harmful effects of
exposure to that hazard. Criteria to be addressed include:

AGENT (nature of hazard)

Direct projectile, sharp / abrasive object, (mechanical) moving
machinery

Chemical irritant, carcinogen, systemic poison, sensitizer

Physical noise, radiation, extreme temperatures, vibration, electrical,

light

Biological bacterial, parasitic, fungal

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS (form of hazard):

Gas, vapour, mist, dust, fume, liquid, solid, temperature, pressure

POTENTIAL ROUTE(S) OF ENTRY OR CONTACT (exposure modes):

Inhalation, skin contact, hearing, eyes, whole / specific body part, ingestion

EFFECT(S) OF EVENT (typical effects of exposure to the hazard):

Physical injury, poisoning, asphyxiation, cancer, heat stroke, irritation,
infection, loss of hearing, dermatitis, burns, abrasions, etc.

3.3 Risk Evaluation

The risk to the individual is assessed on the basis of the likelihood of
exposure and the perceived outcome from the exposure. The standardised
PETRONAS HSE Risk Matrix is a useful tool to be used to determine the
overall level of risk. For a particular job the following information is required to
assist in risk determination:

NATURE AND DEGREE OF EXPOSURE:

Magnitude of exposure (breathing zone contaminant concentration, height
above ground, opportunity for skin contact, temperature of furnace, etc)

Likelihood of an increased level of exposure

Duration of the exposure (minutes or hours per day)

Frequency of exposure occurrence (times per day, week, month, year)

Related circumstances (work practices, existing controls)

RESULT OF EXPOSURE:
Will exposure to the hazard have a harmful effect? Consider local and
systemic effects, short and long term effects, their reversibility or otherwise.

8 PTS 60.2114
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 ACCEPTABLE LEVEL OF EXPOSURE
Existing specific hazard exposure standards, such as occupational exposure
limits (OELs), should be applied to assess the need for further controls. OELs
for the following hazards have been established, either as part of a legal
statute or as non-enforceable standards / guidelines:
 chemicals
 noise
 radiation
 heat / cold stress
 vibration
 electrical
 lighting

However, companies within the PETRONAS Group are advised to avoid

rigidly applying such standards as the upper limit of acceptable exposure
because accurate measurement may be difficult, giving rise to possible
variations in the concentration of the contaminant.

PETRONAS companies operating internationally should apply country-

specific OELs for occupational hazards. In the absence of such OELs, the
following standards shall be used:
a. Malaysian Occupational Safety and Health (Use and Standards of
Exposure of Chemicals Hazardous to Health) Regulations 2000
b. Malaysian Factories & Machinery (Noise Exposure) Regulations 1989
c. The documentation and Threshold Limit Values (TLV®) list published
annually by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists (ACGIH)
d. Other reference sources, such as the United Kingdom’s Occupational
Exposure Standards (OES) and European Union’s Indicative Limit Values
(ILV).

Refer to PTS 60.1502: Chemical Management Program for further detail on

OELs for chemicals.

Where there is no exposure standard, the overall level of risk to the individual
should be judged qualitatively as being high, medium or low, based on the
assessment of the exposure potential and nature of the hazard.

Further descriptions and tools for qualitative risk assessment of exposure to

health hazards are available through PTS 60.1400: Health Risk Assessment
and the Chemical Health Risk Assessment Manual (Malaysian Department of
Occupational Safety & Health, 2000).

3.4 Measures to Control Exposure

Management is responsible for developing and implementing the appropriate
controls, based on relevant standards, guidelines and / or legislation and
good practice, when health risk reduction interventions are required. No
single option is appropriate for all circumstances. Management should
consider what might happen during normal operations, maintenance activities
and foreseeable emergencies. Appropriate control measures should be
based on a balanced evaluation of the probabilities of occurrence and the
9 PTS 60.2114
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likely consequences. Clearly more stringent controls are required in the
possibility of exposure to a life-threatening hazard than where only temporary
discomfort could occur. Reducing the probability of exposure is the preferred
method of controlling risk to acceptable levels.

The control option selected should:

 reduce individual exposures to an acceptable level
 be practicable in terms of engineering and maintenance concepts
 be acceptable to the potentially exposed workforce
 not create a risk at another location
 not introduce a new risk to the wearer
 allow continued operation of the process
 be reliable
 be cost effective.

10 PTS 60.2114
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Table 3.1 Control Measures
Hazard Control at Source Control of Path Control of Employee
Exposure
Mechanical  Machine Guarding  Location Guarding Education and Training
Energy (fixed / adjustable) (eg erecting Rules, Regulations,
 Interlocks (mechanical / barriers) Policies and
electrical)  Remote Controls Procedures
 Speed Reduction  Signage Pull-Away Devices
 Stroke Limitation Aids for Placement,
Feeding and Ejection of
Work Pieces
2-Hand Trip Switch
Devices (“Dead man
controls”)
Noise  Enclosure  Building Layout Protective Equipment
 Surface Treatment  Increasing Distance Ear Muffs / Plugs
 Impact Force  Channelling Away Exposure Time Limits
Reduction  Acoustic Filters / Education and Training
Mufflers
 Path Deflectors
 Signage
Electricity  Low Voltage  Grounding Protective Equipment
Instrumentation  Use of Ground Fault Education and Training
 Fuses / Circuit Detection
Breakers  Inaccessible cables
 Insulation  Cable Covers
 Energy Isolation / Lock-  Signage
out
 Labelling
 Test Points
Thermal Stress  Shielding  General Ventilation Acclimatisation
 Insulation (cooling) Programme
 Limiting physical  Water Curtains Maintain Water /
demands of the job Electrolyte Balance
Protective Equipment
(ventilated suits)
Schedules for Work /
Rest
Exposure Time Limits
Education and Training
Chemicals  Isolation  Local Exhaust Protective Equipment
 Elimination Ventilation Respiratory Protection
 Substitution  Remote Controls Education and Training
 Process Change  Signage

Table 3.1 lists measures available for control of exposure to hazards

The following items should be part of any control effort:

11 PTS 60.2114
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a. It is essential to provide training and education in the hazards and use of
the protective measures to personnel and supervisors.

b. Although good housekeeping is essential in all work situations, it is

especially critical where leaks or spillage of hazardous substances may
occur.

An essential part of any control effort to ensure the integrity of both operating
and control equipment (such as local exhaust equipment) is the preventive
maintenance programme.

The five basic control options are listed here and further described below;

a. elimination
b. substitution / isolation
c. administrative controls
d. engineering controls
e. personal protective equipment
Note: Above are typical categories used in industrial hygiene.

To allow reasoned decision-making on health risk control selection, the

Hierarchy of Control is applied. The Control options for health risks fall into a
well recognised general hierarchy. The strongest options are highest in the
hierarchy.

Additional information on exposure control measures and hierarchy of

controls can be found in PTS 60.1502 Chemical Management Program.

Elimination
Elimination of hazards, either through alternative design or process changes,
is the most preferred control measure to reduce exposure risk.

Substitution / Isolation
The preferred option for reducing the hazard is replacing a toxic material with
one that is less harmful. An example is selecting water based degreasing
solvents instead of halogenated hydrocarbons.
Changes in process specifications can be used to reduce exposure potential.
The use of the same material in a palletised form rather than a powder form,
and operation at lower pressure levels are examples.

Administrative Controls
Administrative controls include records and documentation as well as
procedure reviews which are required to be performed from time to time.
Typically procedures should be reviewed no less than every three years or
whenever changes occur to prevailing conditions, either as a result of
physical modifications to plant or from changes to ambient conditions that are
outside of the control of site management.

Also included under administrative controls are routine review processes,

such as exposure monitoring and site safety assessments.

12 PTS 60.2114
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Engineering Controls
Engineering controls would usually require major change if applied retro-
actively in existing plant. They should, however, be seriously considered in all
cases where personnel are routinely exposed to contamination of their PPE
in the course of daily activities. Although some level of PPE usage is
mandatory in most physical activities in a facility, its intent is to avert
accidental exposure rather than act as the primary barrier against exposure.
Various examples of engineering controls are available, such as Segregation
(by isolation or enclosure) and Ventilation.

Isolating the worker from the hazardous operation can sometimes resolve an
exposure problem. Isolation can be by a physical barrier (such as an acoustic
box to contain a high noise source, a glove box to contain a highly toxic
chemical), by spading during shutdown, by time (such as semi-automatic
equipment that requires only intermittent employee attention) or by distance
(remote controls).

General or dilution ventilation involves adding or removing air to maintain

contaminant concentrations in the work place at an acceptable level. Natural
ventilation through open doors, windows or roof ventilators or artificially
induced air currents with fans or air blowers may be used. This control
method is suitable only where the contaminant has a low order of toxicity, the
emission rates are low and the releases occur at a substantial distance from
the worker's breathing zone.

A local exhaust system (extract ventilation) controls releases into the

workplace atmosphere by capturing the contaminant near its source. This
method is advised when the contaminant cannot be controlled by
substitution, changing the process or by isolation or enclosure. Consideration
must also be given to the need for control of the discharge from the system.

Personal Protective Equipment

PPE should be used as a control measure only when:
1. the following hierarchy of controls has been assessed and found
impracticable or impossible:
 elimination of hazards
 substitution of hazards
 isolation of hazards
2. both engineering and administration measures are insufficient to reduce
employee exposure to acceptable conditions
3. it is a temporary solution while undertaking permanent engineering
control measures

When it is unfeasible to control the risks by the methods described above,

PPE (either on its own or in combination with other controls), may be used as
a control option to minimise personal exposure, but bearing in mind the
following limitations:

a. PPE does not reduce or eliminate the hazard,

b. if the protective equipment is defective, or becomes ineffective while
13 PTS 60.2114
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 being worn, the wearer may become exposed to the hazard without
necessarily being aware of it,
c. PPE provides protection for the wearer only, the potential exposure of
unprotected people in the area must be considered,
d. the use of PPE may introduce additional hazards to the wearer. The
equipment may interfere with one or more of the senses, eg full face
respirators restrict side vision and gloves may reduce manual dexterity,
e. PPE may transfer hazards to another location. Toxic chemicals absorbed
on shoes and clothing may be transferred to offices, eating areas or the
home,
f. PPE, particularly respiratory protection, may unsuitable for continuous
use,
g. PPE may not always be worn properly.
h. PPE that is inadequate or incorrectly specified for a particular hazard or
task exposure may create a false sense of security in the wearer or an
area supervisor, increasing the risk of unanticipated injury or illness.

For these reasons the use of PPE is generally regarded as less acceptable
than the other means of control described above. Nevertheless, there are
many circumstances (eg maintenance and emergency response) where it
may be the only feasible control option.

3.5 EVALUATION PROCESS

Sheet 1 of Figure 3.1 provides a decision flow scheme that can be followed in
conducting an evaluation to determine whether controls are needed.

The approach outlined in Sheet 2 of Figure 3.1, is used to assess and select
control measures according to the recommended hierarchy of controls. The
selection of the most appropriate control measures should result in the risk
being as low as reasonable practicable (ALARP). Refer to PTS 60.1400
Health Risk Assessment for further details on conducting a tiered challenge,
similar to the approach in Sheet 2.

14 PTS 60.2114
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Figure 3.1 Evaluation Process (Sheet 1 of 2)

15 PTS 60.2114
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Figure 3.1 Evaluation Process Continued (Sheet 2 of 2)

16 PTS 60.2114
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 3.6 COST
In selecting a control option it is important to consider all aspects. Cost of the
initial investment on its own may seem attractive but the ongoing cost of
running an exposure control programme may prove excessive. This may be
particularly relevant when comparing, for example, the installation of local
exhaust ventilation with providing individual respiratory protective equipment.
Although the set-up cost of the latter may be easier, quicker and cheaper, the
ongoing running costs of a respiratory programme may rapidly outweigh the
initial cost advantage. Conversely, using PPE for infrequent activity such as
maintenance tasks or plant shutdowns may be the only viable approach to
exposure control: cost would thus not be a factor in the choice of options.

4.0 MANAGEMENT OF PPE PROGRAMMES

Using PPE provides a means of controlling individual exposure to a particular hazard

but its use requires careful consideration. Before deciding on PPE as the control
option, the management should assess all the circumstances, consider the
alternatives and weigh the likely costs of the ongoing programme against the risks.
Other sections of this Guide indicate how this can be done.

Without implementing a system that ensures correct selection, fitting, training,

maintenance and monitoring of use, PPE is unlikely to provide effective protection.
Management is ultimately responsible for the PPE programme: it should issue a
written procedure and delegate control to a responsible person.

PPE Programme

A written programme should cover all of the following aspects:

 Selection: by a suitably trained person with adequate information.
 Fitting: ensure an adequate fit under supervision. When PPE is first issued,
fitting is required and, in some cases, the user should be trained to check the fit
whenever the equipment is used. This is particularly important in the case of
respiratory protective equipment. Various sizes of each type of equipment should
be available to fit the typical size range.
 Health aspects: PPE usage can affect the health of employees (eg skin irritation,
heat stress). Certain medical conditions may make it difficult to use certain
equipment.
 Compatibility: if simultaneous use of more than one type of PPE is required,
then the compatibility of the individual items and their compatibility with the
respective tasks shall be evaluated.
 Issue: PPE issuing and usage shall be appropriately controlled. Employees may
not be fully aware of specific limitations of particular types of PPE that may be
available. Using the wrong type may lead to incorrect application.

Wherever possible, PPE should be issued on a personal basis to individual

employees. Apart from hygiene considerations, employees are then more willing to
accept responsibility for the care and maintenance of the equipment.

A system requiring employees to sign for certain types of equipment is recommended

and can provide another check on the correct selection and use of equipment.
Replacement of used or damaged equipment should be made conditional on return of
the original issued item.
17 PTS 60.2114
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 Proper use: PPE is effective only if appropriately specified and correctly worn for
each task. It is vital that supervisory staff enforces PPE usage by employee
encouragement and setting an example. Incorrect use of correctly specified PPE
may render it ineffective.

Employees should be prevented from taking used PPE equipment for domestic
purposes. In addition to the possible criminal implications, used PPE may retain
hazardous contaminants that could have health or safety implications for family
members of the worker involved.

 Cleaning, maintenance and storage: all reusable PPE shall be kept in good
condition by complying with cleaning and maintenance guidelines from the
supplier. Single use disposable items shall be safely disposed of after use.
Provision shall be made for proper storage of PPE when it is not in use.

Note: PPE that has become contaminated with toxic materials during use shall be
secured to prevent contamination of other employees or other areas of the workplace.
For example, used respirators should be placed into suitably labelled containers
immediately after use, until they can be sent for cleaning. Respirators used
intermittently should be stored in a clean plastic bag, tied at the neck to prevent
undue contamination in the workplace. In some circumstances it may be necessary to
provide complete changes of clothing to avoid contaminating the domestic
environment with harmful agents.

Records of tests, inspection and maintenance work carried out on PPE should be
kept: this may be a legal requirement in some countries.

 Disposal (Retirement): since used PPE may be contaminated with toxic agents,
disposal procedures require careful consideration. Depending on the
circumstances, equipment may need to be treated as toxic waste.

 Information and training: most types of PPE are at least inconvenient and
occasionally uncomfortable to use. Some PPE may interfere with one or more of
the senses, whilst others may aggravate existing medical conditions of the
wearer. Therefore, employees shall be provided with sufficient information and
training regarding protection from job-related hazards, to enable them to work
safely and with minimal risk to health.

Employees who are fully aware of the hazards and the need for protection will be
more ready to accept such difficulties and use the equipment provided. Supervisors
should be alert to any changes in the requirements of the job and any limitations
placed on the employee by PPE, ensuring that appropriate feedback is given to the
Safety Adviser, Occupational Nurse, Physician or Hygienist.

 Supervision: a PPE programme is unlikely to succeed unless the first line

supervisory personnel are knowledgeable and held accountable for effective use
of the PPE. Supervisors shall set an example by wearing appropriate PPE and
ensure its use by others as required.

 Reviews: as with any management system, PPE usage should be reviewed

periodically to verify that procedures are fit for purpose and followed correctly.
18 PTS 60.2114
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 Reviews range from ongoing informal surveillance by supervisors to formal audits
carried out by third party specialist advisers, where appropriate. The importance
of prompt implementation of agreed action items cannot be overstressed.

 Checklist: see Tables 4.1 and 4.2 for examples of PPE checklists that can be
used by Supervisors, Safety Advisers and others to ensure that PPE is properly
specified, fitted and effective for specific jobs.

It must be remembered that PPE is the last line of defence; hence its effectiveness
may be crucial to the health of workers.

19 PTS 60.2114
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 Table 4.1: A Safety and Health Personal Protective Equipment Checklist

Item Check Yes No

Respirators Do you regularly monitor the work environment for
contaminants?
Are you aware of how the hazard can be controlled or prevented?
Are you aware of the limitations of respirators?
If a respirator is the only solution, is the respirator correctly
specified for the hazards and are cartridges / canisters / filters of
the correct type for the chemical hazards involved?
Was the fit tested?
Are employees educated in its use and maintenance?
Safety Shoes Does the footwear offer protection against the specific
and Boots: occupational exposure, such as temperature variations, slippery
surfaces, punctures and chemical exposure?
Are gloves the correct size?
Are gloves of the appropriate length to prevent exposure?
Do gloves offer protection against the specific occupational
Gloves: exposure, such as punctures, chemical exposures and
temperature extremes?
Do gloves restrict hand movement?
Are gloves too slippery or too bulky?

Do the glasses / goggles offer protection against the specific

exposure?
Safety Do the glasses / goggles distort vision?
Goggles and
Glasses: Do the glasses / goggles limit peripheral (side) vision?
Are there gaps between side shields and face through which
particles may enter?

Does the helmet fit properly?

Does the helmet offer protection against the specific
Safety
occupational exposure, such as temperature extremes, falling
Helmets:
objects or electrical hazards?
Are liners, chin straps and sweatbands used to keep it in place?

Are workers advised on hygienic practices of using earplugs?

Ear Muffs Are the earmuffs adjustable?

and Ear Are the earmuffs comfortable to wear?
Plugs:
Do the earmuffs create pressure to chin, head or behind the ears?
Do earmuffs / ear plugs provide adequate noise reduction?

Is the clothing correctly sized?

Protective Is the clothing made of material(s) that provides adequate

Clothing: protection from the specific hazard?
Are special provisions made for disposal of contaminated
clothing?

20 PTS 60.2114
FEBRUARY 2010
 Table 4.2 Monitoring the Personal Protective Equipment Programme

Management is responsible for enforcing effective PPE usage. All employees, including
line management, specialists (such as health and safety advisers) those responsible for
issue, use, cleaning and inspection and the wearers, play a critical role in ensuring correct
use and care of PPE. Questions to be answered include:

1. Which activities / procedures in which units require use of PPE?

2. Are there up-to-date and adequate specifications for all PPE requirements?

3. Is there an effective system for checking that each batch of PPE received meets
specifications?

4. Is appropriate PPE specified in operating and maintenance instructions?

5. Are instructions reviewed and amended if necessary when processes are modified?

6. Are clear verbal and written instructions available in the health and safety
information system, to specify and explain PPE requirements?

7. Are there adequate controls in the purchasing system to ensure that PPE purchases
meet specification and that necessary minimum stocks are maintained?

8. Are stock levels adequate to cater for the needs of a realistically defined
emergency?

9. Are personnel responsible for specifying and issuing PPE aware of the appropriate
requirements for specific circumstances?

10. Are specific items of PPE readily identifiable?

11. Are systems for cleaning and subsequent inspection of used PPE adequate and do
they work effectively?

12. Does the system ensure safe and correct disposal of items with time or use expiry
specifications?

13. Do wearers comply fully with instructions and if not, why not?

14. Are storage arrangements adequate for PPE in current use?

15. Does the system respond promptly to failure or defects in PPE or problems in
supply?

16. Are PPE requirements identified on work permits?

5.0 SELECTION, ACQUISITION AND USE OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE

EQUIPMENT
PPE selection takes into account risks to health and safety, based on hazard
identification and exposure assessment, as described in Section 3.

Objective analysis of job tasks is required in order to establish the required degree of
protection and whether any equipment selection constraints exist. This analysis
should also evaluate foreseeable emergency situations.

21 PTS 60.2114
FEBRUARY 2010
Individual personal attributes differ. Personal comfort is an important factor
influencing PPE compliance. Equipment must fit correctly and be adjusted for
maximum comfort. Providing workers with a choice from several available types can
be an effective encouragement for users to comply.

Figure 5.1 Factors that influence the overall effectiveness of PPE

5.1 Types of PPE

PPE can be divided into two major classes:

a. equipment that provides protection from direct physical injuries caused by

flying or falling objects, temperature extremes, abrasive and sharp edges

22 PTS 60.2114
FEBRUARY 2010
 b. equipment that provides protection from chemical, physical (eg noise /
heat) or biological hazards, the effects of which are determined by the
dose received.

Matching the protection to the risk is vital in specifying PPE requirements.

Tables 5.1 and 5.2 give examples of PPE which provide protection against
direct physical hazards and dose-dependent hazards respectively.

Table 5.3 provides guidance on PPE requirements for tasks conducted in

certain PETRONAS operations, for which basic assessments have been
made (local considerations may differ; individual details may not apply at all
plants).

5.1.1 Acquisition of PPE

In conjunction with development of the PPE Guide, Section 96 of the

PETRONAS Material and Equipment Standards and Code (MESC)
has been reviewed and updated with regard to acquisition of PPE.
The MESC is described below. Prior to using the MESC for ordering
PPE the selection processes described in this guide should be
followed.

The standardisation and coding section of PETRONAS maintains the

MESC, which is a PETRONAS system for materials standards,
classification and coding. For a description of the MESC system see
Appendix 8.

EXAMPLES OF PERSONAL PROTECTION

Table 5.1: Equipment Providing Protection from Direct Physical Hazards

Threat Part of Body Examples of PPE requirements

requiring protection
Flying Eyes Safety spectacles / goggles / visor
Objects Face
Falling Head Helmets / safety hats
Objects Feet Safety shoes / boots
Abrasion Hands Gloves - leather
Hot Hands Gloves / gauntlets – leather, wool, knitted glass fibre:
Surfaces aluminium faced
Cold Hands Gloves – leather / PVC with cryogenic lining
Surfaces
Fire – Full Body Flame retardant coverall / leather gloves with long cuffs
flash
Fire – Fire Full Body Helmet with visor / Flash Hood / SCBA / Fire Suit:
fighting Structural protective (bunker) suit, approach suit or
close-proximity suit / insulated PVC fire boots with toe
and sole protection

23 PTS 60.2114
FEBRUARY 2010
 Table 5.2: Equipment Providing Protection Against Dose Dependent Hazards

Threat Route to be Examples of PPE requirements

Protected
Toxic, corrosive or Airway / Eyes Respiratory Protective Equipment (RPE): full-
irritant gas, vapour, face types only
mist, dusts or fumes
Toxic, corrosive or Eyes / Skin Visor / face shield / chemical goggles /
irritant liquid chemical resistant gloves / chemical resistant
apron or suit / chemical resistant boots
Noise Ears Ear Muffs / Ear Plugs

24 PTS 60.2114
FEBRUARY 2010
 Table 5.3: Examples of PPE for specific jobs or tasks
PPE Type
Task or Job by
Function
Exploration & Production
Lab Drilling of Core Samples
Lab Handling of Chlorinated
Hydrocarbons
Testing Air Gun in Water
Mud Room Operator
Shale Shaker Operator
Helideck Landing Officer
Manufacturing
Hazardous Chemical Handling -
General
Operator – Chemical Plant
Operator – Drum Filling
Operator – Power Station
Operator – Poisonous Substance
Packing
Operator – Poisonous Substance
Weighing
Pipe Fitter – Opening Contaminated
Lines
Road Tanker Driver - Gasoline
Welder – workshop environment
Marine
Electrician – Battery Acid-Filling
Operator – Boiler Chemical Testing /
Dosing
Worker – Chemical Cleaning
Equipment
Worker – Chipping / Rust Removal /
Painting
Key: A – As Appropriate
W - Welding
Coveralls - Flame Retardant
Safety Glasses / spectacles
Respirator (Type-Specific)
Safety Boots - Impervious
Coveralls – Impervious
Air-fed Impervious Suit
Safety Shoes / Boots -
Ear Muffs / Ear Plugs
Gloves - Impervious
Goggles - Chemical
Safety Helmet / hat
Gloves - Leather
Safety Harness
Face Shield
Goggles
Leather
Apron
SCBA
• • • • I
• • • • •
• • • •
• • • •
• • • •
• • • •
• • • • • •
• • • • •
• • • • •
• • • • • •
• • • D
• • • •
• • • • • A I
• • • •
W • • L
• • • • • I
• • • • C I
• • • • •
• • • • • D
C - Chemical I - Impervious L - Leather D – Dust
25 PTS 60.2114
FEBRUARY 2010
5.2 Head Protection
The head – or, more specifically, the brain - is most susceptible to disabling
injury resulting from impact. Such injuries are potentially extremely
dangerous. Severe results often persist over a long time.

Head protection can be divided into two types:

a. Safely helmets
b. Bump caps

Safety helmets are intended to protect the wearer against penetration and
impact injury. Their design prevents impact fracture and transfer of the force
of the blow to the wearer's skull immediately below the point of impact.
Helmets should be designed for comfort in use and should be of an approved
type (British Standard or equivalent) to ensure they meet the performance
requirements.

Bump caps are unsuitable for providing impact protection. They provide
protection only against minor bumps and abrasions. They are thus
acceptable for only a few specific jobs. They are not recommended for
normal use in PETRONAS operations.

5.2.1 Construction

Standard protective helmets, also known as hard hats or safety

helmets, should conform to an accepted standard eg BS 5240 or DIN
4840. Components of a safety helmet include:

 A hard shell with a smoothly finished outer surface. The most

common shell materials are high-density polyethylene,
polycarbonate, ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene),
polycarbonate / ABS blend, reinforced fibreglass and resin-
impregnated textiles.

 A cradle or suspension system which encircles the head. It is

usually of plastic construction and adjustable to a variety of sizes.
This cradle is a major component in absorbing the energy from
any impact.

 A headband, which contacts the wearer's head at the forehead

area.

 The helmet should be legibly and durably marked with the year
and quarter of manufacture.

Accessories include:

a. A chin strap of fabric, leather or plastic-covered-elastic

b. A nape strap, usually of plastic material, sometimes containing a
plastic foam pad
c. Visors, face shields
d. Ear muffs
26 PTS 60.2114
FEBRUARY 2010
 e. Sweat bands
f. Winter liners

In fitting the above accessories, it is essential that the shell is not

weakened or the level of electrical protection impaired.

5.2.2 Selection

The outer shell must be strong and, for comfort, light in weight. It
should be resistant to fire, water and oil and, for many operations, to
solvents and other chemicals. The selection of a suitable shell will
depend on the work and the work environment. Plastic or fibreglass
shells are generally more suitable where exposure to chemicals and
solvents is to be expected. Where contact with electricity is likely, not
only should helmets be of non-conducting material but they should
also have no conductive fittings penetrating the shell.

T here appears to be no justification for the use of metal (aluminium)

helmets, therefore they are not recommended.

5.2.3 Comfort

The main comfort considerations for helmets include weight, fit,

thermal characteristics and skin reaction to helmet materials: sensory
restriction and aesthetics may also be factors.

The suspension fit is of prime importance. Tight fits are most

uncomfortable and pressure may cause headaches. Loose
harnesses can also cause discomfort. Suspension condition is critical
to the performance of the helmet.

The most common complaint of wearers is the weight of the helmet.

The effect of weight is a function of:

a. how well balanced the helmet is, and

b. how often and for what duration the helmet is worn.

Many complaints of excessive helmet weight may be attributed to fit

characteristics rather than weight alone and are frequently due to:

a. rigid suspension components that do not mould to the shape of

the head when worn
b. helmet suspension incorrectly adjusted by the wearer or of such
poor quality that it easily loses adjustment.

The second most frequent complaint raised in surveys of industrial

head protection is excessive heat. While sufficient head / helmet
clearance generally provides adequate ventilation, there is the
undesirable "greenhouse" effect. Helmets should be smooth and shiny
to reflect solar heat and to minimise "psychological" heat load. A close
fitting compressible liner will act as a heat insulator in cases of very

27 PTS 60.2114
FEBRUARY 2010
 high radiant heat loads.

It is essential that the senses of sight and hearing are not restricted.
Head protective devices must be compatible with eye, face, ear and
respiratory protective equipment that are used.

The cradle, headband and chin strap should be sufficiently flexible to

conform to the head shape. They should also be easily cleaned and
constructed of material which does not irritate the skin.

5.2.4 Replacement

All safety helmets are susceptible to damage from ultraviolet light,

temperature extremes and chemical degradation. An inspection /
maintenance programme which includes provision for replacement
should be established. Any replacement programme should consider
not only chemical or physical damage but also material of
manufacture and environmental conditions.

Practical experience indicates the following appropriate replacement

periods:

a. Polyethylene helmets - 2-3 years

b. Polycarbonate helmets - 5-6 years
c. Resin impregnated textile and fibreglass helmets - 10 years

Since perspiration, hair oils and normal wear can all affect suspension
systems integrity, the suspension systems should be regularly
inspected.

Excessive shell discoloration or surface weathering may indicate a

loss of strength.

5.2.5 Precautions
 Immediately replace any safety helmet that has been subjected to
a heavy blow, even if there is no visible damage.
 Never modify or alter the shell or suspension in any way.
 Wearers should not carry anything inside their safety
helmet.
 Never paint safety helmets; the paint or solvent can damage the
helmet.
 Safety helmets should not be dropped, thrown, used as supports
or subjected to any other form of abuse.

5.2.6 Other Factors

Two additional factors which should be taken into consideration when

selecting a safety helmet are:

28 PTS 60.2114
FEBRUARY 2010
 a) Cost
Polyethylene helmets cost approximately one third as much as
fibreglass units and one quarter as much as resin impregnated
textile helmets.

b) Potential for UV light exposure

Polyethylene helmets are thought to deteriorate more rapidly in
UV light exposure than either fibreglass or resin impregnated
textile units.

5.3 Foot Protection

Although all boots and shoes provide some foot protection, they are not
necessarily protective footwear in the safety sense. Protective footwear
provides protection against hazards ranging from dermatitis to crushing
injuries. Protective footwear specifications should take into consideration all
potential exposures in the workplace, including, for example, possible
chemical contact, extremes of cold and heat, slippery surfaces, punctures
from sharp, spiky objects and electrical hazards (live and static). (See
Section 8: References).

5.3.1 Footwear Selection

As with specifying all other forms of personal protection, the first step
is to identify and assess the hazards before selecting protective
footwear that will provide adequate protection, whilst also being
acceptable to the wearer. The following examples can be considered:

Impact from heavy objects - shoes and boots with steel toecaps
protect the toes from various degrees of impact. However, in some
operations, instep and skin protection may also be necessary.

Steel shoe insoles or built-in shanks, bonded to prevent rusting and

excessive movement, may prevent cuts and punctures from sharp
objects such as nails, scrap metal or glass. Soles such as heavy-duty
polyurethane, PVC or wood, can also provide effective protection.

Contact with chemicals may cause leather to crack from chemical

absorption, leading to potential injury exposure. Plastic and synthetic
rubber (e.g. neoprene) soles are more resistant. Shoe uppers made
from man-made materials that allow the foot to breathe but resist
chemical absorption are also available. Lace-up shoes should have
an integral tongue construction to prevent liquid and dust penetrating
through to the skin via the lace holes.

Contaminated leather or synthetic shoes are usually impossible to

rehabilitate. They should thus be destroyed before disposal as
scheduled / contaminated waste, to prevent unauthorised re-use.

Heat resistant soles, e.g. expanded polyurethane, are available for

moderately hot floor temperatures (contact temperature 150°C).
Nitrile rubber soles resist contact temperatures of up to 300°C. For

29 PTS 60.2114
FEBRUARY 2010
higher temperatures, wooden soles are available. When there is a
risk of hot materials, eg bitumen or cinders, entering the tops of
shoes, ankle boots, spats and leggings are also available. Foundry
shoes and leggings are designed to permit the wearer to remove
them quickly should molten metal penetrate. Insulated footwear such
as fleece-lined boots may be required in cold conditions. Multiple
layer systems are preferable but their low temperature integrity and
flexibility should be checked.

For wet and muddy conditions rubber, neoprene or plastic boots and
overshoes are available either with or without steel toe caps. Boots
are available in various leg lengths, from ankle boots and shin length
(jungle boots), to knee and thigh length (waders). Wood or cord
impregnated with rubber or neoprene slip-resistant soles are
available. For some non-slip applications, cleated soles and tungsten
carbide studs may be considered but in areas with flammability
hazards the hazards from incendive sparks preclude their use. Oily
and greasy under-foot conditions should be controlled as far as
possible by good housekeeping. Special floor treatments, such as
abrasive material-grained fabric strips, floor coverings and granular
adsorbents may also be considered.

Static electricity accumulation on the person can be reduced by using

specially selected footwear or shoe coverings. Anti-static footwear
4 8
should have a resistance of between 5 x 10 and 10 Ohms. (Section
8 References).

Electrically insulating elements between the inner sole of the

footwear and the foot of the wearer should be avoided. Since cotton
and rayon socks have relatively high conductivity, they can be safely
worn with anti-static footwear but the low conductivity of wool, natural
silk or nylon socks causes them to act as insulators. Atmospheric
relative humidity can affect the conductivity of clothing materials and
static electric charge accumulation.

Over time, flexing and contamination may significantly affect the

electrical resistance of footwear made from conducting or anti-static
material. Regular testing for electrical resistance may be necessary
to ensure the shoe is still dissipating electrostatic charges and
providing the desired electrical protection. (Section 8 References).

In buildings where conducting or anti-static footwear is used, the

flooring should not have such resistance to earth that it invalidates
the protection provided by the footwear. (Section 8 References).
Although anti-static shoes are "non-sparking" as well as conductive,
pieces of flint, gravel or steel particles embedded in the sole may
result in incendive sparks. Non-ferrous nails, eyelets and toe caps
are available.
Where the hazard is live electrical current above 250 volts,
conductive and antistatic footwear shall not be used. In the
conductive case, footwear and flooring should each have an
4
electrical resistance of less than 5 x 10 Ohms. Such footwear shall
30 PTS 60.2114
FEBRUARY 2010
 be free from nails, metal eyelets and lace tags. It shall, also be of
sewn or bonded construction and worn in conjunction with other
items of electrical protective clothing in dry conditions.

5.4 Eye and Face Protection

Equipment for eye and face protection can be divided into four groups:
a. spectacles
b. goggles
c. visors / face shields
d. hoods.

This equipment is designed to protect the wearer from chemical and physical
hazards such as chemical splashes, gases, vapours, foreign bodies and
electromagnetic radiation in or near the visible spectrum (ie ultra-violet, infra-
red and microwave radiation).

These hazards can cause damage in three main areas of the eye:
a. on the surface (cornea and conjunctiva)
b. within the lens
c. at the retina

Eye damage may result in permanent scarring of the surface of the eye (the
cornea). Ultra-violet (welding "arc eye"), infra-red light, and elevated levels of
microwave radiation can also cause surface damage. (See Section 8 for
references to eye protection standards).

A mandatory programme requiring that eye protection be worn continuously

in hazardous areas, such as process areas, laboratories and workshops, is
vital in order to ensure maximum protection against eye injury.

Figure 5.4: Eye Protection for Various Jobs Rubber or Vinyl Goggles

Protection Type
Plastic Face Shield
Wire Screen Shield
Plastic Eye Shield

Welding Helmets
Filter Lenses
Cup goggles

Side Shields
Spectacles

Hoods

Exposure Type / Task or

Activity

Heavy impact: large particles – chipping, caulking,

• •
rivet driving
Moderate impact: dust and small flying particles –
scaling, grinding, non-quartz stone dressing, some • • • •
woodwork
Metal sparks and spatter: spot and butt welding
• • •
(excluding glare or extensive energy)
Splashing: metal babbitting, pouring lead joints,
• • • •
casting hot metal, dipping in hot metal baths
Splashing: acid / caustic liquids, dipping galvanised • • • •
31 PTS 60.2114
FEBRUARY 2010
tanks, japanning
Reflected light and glare: long exposure to light
reflected from snow, water or other surfaces; • • • •
incidental glare from furnaces, acetylene welding
Injurious: radiant energy – moderately reduced
visible radiant energy; oxy-acetylene welding and • •
cutting
Injurious: radiant energy – large reduction of visible
•
radiant energy; arc welding and cutting

5.4.1 Contact Lenses

All personnel who wish to wear contact lenses should be made
aware that contact lenses are not PPE. In fact, their use may
necessitate special precautions. In event of chemical contact, contact
lenses can prevent effective flushing or be lost during emergency
irrigation of the eye. It may also cause injury if contact lenses should
adhere to the eye as a result of any reaction between chemicals and
the lenses. Accidental displacement can also cause temporary loss
of vision.

All OPUs should develop a policy to address and regulate contact

lens usage in certain environments, including the following points:
 Wearing contact lenses is permissible in areas where eye protection
is not required, ie less-hazardous work areas, offices and dining
rooms.
 Contact lenses are permitted in areas where eye protection is
required, provided they are worn in addition to appropriate approved
eye protection.

5.4.2 Eye Protection Equipment Selection

Eye protection creates a physical barrier between the eyes and
harmful agents. Bystanders and passers by should also be protected
by setting up suitable shields, screens or barriers to restrict access to
areas where eye hazards exist.

See Figure 5.3 for eye protection recommendations for a selection of

jobs, tasks and work environments.

No single type of eye protection will be satisfactory for all situations

and circumstances. Actual requirements may be determined using
the following simple check list:

a) Type of risk
 hot or corrosive liquids, chemicals
 gases and aerosols
 radiation
 impact
 flying particles
 hot metals

32 PTS 60.2114
FEBRUARY 2010
 b) Conditions of use
 temperature
 humidity
 wind velocity
 cramped work area
 degree of movement
 clean or dirty service

c) Type of use
 continuous
 intermittent
 other protective equipment

d) Required field of vision

 wide
 narrow

5.4.3 Lenses
Lenses with varying degrees of impact resistance may be available but in
order to avoid confusion, all areas where there is a risk of eye injury from
impact with a foreign object should standardise on lenses with the highest
impact resistance that is needed on site.

Special surface treatments are available to reduce scratching and fogging of

glass lenses. Heat treated glass lenses should not be used in areas where
impact hazards are high. Plastic lenses / shields, although more readily
scratched, combine strength with moderate cost. They are considered
superior to glass for resistance to impact, penetration and fogging.

Eye and face protection equipment should be issued for the wearer's
individual use.

5.4.4 Goggles
Flexible wrap-around one-piece safety goggles can be worn over corrective
spectacles and are suitable for a wide range of applications. Basic types with
mesh or perforated ventilation sides are suitable for general hazards. For
chemical liquid and vapour hazards, the shielded or baffled type, preferably
with anti-fogging coating, should be used. Where a significant risk of
splashing exists, it is recommended to use a visor or face shield for full face
protection.

5.4.5 Spectacles / Glasses

Safety spectacles (or safety glasses) with side shields have gained wide
acceptance in industry. Although they do not provide complete protection,
they can protect the wearer against several hazards, particularly flying
particles.

To ensure comfort and user acceptability spectacle frames should be light,

strong and properly adjusted to the wearer, with a comfortably fitting nose
bridge. The eyes should look through the centre of the lenses. For the widest
possible field of vision the lens should be as close to the eyes as possible
without contacting the eyelashes. To spread the load the side pieces or
33 PTS 60.2114
FEBRUARY 2010
 temple bars should contact the head along the entire length, hooking behind
the ear close to the head, with the ear in contact over the full length of the
hook.

Wearers of correctly fitted spectacles who regularly complain of headaches

and that the spectacles "hurt" should be referred to the Medical Officer or an
optician for an eye test.

For people with defective vision, safety glasses with prescription lenses can
be obtained.

5.4.6 Visors / Face Shields

Visors fitted to head harnesses or safety helmets are widely used, particularly
in chemical process areas. Especially in intermittent use, the lift-up hinged
type is preferred.

Although rare, face splashes under the visor can occur. Goggles plus face
shield or moulded face shield may be needed when handling chemicals that
are very hazardous to the eye. Where exposure to irritant vapours may occur,
gas / vapour tight goggles should be worn. Visors are resistant to fogging and
can be worn together with corrective spectacle lenses.

5.4.7 Optical Filters

Optical filters for goggles and welding shields are designed to reduce the
radiation intensity to a safe level. They may attenuate all wavelengths or
bands of wavelengths, or have very specific properties, eg laser filters and
plane polarising filters. The filter specification should indicate the wavelength
of radiation to which they apply.

Safe intensity level varies with wavelength. Since filters have different optical
properties, it is essential to use the correct optical filters. For example, blue
glass or tinted lenses do not protect against infrared radiation. Welding
glasses or lenses protect the eyes from visible, infrared and ultra-violet
radiation. Replaceable clear glass or polycarbonate covers should be used to
protect the optical filters from damage caused by impact, molten metal or
other hazards.

5.4.8 Hoods
Hoods are less generally used except with full protective suits or as part of
respiratory protective equipment. Fire approach suit hoods are normally fitted
with infra-red filters having a reflective metallic coating to reduce the radiant
heat load. Full face-piece masks of respiratory protective equipment, also
provide eye and face protection.

5.5 HAND PROTECTION

Gloves protect the hands against chemical, physical and biological hazards.

No single glove suits every purpose. Conditions, processes and materials

vary so much that every situation may require full analysis to determine the
type of hand protection required.

34 PTS 60.2114
FEBRUARY 2010
In chemical handling, the permeability and chemical resistance of the gloves
to the materials to be handled must be considered. The chemical supplier or
glove manufacturer should provide advice on chemical resistance and
permeation.

If penetration through a glove occurs during testing, it may still be possible to

consider using it if the maximum cumulative time period for wear is specified.
In such cases, a formal system of regular glove checking, cleaning and
replacement may provide adequate control.

Note: most gloves will not provide protection during immersion in chemicals.

Although decontamination and re-use of gloves is desired in certain

situations, it should be noted that the cleaning process usually does not
completely remove the toxic material. This may reduce breakthrough time in
subsequent use. Discarded and contaminated gloves should be destroyed, in
order to prevent unauthorised retrieval and use. This is especially important
for gloves that may have been in contact with very toxic substances.

5.5.1 Selection

Gloves with a chemical-resistant coating such as PVC, over a fabric

support base, have better tear, cut or puncture resistance than those
made from the coating material alone. Unsupported gloves are more
flexible / sensitive but have lower tear, stretch and heat resistance.
However, fabric fibres may act as wicks, to considerably increase the
permeability, particularly if the coating is light or has been damaged
in service.

Temperature seriously affects the performance of some types of

glove. Thermoplastic coatings such as PVC are particularly affected
and may be unusable in cold conditions either from loss of flexibility
or from cracking. Solvents may affect the rate of penetration of other
substances, occasionally decreasing, but more frequently increasing
it; for example, aromatic solvents may increase the rate of
penetration through some gloves by a factor of 5 or even 10. Higher
temperatures may reduce glove performance with regard to abrasion,
tear and puncture resistance and may result in increased
permeability. (See Appendix 2 for physical characteristics of glove
materials).

Protection from extremes of temperature, both hot and cold, requires

special materials. Specially treated leather (thermo leather) has fairly
good heat resistance and is considered suitable in welding, cutting
and burning applications. Synthetic fibre fabrics such as Nomex,
Kevlar, flameproof rayon and aluminised wool can be used for high
radiant heat applications. Aluminised glass fibre with insulated lining
will protect against conductive heat as well as radiant heat at higher
temperatures, but with poor handling sensitivity.

35 PTS 60.2114
FEBRUARY 2010
 Impervious gloves are required for handling cryogenic liquids. Vinyl
coated cotton gloves, foam backed with fleecy lining, give reasonable
service although the vinyl coating tends to stiffen at cryogenic
temperatures.

For small or delicate work requiring manual dexterity and tactile

sensitivity the thinnest possible glove consistent with adequate
protection should be selected.

Fabric or leather gloves are used for physical protection. They are
unsuitable for use where they may become contaminated with liquid
or granular chemicals. The exposure hazard to the skin increases
with prolonged contact with the absorbed contamination.

Gloves should be provided in a variety of sizes. Also, chemical

gauntlets are usually recommended for protection against liquids.
With very toxic materials it may be necessary to seal the open end of
the glove to the sleeve of a protective jacket to prevent intrusion of
the toxic material.

5.6 BODY

BODY PROTECTION

This section deals with what is usually called protective clothing and includes
protection of the various parts of or the whole body as required.

The elements of an effective body protection programme include:

 estimation of likelihood of skin exposure

 consequences of direct skin contact
 estimation of level of protection from available clothing
 appropriate selection and documentation of basis for selection
 training employees in proper use, cleaning and maintenance of protective
clothing / equipment

The primary safeguards against common plant hazards are design and
procedural controls. If it is determined that engineered safeguards,
procedures or substitution cannot eliminate or adequately mitigate a potential
exposure hazard, management shall issue appropriate instructions to ensure
that personnel are adequately protected by wearing appropriate PPE.

As an example, a quantitative process should be applied where a flash fire

risk exists. Although workers in process plant areas may have a higher
frequency of exposure to flash fires, the same incident may also affect
workers that intermittently visit an area where flammable products are stored,
processed or transferred. Unless there are enforceable rules to limit access
to potentially hazardous areas during periods of high risk exposure, a
standard policy mandating flame retardant clothing to be worn is advisable.
Appropriate protective clothing provides the last line of defense against burn
injuries.

36 PTS 60.2114
FEBRUARY 2010
5.6.1 General Work Clothing

The aim of setting minimum applicable standards is to avoid dispute

over the intent. The Group operates in various harsh environments,
where certain types of protective clothing may be uncomfortable to
wear but there is no compromise on protecting exposed workers.

 Work clothes: some protective clothing that offers no more direct

body protection than ordinary street dress may be provided to
protect street clothes. Fabric uniforms or overalls are often
supplied to protect against dirt, grease and oils. Effective
laundering of re-usable work clothing is an important aspect of
exposure reduction.

 Disposable clothing - these limited-use items can provide the

proper level of protection for many work situations.

 Generally, work clothing should not be taken home since

residues contained in the clothing could present a hazard to
persons in the home environment.

 Flame retardant work clothing is mandatory in certain

applications (see Section 5.6.3)

5.6.2 Chemical Protective Clothing (CPC)

CPC includes a wide range of apparel, from aprons, overalls, jackets

and trousers to fully encapsulating suits (gloves are covered in
section 5.5). Given the wide variety of available materials and
designs, CPC selection requires due care in order to ensure effective
prevention of chemical contact with the skin.

Although health and safety literature often advises, "use impervious

clothing," no readily available CPC material is truly impermeable to
all chemicals. All common materials have limitations. Even protective
clothing made from similar material but from different suppliers may
have different permeation resistance. This could be caused by
varying material quality, design or type of construction.

Factors Influencing CPC Selection

Material selection is a key factor in specifying or developing chemical

protective clothing. The primary intent of chemical protective clothing
is to act as an "impervious" barrier to hazardous chemicals. Although
much of this depends on construction quality, the ability of the suit
material(s) to resist chemical intrusion or "breakthrough" is critical.

Types of chemical intrusion:

When CPC material demonstrates resistance to intrusion by a

hazardous chemical, the material is said to be compatible with that
chemical.

37 PTS 60.2114
FEBRUARY 2010
A chemical can affect a CPC material and / or gain access into a
protective suit or through other types of protective clothing by three
defined processes.

1. Degradation: The deterioration of one or more physical

properties of the material arising from surface contact by a
chemical; eg a change in a material's tensile strength through
surface contact of a chemical could be such an indicator.

2. Penetration: The non-molecular flow of a liquid or a gaseous

chemical through closures, porous materials, seams, pinholes,
cuts, abrasions or other imperfections in protective clothing
material.

3. Permeation: The process by which a liquid or gaseous chemical

moves through a protective clothing material on a molecular level
via:
a. adsorption of the chemical onto the surface of the material,
b. diffusion into the material, and
c. desorption of the chemical from the inner surface of the
material.

Degradation may be detected either visually or with special

instruments. Visual changes to the material, eg swelling,
discoloration, delamination (of composite materials) and shrinking
may be readily apparent. Material weight change and elongation can
be measured. It may be more difficult to recognise or measure other
changes, such as tear strength or abrasion resistance, which also
adversely affect CPC integrity, following chemical exposure.

The extent of chemical penetration through an item of CPC or its

components (zipper, visor etc), can indicate how well the item has
been made. It is also an indicator of the material quality itself,
particularly for coated fabrics. Improper curing or inadequate
application density of the polymer film during fabric coating or the
lamination process of composite materials can cause imperfections
in those materials. Pinholes and inconsistent layer thickness can
provide a route for chemical penetration. The most likely chemical
penetration routes are seams and clothing fastening mechanisms.

Permeation is a highly insidious process. It can occur in an

apparently intact suit with no visible vulnerability to a chemical
without the knowledge of the user. The user may first notice it only
after a detectable concentration of the chemical has accumulated
inside the protective article (if the chemical is detectable by human
senses). The time it takes for a chemical to initially absorb, diffuse
and then desorb and be detected on the other side of the material is
called the "breakthrough" time. Breakthrough time and rate of
permeation are often used to characterise the penetration resistance
of a material. Breakthrough time is the most commonly used
measure to establish chemical compatibility.

38 PTS 60.2114
FEBRUARY 2010
 Although permeation is an important, if not paramount, variable in the
selection process, other considerations are also important. Factors
such as size, dexterity, cut resistance, tear resistance, cost, CPC
multiple components and comfort are potential selection variables.
Depending on the task, these considerations will have a varying level
of importance.

(Appendix 2 provides guidance on materials commonly used in

protective clothing manufacture.)

CPC may fail to provide protection because of: degradation (material

failure), penetration (via pinholes, seams, etc) or permeation
(molecular flow). CPC performance is based on the combination of
the chemical(s), the clothing type and the material, each combination
of which has a unique inter-relationship. The aim is to select clothing
which:
 resists degradation
 provides maximum impermeability
 is resistant to penetration
 provides the maximum duration of protection

There are limitations on the amount of time a worker can wear

chemical protective clothing depending on the type and the level of
activity. Inefficient operation or heat stress can occur.

5.6.3 Fire Protective Clothing

Two concepts are contemplated in referring to Fire Protective

Clothing:

a. Work clothing that provides short-duration protection of the body

against a flash fire; this includes head scarves of similar fabric to
such work clothing. Refer to Appendix 7 for full guidance on
specifications.
b. Special protective clothing as worn by fire response team
members, as they participate in fire control activities.

1. General Work Clothing in areas where a flash fire may occur

Hazard Evaluation

Individual Site Management shall conduct hazard evaluations to

determine the need for flame-resistant work wear in the work
area. All personnel entering a work area where a formal
assessment indicates that a potential risk of exposure to flash fire
exists, shall wear protective outer garments that can provide
protection against a possible flash fire. This protection shall be
worn even for short-duration visits to such areas or when passing
through them en route between areas that are deemed to be safe
from exposure.

39 PTS 60.2114
FEBRUARY 2010
Exclusions

Non flame retardant outer wear, such as decorative light head

scarves, nylon windbreakers and light plastic rain suits, should
not be worn over any exposed part of the body whilst the person
is in the defined area.

Selection Criteria

All applicable factors should be considered in selecting fabric and

garments. A selection based solely on either initial cost or life
cycle cost may not satisfy the applicable listed measurable
factors or the required comfort assessment noted in the
reference documentation. Such comfort assessments can only
be determined in wear testing of garments.

Initial selection of permissible textiles shall be based on verifiable

results of testing conducted by independent authorities. Testing
should include flame resistance of swatches and thermal
resistance of instrumented manikins.

Where garments are not made from inherently flame retardant

fabric, the manufacturers of the treatment shall be required to
certify the effective duration of the flame retardancy treatment
applied to any fabric that is not inherently flame retardant.
Treatments that are not durable for at least 50 cycles shall be
disqualified. Certification that durability is guaranteed for 50 wash
cycles should provide reassurance that the garment can provide
the required level of protection for one year.

Minimum acceptable fabric density factors for currently available

textiles are:

Inherently flame retardant: 180 grams per square metre (gsm)

Non-inherently flame retardant: 220 gsm

Procurement

Generic standards shall be applied in formulating purchasing

specifications for flame retardant clothing under a Group
Purchasing Agreement. Only fabrics that meet the minimum
protection criteria shall be permitted. The onus of proving
marketing claims shall rest upon the supplier, who shall provide
all proof of claims by means of certification of performance
against established criteria from recognised independent
certification authorities.

40 PTS 60.2114
FEBRUARY 2010
2. Fire Protective Ensemble for Fire Fighters

Standard Turnout

The turnout clothing standard for personnel responding for fire

fighting duties is NFPA 1971: Standard on Protective Ensemble
for Structural Fire Fighting. This ensemble is often referred to as
a Bunker Suit. Its design is appropriate for public service fire
fighters responding to building fires but it has been found to
provide adequate protection for most industrial fire fighting duty.

The protection described in NFPA 1971 may not be adequate for

all industrial applications. For example, where the hazard
includes corrosive or toxic liquids, the wearer should be
protected in the manner contemplated in the previous Section
(5.6.2: CPC). Thus, industrial fire fighters in a process plant with
flammable liquid risks should not be issued with leather fire boots
and should take care to avoid contamination of their gloves with
hazardous fluids.

It is important to note that fire fighting activity is inherently

hazardous. All fire team members shall be required to wear the
prescribed minimum level of protection of jacket / pants,
complete with flame retardant outer layer, moisture barrier and
heat insulative inner layer, fully secured, whilst engaged. The suit
shall be worn over a coverall or shirt and long trousers,
preferably flame retardant. At no time should poly-cotton or
flammable synthetic fabrics be worn under a turnout suit.

Fire helmet design is fully described in NFPA 1971. Despite the

requirement for an integral flash hood, additional flash protection
in the form of a flash hood is strongly recommended. Such hoods
can be worn over a breathing apparatus face mask and reduce
the risk of flash burns to the face and neck.

Special Cases – Proximity and Fire Entry Suits

Fire protection for special cases includes standby at a helideck,

where the need may arise to rapidly intervene to save a life. For
such situations, the standard bunker suit may be restrictive and
cumbersome. It is common for a fire standby person to wear a
lightweight proximity suit, which is a two-piece garment with an
insulative inner layer covered with a heat reflective application.
The head is fully protected against flash fire with a hood of
similar layered fabric, with an integral head protector and a flash-
resistant visor. Layered wrist-length gloves protect the hands and
the feet are protected with fire boots. It is important to stress that
these suits will not provide sustained protection against flames.
The wearer is meant to be trained to take action to suppress a
fire on the helideck and rescue victims on a rapid intervention
and rapid escape basis.

41 PTS 60.2114
FEBRUARY 2010
 Fire entry suits are a more robust version of the proximity suit.
Although the name implies that they allow safe entry to a fire, this
is incorrect. Every fire causes damage and creates hazardous
conditions that may not be identifiable. It is unlikely that any
situation exists in the industrial environment where fire entry
would be expected.

Laundry Requirements

All flame retardant garments and turnout suits are required to be

supplied with a label detailing laundry and storage advice. The
advice contained on such labels should be followed, to ensure
reliable garment performance.

5.6.4 Clothing for Hot Working Environments

Clothing reduces heat transfer between the wearer and the

environment. Light and well ventilated clothing should usually be worn
in hot environments. This is not practical for identified flash fire hazard
zones. In specifying the type of garments to be worn in such areas,
comfort should be considered. Modern fabric design aims to assist the
body in promoting heat removal by wick action and evaporation of
perspiration. For prolonged work at elevated temperatures, forced
ventilation of the clothing or other interventions may be necessary.

Chemical protective clothing presents significant barrier to sweat

evaporation although its use is mandatory to prevent exposure to
toxic chemicals. Site management shall take appropriate measures
to assess the potential for heat stress in applications where CPC is
required and prescribe suitable options to limit the risk. This can
include one or more of: enforcing maximum duration of exposure or
the use of assisted ventilation or continuous stress monitoring.

The following are examples of protective clothing and equipment

used in hot environments:
a. reflective face shields where a high radiant heat load is present
b. insulative gloves for handling hot materials
c. high density thick insulative clothing acting as a “heat sponge" for
potentially high exposures such as furnace relining or working in
fin fan assemblies
d. clothing of high density and highest practical thickness are
recommended for exposure duration exceeding 1 hour
e. trapping still air between two or more layers of lighter clothing
f. aluminium clothing or clothing components can be worn when
fixed barriers cannot be used to shield against radiant heat
sources or loads. As much as 90% of incident energy can be
reflected by wearing layers of coated fabrics near radiant heat
sources above 300°C.

42 PTS 60.2114
FEBRUARY 2010
 Water-cooled clothing

Cooled hoods, vests and undergarments are available but the

disadvantage is that they need a piped water supply, which limits
them to a relatively fixed workplace. Another disadvantage is the
additional weight of the water jacket.

Note: None of these water cooled systems provides cooling to the

hands or feet.

Air-cooled clothing

Air-cooled blouses and / or hoods are available, which distribute

cooling air next to the skin. Breathing quality air should be supplied to
such protection. The disadvantage is that the air line supply limits
mobility.

Air-fed suits

A vortex cooler which is incorporated into the air supply to positive

pressure air fed suits can enable the air temperature to be adjusted.

Air fed suits can seriously restrict wearer movement and hence
productivity. This factor should be considered in evaluating the need
for such protection.

Ice pack vests

Ice pack vests with are available various numbers of ice packs.
Effectiveness of the cooling provided by each individual pack varies
with time, level of contact with the body, ambient temperature and
any clothing heating effects.

Some cooling vests that use solid carbon dioxide packs are
available. However, these are unsuitable in confined spaces, where
accumulating CO2 gas creates a risk of asphyxiation.

Wetted over garments

A wetted cotton towelling cloth overall or a 2-piece suit which extends

from just above the ankle and wrists to a V-neck, when worn over
impermeable protective clothing, can be a simple but effective
auxiliary cooling garment.

5.6.5 Clothing for Cold Working Environments

The insulating value of clothing depends on the thickness of the air

layer which is effectively immobilised, not on the specific insulation of
the materials themselves.
To adjust for variations in weather and work load, cold weather outfits
should be multi-layered. Raising total protection above approximately
3 clo (unit of thermal insulation), without markedly hampering body

43 PTS 60.2114
FEBRUARY 2010
 movements, is difficult.

The outer layer should be wind-resistant. Garments should also be

waterproof.

By using resilient, law density materials (quilted fibres, pile, loosely

woven wool or synthetics) garments can remain reasonably light to
wear.

Looseness of fit and easily adjustable fasteners will help in modifying

the insulation to meet variable needs for work and rest.

Hands cannot be adequately protected during periods of inactivity in

extreme cold, because through-flow of warm blood is reduced to
almost zero. Mittens present less surface area for heat loss than
gloves but they reduce dexterity.

The face, which has a good circulation of blood, will usually be

adequately protected if a forward-projecting fur ruff is worn to protect
against the wind. Masks are not recommended for prolonged use in
extreme cold because frost-bite may develop unnoticed.

5.6.6 Work Clothing and Static Electricity

Standards exist for clothing that is to be worn in very hazardous

atmospheres, e.g. handling explosive materials or working in oxygen-
enriched atmospheres, where discharges of less than 0.2 millijoules
would cause ignition.

BS 5958 sets a maximum level of surface resistivity of 50 giga-ohms.

No natural or man-made materials are available which have
sufficiently low surface resistivity to permit their use in such
situations. The only methods for obtaining satisfactory surface
resistivity for very hazardous environments are either to incorporate
at least 0.7% of stainless steel into the fabric mixture or to coat the
fabric with a conductive substance. The latter procedure needs to be
repeated at least after every laundering.

API 2003 states that "in normal industry operations, special

measures to ground personnel or to provide antistatic clothing are
not necessary", as clothing is unlikely to produce high body potentials
except during its removal. This is because in most plant working
environments there is sufficient dirt and moisture to provide adequate
earthing of personnel.

German Regulations indicate that refiners should aim for surface

resistivity levels below 1000 giga-ohms.

Natural fabrics, with their greater ability to absorb moisture, dissipate

electrical charges more effectively than man made fibres. The
tendency to accumulate an electrical charge is directly proportional to
the amount of man-made fibres in a fabric. In practice this is

44 PTS 60.2114
FEBRUARY 2010
 independent of whether it is a polyester or polyamide.

From an electro-static consideration therefore, most natural and

man-made fibres are suitable for work clothes worn for normal
process operations, since the plant environment is usually sufficiently
dirty and humid to ensure that surface resistivity remains low enough
to prevent ignition. However, a static discharge could be induced by
removing such clothing in a potentially hazardous atmosphere where
the relative humidity was less than 30% and the person was not
adequately earthed.

Note: For further information on this subject refer to PETRONAS

PTS 60.2108 (2006) "Static Electricity"

5.7 RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (RPE)

Respirators should be considered if the various control options listed in Section 3 do

not provide the required level of control of inhalation hazards. Typically respirators
are used:

 to reduce exposure until engineering controls are installed,

 to supplement engineering controls and work practices which fail to reduce the
hazard to an acceptable level,
 during activities such as maintenance and repairs, when engineering controls are
not feasible,
 during emergencies,
 when measures and procedures necessary to control the exposure do not exist or
are unavailable.

Figure 5.1 indicates the various factors which influence the overall effectiveness or
acceptability of RPE.

Since RPE effectiveness depends on proper wearing and use, all prospective users
shall receive full training / regular refresher training in its use.

Since standards can differ worldwide, local legislative requirements shall be applied
to RPE specifications. See Section 9 for a list of these standards.

Figure 5.2 shows a simplified classification of RPE.

Programmes for the care and maintenance of RPE are critical to continued
effectiveness. Refer to Section 6 for recommendations.

5.7.1 Oxygen Deficiency

There are various definitions of the term "oxygen deficiency". Definitions

range from below 16.0% to below 19.5% in air. Some standards consider
altitude or oxygen partial pressure, others do not.

Notwithstanding the above, the requirement within PETRONAS is that air-

supplied atmosphere supplying units are required when the oxygen level in
the working atmosphere is below 20% or whenever oxygen content can be

45 PTS 60.2114
FEBRUARY 2010
 expected to be less than 20%.

5.7.2 Health Aspects of Respiratory Protection

Supervisors and instructors should be made aware that there are several
physiological and psychological conditions that can interfere with respirator
use:
 impaired function of heart, blood vessels or lungs;
 thermal stress;
 diminished senses;
 skin reactions;
 psychological reactions including anxiety and claustrophobia.

Prospective respirator users should be evaluated for potential psychological

and physiological problems during a trial period, before being assigned to
tasks requiring respirator usage. In this evaluation, the worker should wear
the respirator continuously for at least thirty minutes, engaging in some
exercise that approximates to the actual working situation, for at least part of
the time. The instructor / supervisor should review the pertinent medical
conditions indicating that the employee might be unfit to wear respiratory
equipment with the employee, who should receive written details listing these
conditions. These details should instruct the employee to consult a named
medical adviser if the employee is aware of such conditions or has concerns.
(An example of such written material is given in Appendix 3).

The Medical Adviser shall determine what health conditions are pertinent.
The medical status of all respirator users should be reviewed periodically
depending on age and health of each employee and the risk factors
associated with their jobs. Medical evaluation procedures should be simple,
cost effective and truly related to the ability to use respirators. They should be
based on job environment, type of respirator and characteristics of the
individual employee. However, the frequency of respirator use should not be
a determinant.

It should be emphasised that the clinical examination alone is only part of the
fitness determination. Assessing the respirator and work condition factors
requires collaboration between the Supervisor, Occupational Hygienist and
the Safety Adviser, as well as other relevant professionals. Determination of
whether an employee is at a higher than average risk is made on an
individual basis, considering the personal characteristics of the individual.

46 PTS 60.2114
FEBRUARY 2010
5.7.3 Air Purifying (Filtering) Respiratory Protection

The intent of this type of equipment is to remove the contaminant from the air
before it is breathed. Dust filters and gas adsorbers (and combinations) are
both available for fitting to a variety of face-pieces. Air purifying respirators,
cartridges and canisters are only effective for a finite time, dependent on the
usage conditions. High temperature and high humidity conditions, as well as
high concentrations of contaminants, will shorten the stated service life of the
cartridge or canister.

Correct size selection and fitting are vital, since leakage around the face
piece can amount to considerably more than 10% of the air inhaled if the
mask is poorly fitted, if the face is unshaven or if normal spectacles are worn.
Air purifying respirators can be mouth piece and nose clip, half masks or full
face piece. They are unsuitable in situations where the oxygen content of the
air is less than 20%, or where the contaminant is dangerous even at low
concentrations.

Facial features sometimes vary significantly with nationality. It is important

therefore that half masks are made available in at least three different sizes.

Because of the problems outlined above, the use of air purifying

respirators should be confined to selected operations where the
exposure levels have been assessed.

Types of Air Purifying Respirator:

1. Single use filtering face piece (disposable) (Figure 5.3a): A disposable

respirator is usually a simple half mask (ori-nasal) respirator formed from
the filter medium and designed to be used for a day or a task, after which
it is thrown away.

2. Half mask or full face piece air purifying (Figure 5.3a):

47 PTS 60.2114
FEBRUARY 2010
 Figure 5.3a Air Purifying Respirators

Disposable Half-Mask, Single Half-Mask, Twin

Cartridge Cartridge

Canister Type, Full-Face Full-Face, Twin

Cartridge

a. Gases or vapours

A canister respirator consists of a face piece connected to an

adsorbent canister by means of a flexible tube. The cartridge
respirator has the adsorbent cartridge(s) directly attached to the face
piece.

Since no single adsorbent will remove all gaseous contaminants, the

type of adsorbent must be carefully selected according to the hazard.
Cartridges and canisters should only be used for the gases or
vapours listed on their label.

The duration of protection provided by both the cartridge and the

canister varies widely, from almost none in very high concentrations
to many hours in low concentrations of the contaminant. There is
usually no positive indication of either the remaining capacity or its
point of saturation. Where approximate airborne concentrations of
contaminant are known, the maximum safe wearing time can usually
be calculated from data given by the manufacturer / supplier. There
is also a limitation on the shelf-life of an unopened cartridge or
48 PTS 60.2114
FEBRUARY 2010
 canister.

All BSI or NIOSH - approved units have a date of manufacture

stamped on them. Normally sealed cartridges / canisters have a 5-
year shelf-life.

This shelf-life should be confirmed with the supplier for each type
used and in the location of use.

b. Dust, fume or mist:

These respirators are for use against particulate matter only. The
assessment of a dust hazard is complicated by the fact that the
"respirable dust" particles which actually penetrate into the lungs are
usually not visible to the naked eye.

c. Combination vapour cartridge and filter

These respirators are for use against gaseous and particulate

contamination and have a combination of cartridge (or canister) and
dust filter. The same limitations apply as for the individual units.

3. Powered air purifying systems (Figure 5.3b):

Figure 5.3b Powered Air Purifying Respirators

Air-Fed Blouse Air-Fed Hood

Air-Fed Visor Safety Helmet

49 PTS 60.2114
FEBRUARY 2010
 a. Powered air purifying respirator:

Air is drawn through a filter by battery-powered fan and then blown

into a half mask or full face piece at a slight positive pressure to
reduce inward leakage of contaminated air. These units give a higher
level of protection than the unpowered devices. The flow rate should
be a minimum of 120 litres per minute.

b. Powered helmet respirator:

The fan and filters are mounted in the rear of a special helmet or on a
waist belt and the purified air is blown down behind a protective visor
past the wearer's face.

c. Air-fed visor:

For situations when hard hats / helmets are not required, air-fed
visors (attached to a head harness) with a compressed air line are
available.

Note: the term "gas mask" has a variety of meanings but it is an outdated
term and more precise terminology is strongly recommended.

5.7.4 Atmosphere-Supplying Respiratory Protection:

There are several types of atmosphere-supplying (also called air-supplied)

respiratory protective equipment. All types require a source of breathing air of
acceptable quality. Appendix 4 gives breathing air standards. These are the
only types of respiratory protection suitable for use in an oxygen-deficient or
immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) atmosphere. The following
types are available:

50 PTS 60.2114
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 Figure 5.4a Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus

1. Self-contained Breathing Apparatus (Figure 5.4a)

SCBA units come with full face piece and half mask face pieces. Only the
full face piece type should be used in Immediately Dangerous to Life or
Health (IDLH) atmospheres. Air supply to the common open-circuit SCBA
mask is from a cylinder and it exhausts to atmosphere with no air
recirculation. The high-pressure compressed air cylinder is normally
carried on the back. The system is capable of an air flow of 350-400 litres
per minute (lpm). Air supply is regulated by two different modes:

Demand flow respirator

Older-generation breathing apparatus supplied air to the user on
demand. As inhalation causes a negative pressure inside the face mask,
it opens a demand valve in the face mask. A simple diaphragm valve
releases positive pressure from air exhaled in the mask. This provides
good air economy for trained users but has similar disadvantages to filter
masks, in that, during inhalation, pressure inside the face mask is lower
than atmospheric. Demand flow respirators are no longer in common
use.

51 PTS 60.2114
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Air is supplied via a 2-stage let-down system that reduces cylinder
pressure from 200 or 300 bar, to about 13 bar, then to about 3 bar). The
supply valve is activated upon inhalation.

Positive pressure respirator

Most SCBA currently available operates under positive pressure.
Although potentially more wasteful than the demand flow type, they
reduce the opportunity for the wearer to inadvertently inhale
contaminants by maintaining the pressure inside the mask higher than
atmospheric, providing better user security. In order to reduce the level of
wastage, it is vital to ensure that the mask seals well against the face, to
prevent continual replenishment of any leakage.

A blow-out feature on the connecting hose feeding the DV protects the

wearer against overpressure failure of the first stage device.

SCBA is required to have a device to warn when only 20-25% of service

time remains. Thus a low pressure warning whistle actuates when the
pressure in the cylinder reduces to 40-60 atmospheres. When this whistle
sounds, the wearer has approximately 10 minutes’ leeway to return to a
place where the air is safe to breathe.

Cylinders
Breathing air cylinders are commonly supplied in two types; a drawn steel
cylinder or a lighter type, of wound composite materials. Since both types
have strengths and weaknesses, purchase selection is largely a matter of
individual preference. Usual style for general response is a single
cylinder of 6ℓ water capacity. A modern 6ℓ 300 bar cylinder has a nominal
air capacity of 1800ℓ. This should supply a fit, trained user with sufficient
air for 45 minutes of work. In the case of 200 atmosphere apparatus, a
similarly sized cylinder may be deceptive. Since these cylinders are rated
at 200 atmospheres, the shell is not as thick as that of a 300 atmosphere
cylinder and, despite their similar external dimensions, the 200
atmosphere cylinder water capacity is approximately 8 ℓ, enabling it to
also hold approximately 1800 ℓ, or sufficient for 45 minutes. Always
verify the rated capacity.

52 PTS 60.2114
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 2. Supplied (compressed) air-line respirators (Figure 5.4b) (Demand and
constant flow type).

Figure 5.4b Supplied Air-line Breathing Apparatus (example)

Respirable air is supplied to the user through a hose connected to a

reliable source, either a compressed air cylinder or a breathing-grade air
compressor. If an air compressor is used the air inlet should be located in
an area of uncontaminated air and upwind from any exhaust systems.
The supply hose length should not exceed 90 metres and the inlet
pressure to the hose should not exceed 8 bar.

Air-line respirators may be half-mask, full face piece, hood or helmet or a

complete suit. They are available in demand, pressure-demand and
continuous flow configurations. The demand and pressure-demand are
as described under SCBA. The continuous flow type maintains an air flow
at all times. Their use can be limited because of the need to carry and
maintain physical integrity of the air hose. In addition, air lines which are
in contact with hydrocarbon or chemical liquids for long periods may
become permeable to those substances.

3. Fresh air hose with blower

These are not recommended for general use. The air is brought from an
uncontaminated area using a blower arrangement. The main problem
with this type of unit is the difficulty in maintaining a clean air supply (ie
leakage into the hose due to defects in the hose material from
permeation or general contamination of the area from where the hose is
pulling air). The hose should not be longer than 36 metres.

A hood, blouse or half mask face piece may be used in conjunction with a
motor operated blower.

53 PTS 60.2114
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 4. Fresh air hose without blower:

The breathing action of the wearer provides the sole motivation for this
apparatus. Air suitable for respiration should be fitted with a filter to
prevent the ingress of coarse particles. The short air hose feeds the
apparatus that consists of a full face piece with a valve system

5.7.5 Selection

For any given situation correct respirator selection should consider the
following factors:

 nature of the hazard

 characteristics of the operations
 length of time protection is to be worn
 work requirements and conditions
 characteristics and limitations of available respirators
 respiratory protection fit
 user training

Proper respirator selection entails choosing a reliable device that protects the
worker from the hazards to which he / she may be exposed, enabling the
required tasks to be performed with the least amount of discomfort and
fatigue.

Table 5.7 is an example of a Respirator Selection Questionnaire that can be

useful in determining the need for and appropriate type of protection.

Figure 5.5 shows a flow diagram to use in the RPE selection process. Once it
is determined that RPE is needed, following this flow diagram will assist in
the determination of which type is needed for the task.

Figure 5.6 demonstrates the correct method for fitting a face mask.

Note 1: Never rely upon the sense of smell to provide warning against
dangerous contaminants Some materials have an odour threshold limit that
exceeds the level at which such materials may be considered hazardous. By
the time the contaminant can be smelt the worker may already have been
exposed to a hazardous concentration.

Note 2: In highly toxic atmospheres, such as H2S Concentrations above

200ppm, a minimum air flow rate of 120 litres per minute is required to
ensure a positive pressure inside a mask under heavy breathing demand
rates. This applies to all air-supplied respiratory protection equipment. Only
equipment designed to deliver this rate should be used in H2S atmospheres.

54 PTS 60.2114
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Figure 5.5 Respiratory Protective Equipment (RPE) Selection Process

Figure 5.6 Correct Fitting of a Full Face Mask

55 PTS 60.2114
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Table 5.7 Respirator Selection Questionnaire

56 PTS 60.2114
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5.7.6 Fitting a Full Face Mask

Before donning the mask, ensure that it is clean, with undamaged sealing
surfaces, and that all straps are fully extended. Pull the neck strap over your
head and fit the mask against the face. Pull the head harness over your
head, adjust the mask, hold it tight to the face and tighten the head straps in
the order shown; 1, 2 and 3 in that order.

Leakage test: Cover the air inlet of the connector on the filter, trying to inhale
at the same time and hold your breath approx 10 seconds. As a result, the
mask should collapse on the face and no inward leakage should be noticed in
any way if the mask is tight. Leakage may be caused by, for instance, a
beard, incorrect fitting of mask or filter, or no gasket between filter and mask.
Leakage can also be caused by a dirty of faulty exhalation valve.

The mask is most effective and comfortable when breathing is deep and
calm. Disconnect filter or breathing apparatus after use. Wipe the mask with
a clean cloth and approved disinfectant before returning it to storage.

5.7.7 Emergency Escape Respiratory Protection

Emergency escape respirators can provide a high degree of protection for a

short time (5-10 minutes) enabling escape from highly hazardous
environments (ie IDLH situations). Selecting the best type of respirator for
escape from contaminated and / or oxygen deficient atmosphere is
dependent on the nature of the hazard and the ability of the employee to
leave the contaminated area.

Escape respirators should not be used for operations which require the
planned use of breathing apparatus. In view of the limited air supply, they
should not be issued for escape purposes for situations where there may be
insufficient time for a person to exit safely, such as from an elevated level or
confined space.

Several types of emergency escape respirator are available:

 Emergency Escape Set (EES) with Full Face Mask

These are small SCBA units consisting of a 400 litre (10-minute) or 600
litre (15-minute) compressed air cylinder contained in a jacket pouch or
fitted with a shoulder strap, feeding compressed air via a regulator valve
to a face mask. As with the larger SCBA units, the escape sets are
designed with either a demand or a positive-pressure supply to the mask.
The positive-pressure unit is preferred to the pressure / demand type.

 Emergency Escape Set (EES) with Hood

These comprise a hood with a 5 to 15 minute supply of air (continuous
flow) at a minimum of 40 litres per minute. They have a clear plastic hood
that covers the head and fits to the neck with an elastic or drawstring
closure. The hood is connected by tubing or hose to the air cylinder,
which has either an on / off regulator or a pull-ring to actuate flow. These
hood-type air-supplied escape respirators are easy to use, can be
donned quickly and can be worn with glasses.

57 PTS 60.2114
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  Cascade Systems with Full Face Mask
This type is more commonly referred to as a "combination self-contained
and airline breathing apparatus." It consists of a breathing apparatus with
a 400 or 600 litre capacity compressed air cylinder (ie an emergency
escape set) with provision for connecting into a compressed air supply.
These systems can be used for emergency situations by disconnecting
the airline and using the cylinder as the escape air supply.

 Closed-Circuit Apparatus
The apparatus is used with a face piece or mouth piece and nose clip.
Exhaled breath passes from the face piece through a breathing tube into
a purifier containing chemicals that reduce the CO2 content. The purified
air is then mixed in a breathing bag with make-up oxygen from a small
cylinder. The wearer inhales from the breathing bag. Sets supplying pure
oxygen to the wearer should not be used at pressures above 1.84 bar
(absolute).

 Chemical Cartridge or Canister Respirators

Note that the nominal protection factor of this type of equipment may be
as low as 20. The duration of adequate protection varies according to the
exposure time and the gas concentration. There is no positive indication
of remaining capacity or point of saturation. There is also a limited shelf
life for the chemical cartridges.

Because of the problems outlined above, the use of chemical cartridge or

canister respirators is not generally recommended in environments where
highly toxic chemicals may be released.

However, although air-supplied escape sets are recommended, chemical

cartridge respirators may be considered, on a limited and carefully
selected basis, for emergency escape purposes (ie they should only be
considered if the foreseeable toxic gas content of the atmosphere is
below the IDLH level). There must be a regular maintenance programme
to ensure the integrity of the masks and a training programme to ensure
proper use of the respirators. The cartridge (or canister) shall be replaced
when the use date has expired or if it has been used for any exposure
situation. The nominal protection factor is generally 20 (gas only). For
example, with a protection factor of 20 and an H2S air concentration of
10,000 ppm (1.0%) the concentration in the mask would be 500 ppm,
which is potentially lethal.

5.7.8 Respirator Fit

Figure 5.6 shows the correct way to fit a full face piece respirator.

There are a number of ways to determine how well a respirator fits. Appendix
5 describes both quantitative and qualitative test methods.

The degree of protection provided by any given respirator depends on the

mask-to-face seal during use. This does not apply to hoods or helmets that
do not depend on the facial seal to obtain the required protection. Respirators

58 PTS 60.2114
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should not be used when factors such as a growth of beard, sideburns,
spectacle temple bars or unusual facial configurations prevent a good mask
to face seal.

Facial Hair: It has been clearly demonstrated that for cartridge and canister
respirators (ie negative pressure units) there is a significant loss of protection
for both half-mask (ori-nasal) and full-face piece respirators where facial hair
prevents a good seal. Even positive pressure air supplied units have been
shown to permit ingress of contaminated air. This leakage will also reduce
the time for which protection is afforded. A respirator programme should
include a prohibition against facial hair in the seal area.

Spectacles: Typically, temple bars (side arms) of most spectacles break the
facial seal and significantly reduce the protection factor. Manufacturers
provide two ways to address this: either special insert frames for full face
masks that allow use of spectacles without side arms or, for individually
issued respirators, prescription lenses inserted in lieu of the standard lens.

Protection Factors: The protection factor (PF) is a measure of how much

protection a respiratory protective device provides. It is basically the ratio of
the contaminant concentration outside the face piece to that inside the face
piece. The protection factors are theoretical values and assume a good face
piece to face seal. The actual protection factor obtained in the workplace is
usually less than the listed values and frequently substantially so.

Table 5.8 lists typical protection factors for various types of respiratory
equipment.

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Table 5.8 Nominal Protection Factors

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5.8 HEARING PROTECTION

Refer to the PETRONAS Safety Committee publication "Noise Guide" for

additional information on noise and hearing protection. The Guide covers
noise exposure standards, hearing conservation and the physical and health
aspects of noise and noise control methods.

Short periods of exposure to excessive noise levels can produce a temporary

hearing loss which may initially be reversible. Permanent damage, known as
"noise induced hearing loss," occurs when exposure to excessive noise
continues over a longer period of time.

Elimination or attenuation of noise at its source are preferred methods of

hearing protection. Such measures are not always practicable and personal
hearing protection is then required.

5.8.1 Types of Hearing Protector

 Disposable (mouldable) earplugs

This type of earplug is usually fashioned from low-cost materials
such as plastic foam, glass wool and mixtures of these and other
substances. Mouldable disposable ear plugs can provide
excellent attenuation, fitting most ears. They are generally
intended for one time use only although some are washable and
re-useable. The most effective type is made from plastic foam.
Careful following of manufacturers' instructions for forming and
insertion into the ear is vital.

 Re-usable ear plugs

Many types of re-usable, semi-rigid plastic or rubber, ear plugs
are available in different sizes but all have disadvantages:
improper fitting into the ear canal reduces the protection afforded
and, without thorough cleaning before re-use, dirt transferred into
the ear canal can lead to infection. An effective, tight fit may be
slightly uncomfortable. Problems of fit occur in those people with
irregularly shaped auditory canals or those who have canals of
different sizes.

 Individually moulded earplugs

These plugs are usually made from some form of silicone rubber
and are actually moulded in a permanent form within the ear
canal. The plugs may be removed and reinserted any number of
times without affecting their performance. They combine good fit
and good attenuation but are generally more expensive than the
other types of earplug. Contamination of the ear canal can occur
as with disposable plugs.

 Earmuffs (ear defenders)

Most types of earmuff are of similar design and consist of rigid
cups specially designed to completely cover the external ear.
They are held against the sides of the head by a spring
headband, which is normally adjustable for length. The headband

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 passes over the head, behind the neck or under the chin. Some
muffs can be attached directly to helmets, although these may
present a fit problem and often provide inferior attenuation to the
independent types. The cups are sealed to the head with
acoustic seals of polyurethane foam or liquid-filled annular sacs.
Seals should be easily replaceable.

Some workers may consider earmuffs to be hot and heavy.

Sweat covers of moisture absorbent material, which are placed
over the seal, are available for hot environments. Earmuffs
should always be issued as personal equipment.

 Combination of plugs and muffs

In certain situations, when either plugs or muffs provide sufficient
protection at all frequencies, a combination of the two may be
used. However, it is usually not possible to obtain more than a
slight increase in attenuation (ie typical is 5-7 dB). The increase
in wearer discomfort and supervisory problems also restrict this
solution to situations where no other answer is feasible.

5.8.2 Selection of Hearing Protection

The choice of hearing protection (i.e. plugs and / or muffs) will

depend upon the conditions under which the noise exposure occurs
as well as its characteristics, duration and intensity. They should be
chosen to reduce the noise level at the wearer's ear to below the
recommended limit for unprotected exposure.

Many brands and types of hearing protector are available on the

market. In addition to noise attenuation, other factors to be
considered in selecting the most suitable type for each situation
include comfort, cost, storage, wearer acceptance and hygiene.

A method for calculating sound attenuation is given in Appendix 6.

The sound reduction obtained depends on the frequency distribution
of the noise and the characteristics of the protector.

Attenuation data for specific hearing protection devices, typically

labelled as Noise Reduction Rating (NRR), can be obtained from
manufacturers / suppliers.

Not all manufacturers use the same test base: when evaluating
manufacturers’ data comparison of different types of protectors
should be carefully done. Hearing protectors are evaluated under
laboratory conditions. United States Occupational Safety and Health
Administration’s (US OSHA) experience and the published scientific
literature indicate that laboratory-obtained real ear attenuation for
hearing protectors can seldom be achieved in the workplace.

In order to estimate the attenuation afforded to a noise-exposed

employee in a workplace, the following standards should be used:

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 a. PTS 60.1504 Hearing Conservation Program (Guideline) -
attenuation of using a single protector (ear muff or ear plug)
b. US OSHA Technical Manual on Noise & Hearing Conservation
(Appendix IV:B) - attenuation of using ear muff, ear plugs or
combination of both

Hearing Protection Devices (HPDs) are required to provide

attenuation of employee noise exposure to an eight-hour time
weighted average of no more than 85 dBA.

Employees should, whenever possible, be offered a choice between

using plugs or muffs that provide the required protection.

5.8.3 Protection Provided In Practice

When assessing the adequacy of a hearing protector for use in a

given noise environment it is assumed that the hearing protectors in
question are worn continuously throughout the noise exposure
period. If the protectors are not worn all the time, their effective
protection is severely reduced. Even if they are not worn for only a
few minutes a day, their effective attenuation may be halved. The
only effective hearing protector is the one that is worn! This
reinforces the need for supervising hearing protector usage.

5.8.4 Problems in Use

Re-usable ear-plugs are not generally recommended for hearing

protection because of the difficulty in maintaining cleanliness.
A common objection to hearing protectors is that they impede
effective voice communication in use. However, in practice, it is
usually found that wearing hearing protection improves speech
communication in high levels of ambient noise than is the case when
the ears are unprotected.

A similar argument applies to discerning other required sounds, eg

warning signals and machinery noises, which require minor changes
in noise patterns to be detected. Although the noises may sound
different when wearing hearing protection, the deviations can be
detected. An adjustment period may be needed for the employees to
become familiar with the "new" sounds.

5.8.5 Guide for Selecting Hearing Protectors

Earplugs: Advantages
a. Small and easily carried.
b. Can be conveniently and effectively worn without interfering with
glasses, headgear, earrings or hair.
c. Relatively comfortable to wear in hot environments.
d. Do not restrict head movement in restricted work areas.
e. Cost of sized ear plugs, except for some hand-formed and
moulded protectors, is significantly less than muffs.

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 Earplugs: Disadvantages
a. Sized and moulded insert protectors require more time and effort
for fitting than do muffs.
b. Good earplugs may provide lower / more variable degrees of
protection between wearers than that provided by good muff-type
protectors.
c. Dirt may be inserted into the ear canal if ear plugs are inserted
with dirty hands.
d. It is difficult to monitor persons wearing ear plugs because ear
plugs are often not visible.
e. Ear plugs can be worn only in healthy ear canals.

Earmuffs: Advantages
a. The noise attenuation provided by a good muff-type protector is
generally greater and less variable between wearers than that of
good ear plugs.
b. One size fits most heads.
c. It is easy to monitor groups wearing muffs because they are
easily seen at a distance.
d. At the beginning of a hearing conservation programme, muffs are
usually accepted more readily than are ear plugs.
e. Muffs can be worn despite minor ear infections.
f. Muffs are not easily misplaced or lost.

Earmuffs: Disadvantages
a. Uncomfortable in hot environments.
b. Not easily carried or stored.
c. Not convenient to wear without interference from glasses,
headgear, ear rings or hair.
d. Usage or deliberate bending of suspension band may reduce
protection to substantially less than expected.
e. May restrict head movement in restricted work areas.
f. More expensive than most insert-type protectors.

5.9 SAFETY BELTS, HARNESSES AND LINES

Various types of fall restraints, in a wide range of designs, are commercially

available. The national standards of many countries prescribe Regulations for
safety belt design, construction and testing. The construction of all types of
belt should minimise the risk of physical injury if the wearer should fall. As far
as possible the belt should not hamper the wearer in his work.

PETRONAS Group Policy is that workers shall wear only full harness type fall
restraints, fitted with a double lanyard. The single waist / body belt type
restraint can cause serious, even fatal, injuries, even if correctly worn. Even
in applications where the belt is not worn at height, such as during confined
space entry to a vessel, a harness with a neck / shoulder attachment is more
practical than a waist belt.

Safety belts are used in a wide range of jobs:

a. Work on construction projects and steel structures
b. Climbing and working on towers, masts and similar structures

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c. Cleaning windows and buildings
d. Working in confined spaces (eg storage tanks, furnaces and process
equipment) where there may be a hazard on entering or one may
develop when the person is inside the confined space
e. Working in trenches, pits, sewers or other below-grade locations.
f. Work on "monkey boards" during drilling operations.

5.9.1 Types of Safety Belt

Several factors, e.g. work methods and the extent of exposure to the
danger of falling, determine the appropriate restraint for a given task.

General-Purpose Safety Belts

In its simplest form, the general-purpose safety belt consists of a

waist belt, a restraining line and the metal components.

This equipment is normally fastened around the person's waist. It is

intended to limit the distance fallen and catch the wearer smoothly in
the event of a fall. Such belts are sometimes fitted with shoulder and
leg straps to position the waist belt. In such cases they may be worn
chest high, which reduces the potential for internal injury.

The waist belt should be 7-10 cm wide and fastened around the body
with a self-locking friction-grip buckle or tongue buckle. One end of
the restraining line is securely attached to the waist belt with a "D"
ring. The length of the restraining line should be not more than 1.5m.
It should be fastened with a self-closing type hook that can be
secured against accidental opening.

Safety Harnesses

Safety harnesses consist of a set of straps similar to those worn by

parachutists. It is critical that all straps (including leg / crotch straps)
are carefully tightened against the body to avoid serious injury. Such
harnesses, correctly worn, better distribute the forces exerted on the
body during fall arrests, thus reducing the chance of physical injury.

Safety Belts for use in Confined Spaces

These are worn during the activities identified in d) and e) above. The
purpose of this type of belt is to drag an incapacitated wearer from an
enclosed space. The belt consists of a set of straps to which the
rescue line is securely fastened. On the rescue line there is a wrist
strap with which the wearer can be assisted through a manway or
other opening.

Lanyards, Restraining Lines and Tail Ropes

To avoid injury from sudden deceleration, the maximum free fall drop
should be 0.6 m, unless the line incorporates some form of shock
absorber or decelerating device. It is thus important to attach the

65 PTS 60.2114
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 restraint above the head where possible. The elasticity of synthetic
fibre rope provides adequate shock absorption for a fall of up to
1.5m. Chain, cable or natural fibre rope should not be used unless
shock-absorbing properties are built into the belt or harness. It is
essential that the distance of potential free fall is maintained as short
as possible while causing minimum restriction to the wearer. Friction
reel or inertia reel devices are also available. These systems allow a
greater degree of mobility for the wearer unless the person falls,
thereby actuating the braking mechanism and arresting the fall.

5.9.2 Materials of Construction

Waist belts, harnesses and restraining lines are usually made from
artificial fibres. These materials are strong, light-weight and
adequately weatherproof. The inherent elasticity of restraining lines
manufactured from man-made fibre mitigates the forces exerted on
the body during a fall, to some extent. Restraining lines may need to
be sleeved to prevent mechanical damage. Care should also be
taken to prevent damage from solvents, eg in tank cleaning activities.

Any leather components of belts or harnesses must be of good

quality leather that is suitable for this purpose. Since leather is a
natural material, its cross-section is not always homogeneous,
leading to inconsistency in strength. Being susceptible to weathering,
it requires regular maintenance.

Metal components such as buckles, D-rings and hooks must be

corrosion resistant. They may be constructed from steel or light
metal, such as aluminium alloys. Buckles should have only one (the
correct) way of closure.

5.9.3 Selection

Safety harness shall be used in preference to a safety belt unless

there is valid justification. Persons who are required to wear safety
belts or harnesses shall be fully instructed in their correct use and
limitations.

Using a safety belt or harness with fixed lanyard often handicaps the
wearer by limiting his / her movement to the length of the lanyard.
This handicap may be overcome by attaching the hook on the free
end of the lanyard to a taut steel cable stretched horizontally
between two anchor points.

The hook on the free end of the lanyard shall be firmly attached to a
secure anchor point. The anchorage should be as high as the
equipment or structure will permit, to minimise slack line. It should not
be attached to a lower point than the belt attachment to the lanyard.

A safety belt, harness or lanyard that has safely arrested a person’s

fall should be scrapped since its integrity in similar future
circumstances may be affected.

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 Friction reel systems can also be considered where freedom of
movement is required. The friction reel device can be attached to a
secure anchor point with the free end of the restraining line being
attached to the belt or harness. An alternative design incorporates
the friction reel device into the rear of the belt or harness with the
free end of the restraining line being secured to an anchor point. Both
designs will allow normal freedom of movement with automatic recoil
of slack line. However, in the event of a sudden movement, such as
a fall, the friction device is activated and the wearer's fall is arrested.

In confined spaces, a worker using a safety belt together with other

personal protective equipment (eg special protective clothing or
respiratory protection) can sometimes become distressed. The
rescue line should be attached to the safety belt. It should be of
sufficient length for a safety observer to hold the end from outside the
confined space. In the event of an emergency, the line can be used
to assist in the rescue or escape of the wearer.

Rescue lines can be snagged or caught up on obstructions or

projections in confined spaces. Careful consideration should
therefore be given to preparation of the job and deciding on the
safety measures to be taken.

6.0 CARE AND MAINTENANCE OF PPE

The expected degree of protection will not be achieved in practice unless the
protective equipment is cleaned and maintained. It is unwise to rely fully on users to
check or maintain their own PPE because the usually insidious performance
deterioration means that users are unlikely to notice any changes. For some items of
PPE, routine quantitative checks can be made but most types of PPE checks are
qualitative - often a visual inspection.

Although cleaning of PPE is often left to the users, it is unlikely to be done unless
they are fully instructed and given the correct cleaning materials. Providing a central
system for cleaning is a more reliable method of ensuring that the equipment is kept
clean. It also enables easy performance of routine checks and maintenance. In some
circumstances greater attention to cleaning and maintenance may also reduce costs.
Using disposable items of personal protection can reduce the maintenance burden
but it should be remembered that systems relying on disposable personal protection
may still have maintenance requirements, eg re-stocking of dispensers with
disposable earplugs.

Records of maintenance carried out on PPE, particularly RPE, should be kept.

6.1 Safety Helmets

Safety helmets should be inspected regularly in order to provide the degree

of protection for which they were designed. It is considered that the service
life of a safety helmet can be extended by cleaning both the shell and the
cradle as part of the maintenance programme. These parts can be scrubbed
with a mild detergent (not soap) to remove dirt and stains, rinsed thoroughly
with warm water (60°C); wiped dry and then inspected for any signs of

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 damage. They should be stored away from direct sunlight. Excessive
discoloration of the shell or weathering of its surface may indicate loss of
strength.

6.2 Gloves

6.2.1 Storage and Use

Gloves should be stored at ambient temperatures away from light,

moisture, solvents and chemicals. Although contagious skin
infections are rare, each person should be issued gloves on a
personal basis, to avoid spreading disease. Also a wearer can be
expected to pay more attention to inspecting the gloves before use
and to subsequent cleaning, if they are personal issue.

6.2.2 Fit

III-fitting gloves are prone to premature wear. Most of the wear and
strain is taken by the thumb joint to the hand. If gloves are too small
they tend to ridge between the index finger and the thumb, leading to
cracking of the joint.

If too large, the palms tend to ridge, causing excessive localised

wear. If too tight, they may be difficult to remove without promoting
contamination. Correct fit is of more importance with less flexible
glove materials.

6.2.3 Cleaning

Protective gloves are normally used intermittently. Gloves subject to

chemical attack should be decontaminated by regular washing during
use. Chemical action on the glove continues after contact until the
gloves are cleaned.

Contaminated gloves may need to be washed off with a suitable

cleaner before being removed, in order to prevent the spread of
contamination. They should be removed without the skin touching the
outside of the glove. They may be re-fitted on the hands by sliding
the hands into the gloves as far as they will go then using the joint of
the thumb to hold one glove secure while wriggling the fingers into
position.

Not all chemicals can be easily removed. Take care to avoid

contaminating the lining or inside of the glove. Especially where
highly toxic materials have been handled, immediate disposal of
contaminated gloves without re-use may be necessary.

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 6.2.4 Physical Checks

Gloves should be regularly inspected for damage, such as cuts,

abrasions, cracks, contamination or perforations. Flex points such as
between the fingers should be carefully examined. They may be
tested for leaks by inflating with low pressure air (200 kPa) and
immersing in a water bath whilst pressurised.

6.2.5 Recovery

Where gloves are used in large numbers, or require frequent change,

a recovery initiative may be beneficial. Controls over the recovery
process must ensure that decontamination is satisfactorily achieved.
Periodic laboratory tests should be performed to confirm that
practices for decontaminating the glove material / fabric / coating and
glove surface are adequate.

6.3 Respiratory Protective Equipment

6.3.1 Respirators

It is vital to ensure timely replacement of the cartridges, canisters or

filters of air purifying equipment. The supplier should provide
information about cartridge / canister adsorptive capacities, on which
to base estimations of useful life.

Respirators should be stored in a clean, dry, closed receptacle away

from light. A clean, sealed plastic bag is suitable for this purpose.

In all cases, a periodic inspection procedure should be established. It

is a legal requirement in some countries that respirators are
inspected monthly and details of inspection recorded.

The respirator should be thoroughly cleaned at regular intervals and

always after use. The face piece should be washed with soap and
water containing a mild disinfectant, rinsed with clean water and
dried thoroughly with a cloth. Inlet and outlet valves should be rinsed
in running water. The inhalation and exhalation valves should be
checked regularly for efficient operation. If they are not seating firmly
they should be replaced. All maintenance should be recorded.

6.3.2 Breathing Apparatus

Self-contained breathing apparatus manufacturer's instructions for

maintenance and inspection should be followed. Record full details of
the monthly inspection and any maintenance work. Report any
defects immediately.

The face piece should be checked for air tightness by (a)

disconnecting the compressed air respirator supply line from the filter
/ metering valve or (b) closing the compressed air cylinder outlet
valve while continuing to inhale and exhale. The face piece should

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 tighten against the face. If not, the head harness should be tightened
and retested. If still defective, the face piece outlet non-return valve
may be at fault.

The face piece should be cleaned after use, mild disinfectant may be
used and the mask and other parts rinsed and dried thoroughly.
Store face pieces away from oil, grease and direct light.

All SCBA should be thoroughly tested on delivery from the

manufacturer or distributor and before issue. Cylinders shall be
hydraulically pressure tested in the event of any damage and at least
once every 5 years.

6.4 Safety Belts

Safety belts, harnesses, restraining lines and ancillary equipment should be

cleaned and examined regularly, in accordance with advice from the
manufacturers. The frequency of checking is dependent on conditions of use
but at intervals of not more than every quarter. The equipment shall be
checked for damage before each time it is used.

6.5 Chemical Protective Clothing

Store suits on hangers. Any contamination should be washed or wiped off

immediately where practicable but in any event on completion of the job or
workday. It is usually adequate to use water or soap and water but a
chemical solution may be required to remove specified contaminants.

6.6 Normal Work Clothes

These should be laundered according to manufacturers' instructions. If

contract laundering facilities are used, a laundry specialising in cleaning
industrial clothing should be selected where possible.

Note: It is important to rigidly follow manufacturers' instructions when

laundering flame retardant treated clothing.

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7.0 GLOSSARY

GENERAL
ANSI American National Standards Institute
BSI British Standards Institute
CEN Comité Européen de Normalisation (European Committee for
Standardisation)
CSA Canadian Standards Association
DIN Deutsche Industrie - Norm (W.Germany)
ISO International Standards Organisation
MS Malaysian Standard
NFPA National Fire Protection Association (USA)
NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
OSHA Occupational Health and Safety Administration (USA)
Shall Indicates a mandatory requirement
Should Indicates a recommendation or that which is advised but not
mandatory
BODY PROTECTION – Chemical Protective Clothing (CPC)
Breakthrough The time elapsed between initial contact of a chemical with the
time outside surface of a protective clothing material and the time at
which the chemical can be detected at the inside surface of the
material. Measured breakthrough times are dependent on the
sensitivity of the analytical methods used to detect the chemical.
Contamination The presence of potentially harmful chemicals on the surface of
or within the material of construction.
Decontamination The removal of potentially harmful chemicals from the surface of
and from within the material of construction. Note: surface
decontamination does not necessarily remove absorbed
chemicals.
Degradation The loss in physical properties of an item of protective clothing
due to exposure to chemicals, use or ambient conditions (eg
sunlight).
Penetration The movement of chemical through zippers, stitched seams or
imperfections (eg pinholes) in a protective clothing material.
Permeation The process by which a chemical dissolves in and moves
through a protective clothing material on a molecular scale.
Permeation rate The rate at which the chemical moves through the clothing
material. This is expressed in terms of weight per unit area per
unit time.
BODY PROTECTION – Work Wear
Fabric One or more layers of textile material(s) used in the primary
construction of protective garment(s)
Flame The property of a material to prevent, terminate, or inhibit
Resistance combustion following the application of a flaming or non-flaming
source of ignition, with or without subsequent removal of the
ignition source
Flame Retardant See Flame Resistance
Flash Fire A fire that spreads rapidly through a diffuse fuel, such as dust,
gas, or the vapours of an ignitable liquid, without producing
damaging pressure
Inherently Flame The property of a fabric to prevent, terminate or inhibit

71 PTS 60.2114
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Retardant combustion by virtue of the formulation of the fabric itself rather
than by means of any application of inhibiting agents to naturally
combustible fabrics such as cotton or rayon
Retirement The process of removing protective clothing from service
Work Area Any area where work is carried out in accordance with the
employer’s area of operations: this can include any part of the
physical premises within a fence line or any area of public
domain where the employee may be required to perform his
assigned duties.
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
Aerosol A system consisting of particles, either solid or liquid, suspended
in air.
Air-line respirator A device which utilises a supply of breathing air, usually of high
pressure breathing air, which is remote or separate from the
atmosphere surrounding the wearer. The airline limits the wearer
to a maximum distance from the air supply.
Air-purifying A device that produces a reduction in the contaminant level of
respirator the air to be inhaled by the wearer by drawing the air through an
appropriate filter before it enters the face piece.
Air-regulating An adjustable valve used to control the airflow to the face piece,
valve helmet, hood, or suit (if an air-line respirator and prevents
complete shut-off of airflow.
Air-supply device A hand- or motor-operated blower for the hose mask, or a
compressor or other source of respirable air for the air-line
respirator.
Breakthrough The penetration of test materials through a gas or vapour air-
purifying filter.
Canister (air- A container with a filter, sorbent, or catalyst, or any combination
purifying) thereof, which removes specific contaminants from the air drawn
through it
Cartridge (air A small canister usually mounted directly onto the face piece
purifying)
Closed-circuit An apparatus in which exhaled air is rebreathed after carbon
breathing dioxide has been removed and a suitable oxygen concentration
apparatus restored.
Confined Space Refers to a space which by design has limited openings for entry
and exit, has unfavourable natural ventilation, could contain or
produce dangerous air contaminants, and which is not intended
for continuous employee occupancy. Confined Spaces include,
but are not limited to, tanks, columns, vessels, tank cars/trucks,
pits, sewers, trenches and tunnels.
Constant Compressed air is constantly fed to the face mask via a flow
continuous-flow regulator
breathing
apparatus
Contaminant A harmful, irritating, or nuisance material that is foreign to the
(atmospheric) normal atmosphere.
Disposable A respirator that is entirely discarded after the recommended
respirator period of use.
Demand-type When wearer exhales demand valve closes and exhaled breath
respirator passes out through exhaust valve.
Dose In occupational exposure terms "dose" is the amount of chemical
72 PTS 60.2114
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 substance or physical agent which is taken-up or absorbed by a
person during a specified period of time.
Dust Small solid particles created by the breaking up of large particles
by processes such as crushing, grinding, drilling and explosions.
Exhalation valve A one-way device that allows exhaled air to leave a respirator but
prevents outside air from entering through the valve
Face piece That portion of a respirator that covers the wearer's nose and
mouth in a half-mask face piece or that covers the nose, mouth
and eyes in a full face piece. It is designed to make a gas tight or
particle-tight fit with the face and includes the headbands,
exhalation valve(s) and connections for an air-purifying device or
respirable gas source, or both
Filter A medium used in respirators to remove solid or liquid particles
from the inhaled air.
Filter respirator An air-purifying respirator with a fitter for collection of dust, mist
or fumes
Full-face A device which covers the eyes, nose and mouth and completely
respirator covers the front skin portion of the face extending below the chin.
Fumes Small solid particles formed by condensation of vapours of solid
material such as the material released during welding.
Gases Formless fluids which tend to occupy an entire space uniformly
at ordinary temperature and pressures, such as air and chlorine.
HEPA High Efficiency Particulate Filter
High-efficiency A filter which removes from air 99.97% or more of mono-disperse
filter dioctyl phthalate (DOP) particles having a mean particle diameter
of 0.3 micrometer.
Hood A respirator which completely covers the head, neck and
portions of the shoulders. It does not make a seal around the
neck.
Immediately An atmosphere that poses an immediate hazard to life or
dangerous to life produces irreversible debilitating effects on health after a brief
or health (IDLH) exposure. Data for many chemicals is published by NIOSH
(USA)
Inhalation valve A one-way device that allows respirable air to enter a respirator
but prevents exhaled air from leaving the respirator through the
valve
Maximum use The maximum concentration of a contaminant for which an air-
limit of filter, purifying filter, cartridge or canister is approved for use.
cartridge or
canister
Mist Small droplets of materials that are ordinarily liquid at normal
temperatures and pressures
Mouthpiece A device that is inserted in the mouth while an attached nose clip
respirator is fitted over the nose. This device is intended for escape
purposes only but is not recommended for any use
Negative A respirator in which the air pressure inside the respirator is
pressure positive during exhalation and negative during inhalation (in
respirator relation to the air pressure of the outside atmosphere)
Nominal The ratio of the ambient concentration of an airborne substance
protection factor to the concentration of the substance inside the respirator at the
breathing zone of the wearer. The protection factor is a measure
of the degree of protection provided by a respirator to the wearer
73 PTS 60.2114
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 when it is being worn
Note: Nominal Protection Factors are derived under test
conditions. They do not necessarily equate to the protection
afforded by a specific respirator when worn in the work
place.
Not immediately Any hazardous atmosphere which may produce physical
dangerous to life discomfort immediately, chronic poisoning after repeated
or health exposure or acute adverse physiological symptoms after
prolonged exposure
Odour threshold The lowest concentration of a contaminant in air that can be
limit identified by the olfactory sense.
Open circuit The pressure inside the face piece is positive during exhalation
demand type and negative during inhalation. Exhalation is vented to
atmosphere.
Open circuit See pressure demand
pressure demand
Ori-nasal A half face piece (respirator) covering mouth and nose
Particulate A suspension of fine solid or liquid particles in air, such as dust,
matter, airborne fog, fume, mist, smoke or spray. Particulate matter suspended in
air is often known as an aerosol.
Positive-pressure A respirator in which the air pressure inside the face piece is
respirator positive in relation to the air pressure of the outside atmosphere
during both exhalation and inhalation.
Powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR) - Uses battery-powered
motors worn by worker, face piece, hose, battery pack and
HEPA filter cartridge. (Supplies air to the face piece at the rate of
4 cu.ft/min)
Pressure The pressure inside the face piece is positive during both
demand inhalation and exhalation. Exhaled breath is vented to
atmosphere.
Resistance Opposition to the flow of air, as through a canister, cartridge,
particulate filter, orifice, valve or hose.
Respirator A device designed to protect the wearer from the inhalation of
harmful atmospheres
Respirator fit A preliminary procedure, either quantitative or qualitative, to
testing verify that the wearer of a particular respiratory protection device
can attain a suitable face piece-to-face seal.
RPE Respiratory protective equipment
Self-contained A device which is completely carried by the wearer and is
breathing capable of providing breathing air to the wearer independent of
apparatus any other source. The wearer is limited in usage time by the
(SCBA) amount of air carried or the regenerative capability of the device.
Service life The period of time that a respirator provides adequate protection
to the wearer for example, the period of time that an air-purifying
device is effective for removing a harmful substance from
inspired air.
Single use See disposable respirator
respirator
Smoke An air suspension of particles (aerosol), usually but not
necessarily solid, often originating from incomplete combustion
of carbon and other combustible materials
Sorbent A material which is contained in a cartridge or canister and which
74 PTS 60.2114
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 removes toxic gases and vapours from the inhaled air
Supplied-air A device which provides the wearer with sufficient breathing air,
respirator completely independent of the surrounding environment. This
includes both airline and self-contained respiratory protective
devices.
Supplied-air suit A suit that is impermeable to many particulate and gaseous
contaminants and that is provided with an adequate supply of
respirable air.
Valve (air) A device which controls the pressure, direction or rate of flow of
air.
EYE AND FACE
Face shield A device worn in front of the eyes and a portion of, or all of the
face, whose main function is protection of the eyes and the face.
Goggle A device, normally manufactured from plastic, which is worn over
the eyes and held in place by a headband or other suitable
means, for protecting the eyes from gas, vapours, dusts or
liquids.
Welding helmet A device designed to provide protection for the eyes and face
against intense radiant energy and molten metal splatter
encountered in the welding and cutting of metals.

8.0 STANDARDS AND REFERENCES

PETRONAS Companies should comply with country-specific regulations that
governing the usage of approved PPE or approved specifications. In the absence of
local regulations covering PPE specifications, international standards (eg ANSI and
BS) may be used.

In Malaysia, PPE for protection against chemicals and hearing conservation shall be
selected from the list approved by Department of Occupational Safety and Health
(DOSH). The list is accessible through URL - www.dosh.gov.my. The following
categories of PPE are listed: body protection, respiratory protection, hand protection,
foot protection, eye protection, and head protection. Head protection, for purposes
other than protection against chemicals, should comply with MS183:1983
Specification for Industrial Safety Helmets.

HEAD PROTECTION
1. MS 183: 1983 Specification for Industrial Safety Helmet
2. ANSI Z89.1-1986 Protective Headwear for Industrial Workers Requirements
(USA)
3. CSA Z94.1-M1977 Class B (Canada) Protective Headwear for Industrial Workers
4. BS5240 (1975) General purpose industrial safety helmets
5. BS4033 (1978) Industrial scalp protectors (light duty)

FOOT PROTECTION
1. BS 1870 Protective Footwear
2. BS 5451 Antistatic Rubber Protective Footwear
3. BS 6159 Polyvinyl Chloride footwear
4. BS 1870 Part 1 (1979) Specification for safety footwear other than all rubber and
all plastics moulded types.
5. DIN 4843

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EYE AND FACE
1. ANSIZ87 American National Standards Institute Eye and Face Protection.
2. The use of contact lenses in industry, SSC, December 1985.
3. BS2092 Specification for Industrial Eye-Protectors.

BODY PROTECTION
nd
1. Guidelines for the Selection of Chemical Protective Clothing, 2 Ed, March 1985,
ACGIH, Vol.1: Field Guide
2. Textbook on Chemical Protective Clothing, AIHA, Appendix, Permeation Data,
1985
3. Chemical Protective Clothing, Guidelines for Selection, Use, Care and
Maintenance, CIA
4. Standard Test Method for: Resistance of Protective Clothing Materials to
Permeation by hazardous Liquid Chemicals, ASTM F739-81
5. The Development of a Standard Test Method for Determining Permeation of
Liquid Chemicals Through Protective Clothing Materials, British Occupational
Hygiene Society (BOHS), Technology Committee on Protective Clothing, Ann
Occ Hyg Vol. 30 No.4
6. Performance of Protective Clothing, Baker and Celetta, Editors, ASTM
Symposium 1620 July 1984
7. Manufacturers literature:

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
1. Certificate of Approval (Respiratory Protective Equipment) 1986; Health and
Safety Executive, UK.
2. Practices for Respiratory Protection, ANSI Z88.2-1980.
3. Selection, Use and Maintenance of Respiratory Protective Devices, AS 1715 -
1982, Stds. Assoc. of Australia.
4. Respiratory Protective Devices, AS1716 - 1984, Stds. Assoc. of Australia.
5. Industrial Hygiene Technical Manual Ch V, Respiratory Protection, US. Dept. of
Labor (USDOL), OSHA CPL 2-2.20A 3/84.
6. Practical Guide to Respirator Usage in Industry G.S. Rajhans, DSL Blackwell,
Butterworth Publ., 1985.
7. British Standards:
8. BS2091 Specification for Respirators for Protection against Harmful Dusts, Gases
and Scheduled Agricultural Chemicals.
9. BS4275 Recommendations for Selection, Use and Maintenance of respiratory
Protective Equipment.
10. BS4555 Specification for High Efficiency Dust Respirators.
11. BS4558 Specification for Positive Pressure, Powered Dust Respirators.
12. BS4667 (1-4) Specification for Breathing Apparatus.
13. BS4771 Specification for Positive Pressure, Powered Dust Hoods and Blouses.
14. BS6016 Specification for Filtering Face piece Dust Respirators.
15. Comité European de Normalisation (CEN) - there are draft European standards
to be adopted at a future date.
16. The physiological consequences of wearing industrial respirators: A Review.
Peter B. Raven and others. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal (40),
June 1979.
17. Medical evaluation for respirator use. P. Harber. Journal of Occupational
Medicine Vol. 26 No.7, July 1984.
18. A Guide to Industrial Respiratory Protection. John A. Pritchard. NIOSH 76- 189,
June 1986.
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19. Screening prospective workers for the ability to use respirators. Thomas K.
Hodous M.D. Journal of Occupational Medicine Volume 28 No. 10, October 1986.
20. Respiratory Protection. A Manual and Guideline. American Industrial Hygiene
Association, 1986.

SAFETY BELTS
1. BS 1397:1979 Specification for Industrial safety belts, harnesses and safety
lanyards.

ANTI-STATIC FOOTWEAR STANDARDS

1. BS 5451 - 1977 (Section 7)
Resistance electrically conducting footwear not greater than 0.15 m Ohm
Resistance antistatic footwear not less than 0.05 M Ohm not greater than 50 M
Ohm
2. DIN 4843 Part 1 - 1975 (Section 3.4.1)
3. Elektrische Durchgangswiderstand: - 0.1 - 100 M Ohm

Manufacturer Resistance in M in accordance with

Ohm standard
Bata (Netherlands) - 100 DIN
Focus Veilig (Netherlands) - 100 DIN
Groeneveld (Netherlands) - 100 DIN
Bakx (Netherlands) - 100 DIN
De Wert (Netherlands) - 100 DIN
Plus 50 (UK) - 100 DIN and BS
Totectors (UK) - 100 DIN and BS
Total (Germany) - 100 DIN

Listed manufacturers have confirmed that the antistatic properties of their footwear
are in accordance with mentioned standards.

HEARING PROTECTION
1. BS 6344: Part 1 1984 - Industrial Hearing Protectors, Specification for ear muffs.
2. BS 5108: 1983 Measurement of sound attenuation for hearing protectors.

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9.0 APPENDICES

9.1 Chemical Protective Clothing (CPC): - Permeation Theory - CPC & Gloves:

Permeation is a three step process:

 adsorption of the chemical on the outside surface;

 diffusion through the material;
 desorption of chemical from inside surface to the skin.

The time lapse between chemical contact with the CPC and its appearance on the
inside is called the breakthrough time. Factors influencing permeation include
temperature, thickness, solubility effects, and multi-component chemicals. Persistent
permeation (continuing even after the clothing is washed externally) is a factor to be
considered before allowing re-use.

Traditionally, gloves and clothing materials have been examined for signs of
degradation, swelling or weight changes after a simple immersion in the respective
chemical. Suppliers provide chemical resistance tables that are based on such tests.
However, since permeation effects on materials may not be visible, there is
increasing emphasis on permeation testing.

Permeation of a mixture through chemical protective clothing cannot be predicted

from the permeation results of individual pure components. Permeation
characteristics of chemical protective clothing should be tested by using actual
chemical mixtures and conditions reflecting the work site exposure.

9.2 Materials commonly used in manufacturing CPC and gloves

The temperature- and chemical resistance properties of the materials most commonly
used in protective clothing manufacture are briefly summarised in the list below.
Since manufacturers can modify product formulations to alter their chemical and
physical properties, laboratory testing is the only certain way to determine the
chemical permeation resistance of a particular material.

Butyl Rubber

A copolymer of isobutylene, with a small proportion of isoprene, this is also known as

isobutylene / isoprene rubber or isobutene / isoprene rubber. It resembles natural
rubber but is more resistant to oxidation, heat-aging, ozone-cracking and general
chemical attack, with lower gas permeability.

Chlorobutyl Rubber

This is a chlorinated form of butyl rubber having greater heat resistance (up to 200°C)
and lower gas permeability than its non-chlorinated form.

Chlorinated Polyethylene (CPE)

This is a polyethylene elastomer with a chlorine content ranging between 25-40%.

Rubbery materials with high levels of chlorine give more rigid polymers. Chlorinated
polyethylenes are characterised by improved resistance to heat, ozone and oils and

78 PTS 60.2114
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have higher tear strength than polyethylene.

Fluorinated ethylene / propylene copolymers (FEP)

These are fully fluorinated copolymers, generally translucent (transparent in thin

films), having exceptional chemical resistance and good insulating properties over a
wide range of temperatures (-200 - + 200°C).

Hypalon

This is a chlorosulphonated polyethylene, a synthetic rubber.

Natural Rubber

Natural rubber, also known as polyisoprene, is obtained from the rubber tree, Hevea
brasiliensi. When vulcanised, it gives a highly flexible and elastic material which is
resistant to many chemicals. It swells considerably in hydrocarbons and certain other
liquids.

Neoprene

This is synthetic rubber, also known as chloroprene or polychloroprene, which

resembles natural rubber but has superior resistance to heat, oils and ozone.
Aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbon liquids cause it to swell.

Nitrile Rubber

Nitrile rubber, also known as acrylonitrile rubber, Buna-N or Nitrile / butadiene rubber,
is a general term for copolymers of a diene with an unsaturated nitrite (usually
butadiene and acrylonitrile). Vulcanised, nitrile rubbers are generally more resistant to
hydrocarbon - especially aliphatic - liquids and less resistant to polar liquids than
natural rubber, synthetic isoprene and butyl rubbers.

Polyethylene (PE) and Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE)

Although severely affected by strong oxidising agents and slowly attacked by

halogens, this material is moderately resistant to chemicals. It is resistant to polar
solvents, vegetable oils, water, alkalis and most concentrated acids. It is often used
as an unsupported film (eg as an apron or lightweight garment). The type most
commonly used for protective clothing is LDPE.

Polyurethane (PU)

This is part of an extensive polymer family based on polyols and isocyanates. In

protective clothing applications, it is used as a fabric coating or formed into boots. PU
has good abrasion resistance, is relatively unaffected by water, vegetable oils, most
aliphatic hydrocarbons (petrol, mineral oils) and dilute alkalis but can be attacked by
dilute acids, aromatic hydrocarbons and some aliphatic hydrocarbons.

Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)

In the absence of moisture, this water-soluble polymer has exceptional resistance to

79 PTS 60.2114
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 many organic solvents that would readily permeate most rubber materials. However,
its rigidity limits dexterity in glove applications.

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

PVC is a rigid polymer. Incorporating plasticisers into the formulation make it suitable
in protective clothing applications. Good resistance to water, alkalis, acids, oils and
ozone and relatively low cost ensure wide acceptance. However, it becomes porous
and brittle as many organic liquids can extract plasticisers from it.

Viton

Viton is a proprietary name for a fluoroelastomer with very high resistance to most
chemical reagents over a wide range of temperatures. Unfortunately, however, it is
very expensive, which restricts its wider use. It is also known as 30/70
hexafluoropropene / vinylidine fluoride copolymers or Fluorel.

Table 9.1: Physical Characteristics of CPC Materials

Heat Resistance

Tear Resistance
Cut Resistance

Relative Cost
Resistance

Resistance

Resistance
Material Flexibility
Abrasion

Puncture
Ozone
Butyl Rubber F G G E E G G H
Chlorinated Polyethylene E G G G E G G L
(CPE)
Natural Rubber E E E F F E E M
Neoprene E E E G F E G M
Nitrile Rubber / Polyvinyl G G G F E G G M
Chloride (PVC)
Polyethylene (PE) F F G F F P F L
Polyurethane (PU) E G E G G G G H
Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) F F P G E F G VH
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) G P F P E G G L
Styrene-Butadiene Rubber E G G G F F F L
(SBR)
Viton G G G G E G G VH
E: Excellent L: Low
Good M: Medium
Fair H: High
Poor VH: Very High
Ratings are subject to variation depending on formulation and whether the material is
used on its own or supported by fabric

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9.3 Medical - Employee notification card for RPE

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION MEDICAL INFORMATION

The following medical conditions may affect your capability to wear a respirator:

1. Emphysema
2. Chronic pulmonary obstructive disease
3. Coronary artery disease
4. Post myocardial infection
5. Progressive hypertension
6. Seizure disorders
7. Breathing difficulty when wearing a respirator
8. Claustrophobic or anxiety reactions when wearing a respirator
9. Bronchial asthma
10. Evidence of reduced pulmonary function
11. Moderate to severe hypertension
12. Anaemia
13. Diabetes
14. Constant or frequently recurring cough
15. Impaired or non-existent sense of smell
16. Weight lifting restrictions
17. Pregnancy

If you are aware that you have such conditions, or if you have concerns, contact your
panel doctor to arrange for a review of your medical status.

9.4 Breathing air - quality requirements

Specifications of breathing air quality for use in self-contained or air-supplied

breathing equipment for use in non-hyperbaric situations:

Specification Limits

Oxygen content % vol 20 to 23

Condensed hydrocarbon (oil mist) mg/m3 (max) 0.5

3
Carbon dioxide ppm (max) 500 (900 mg/m )

3
Carbon monoxide ppm (max) 5 (5.5 mg/m )

Odour : odour free

3
Cleanliness - inert nuisance particulates mg/m (max) 0.5

Water (present as liquid) nil

Special equipment is required for accurate odour and cleanliness checks. Qualitative
checks, by smelling the delivered air and by noting any wetness or discolouration on
passing the air gently through a filter paper or tissue are of minor use. Odour removal

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may require adsorbent activated charcoal filters.

As far as possible, breathing air systems should be dedicated solely to that purpose.
Plant or tool air systems shall not be used. Instrument air systems may be used only
if there are no tie-ins to potential contaminating systems, even the plant air system.
Adequate warning and back-up systems are mandatory, to protect users in the event
of failure of the instrument air supply.

Manufacturers of breathing air systems and components can provide test kits to
check the quality of breathing air.

References:
Compressed Gas Association Inc., USA
(GCA SPEC. G.7.1 Commodity Spec for air Grade D)
British Standards Institute BS 4275; 1974
British Occupational Hygiene Society (BOHS) - Test Method

9.5 Qualitative / Quantitative Respirator Fit Testing

QUALITATIVE FIT TESTING

Qualitative testing usually relies on the subjective response of a wearer when

exposed to a challenge atmosphere. Negative and positive pressure fit tests are a
type of qualitative test that do not employ a challenge atmosphere. These tests are
used primarily as a quick check of the face seal prior to entering a hostile
atmosphere.

Although qualitative tests are fast, require no complicated or expensive equipment

and are easily performed in the field, they are not entirely reliable because they rely
on the wearer's subjective response.

NEGATIVE PRESSURE TEST

This is a self-test that the wearer can perform in the field. Close off the inlet of the
canister, cartridge(s) or filter(s) by covering them with the palm(s), replacing the
seal(s), or squeezing the breathing tube to prevent air from passing; then inhaling
gently so that the face piece collapses slightly and holding the breath for 10 seconds.
If the face piece remains slightly collapsed and no inward leakage is detected, the
respirator is tight enough. This test applies only to respirators with tight-fitting face
pieces.

This test provides a gross determination of fit but is no substitute for checking the fit
in a test atmosphere. It should be conducted every time the respirator is used.

POSITIVE PRESSURE TEST

Similar to the negative pressure test, this test has the same advantages and
limitations. It is conducted by closing off the exhalation valve and exhaling gently into
the face piece. The fit is considered satisfactory if slight positive pressure can be built
up inside the face piece without any evidence of outward leakage. With some
respirators, the wearer would need to remove the exhalation valve cover for the test
before carefully replacing it after the test: This is often most difficult. Removing and

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replacing the exhalation valve cover often disturbs the fit of the respirator even more
than the negative pressure test. Therefore, if it requires removing and replacing a
valve cover, this test should be used sparingly. The test is easy for respirators with a
valve cover that has a single small port that can be closed by the palm or a finger.

ISOAMYL ACETATE VAPOUR (BANANA OIL) TEST

This is the first test mentioned that affords an opportunity to the user to wear the
respirator in a test atmosphere, by creating an atmosphere containing banana oil
around a person wearing an atmosphere-supplying / air-purifying respirator with an
organic vapour-removing cartridge(s) / canister. If the hazard is particulate matter of a
non-organic vapour or gas, the organic vapour cartridge(s) or canister must be
replaced with a particulate filter(s) or proper cartridge(s) or canister after this test.

There are several versions of the banana oil test. The simplest is to saturate a piece
of cotton or cloth with the liquid and pass it close to the respirator near the sealing
surface, taking care to avoid skin contact. A second method is to use a stencil brush
filled with isoamyl acetate in the same manner as the cotton or cloth.

A more precise version of the test uses a room or small booth, or a hood covering the
head and shoulders of the respirator wearer. A concentration of vapour, usually 100
ppm, is generated by vaporising isoamyl acetate liquid in the enclosure. This
decreases the flexibility of the test but provides a known vapour concentration that
reduces the number of variables involved. Most people can smell 1-10 ppm of
isoamyl acetate; the permissible exposure limit (TLV TWA) is 100 ppm.

Generally the isoamyl acetate fitting test should be performed as follows:

 The user dons the respirator in the normal manner. If it is an air-purifying device,
it must be equipped with a cartridge(s) or canister specifically designed for
protection against organic vapours.
 The user enters the test enclosure, or the saturated cloth or stencil brush is
passed close to the respirator sealing surfaces.
 If the odour of banana oil is detected, the user returns to clean air and readjusts
the face piece and / or adjusts the head straps without unduly tightening them.
 The user repeats the second step. If the odour of banana oil is not detected, it
can be assumed that the user has obtained a satisfactory fit. If the odour is still
detectable, an attempt should be made to find the leakage point. If the leak
cannot be located, another respirator of the same type and brand should be tried.
If this leaks, another brand of respirator with a face piece of the same type should
be tried.
 After a fit is obtained, if the respirator is an air-purifying device it must be
equipped with the correct filter(s), cartridge(s) or canister for the anticipated
hazard

During the test, the user should make movements that approximate the anticipated
working situation. These may include, but not necessarily be limited to, the following:

a. normal breathing
b. deep breathing, as during heavy exertion
c. exaggerated side-to-side and up and down head movements that approximate
movements that take place on the job

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d. talking: this is most easily accomplished by reading a prepared text loudly enough
to be understood by someone standing nearby
e. other exercises may be added depending upon the situation: for example, if the
wearer will spend a significant part of his time bent over on a task, an exercise
approximating this bending may be included.

A limiting factor of the isoamyl acetate test is that the odour threshold varies among
individuals. Furthermore, the sense of smell is easily dulled and may deteriorate
during the test so that the wearer is prejudiced. Therefore, a wearer may say that the
respirator fits although it has a significant leak. This is usually because the wearer
likes the comfort of the particular respirator or is following the lead of someone else
and selecting the same respirator. Conversely, a wearer may claim that a particular
respirator leaks if it is uncomfortable. Therefore, unless the worker is highly motivated
toward wearing respirators, the results of this test are sometimes dubious.

IRRITANT SMOKE TEST

This qualitative test is conceptually similar to the isoamyl test, as the user is exposed
to an irritating aerosol. Commercially available smoke tubes are sealed glass tubes
approximately 12 cm long by 0.5 cm in diameter, filled with pumice impregnated with
stannic chloride or titanium tetrachloride. They are often used to check the quality of
ventilation systems. When the tube ends are broken and air is passed through it, the
contents react with the moisture in the air to produce a dense, highly irritating smoke,
containing hydrochloric acid.

This test can be used for both air-purifying and atmosphere-supplying respirators -
but an air-purifying respirator must have a high-efficiency filter(s). After the test, it
may be necessary to replace the high-efficiency filter(s) on the air-purifying respirator
with another type of air-purifying element(s), depending upon the hazard to which the
respirator wearer is to be exposed. This test can be used for worker training or
respirator selection.

As a qualitative means of determining respirator fit, this test has the distinct
advantage that the wearer usually reacts involuntarily to leakage by coughing or
sneezing. The likelihood of a false indication of proper fit is reduced. On the other
hand, the aerosol is very irritating and must be used carefully to avoid injury. Also, it
is advisable to have exhaust ventilation behind the subject to protect the person doing
the testing.

Because the aerosol is highly irritating, proper safeguards are crucial in performing
the irritant smoke test. The following procedure is suggested:

a. The user dons the respirator normally, taking care not to tighten the head straps
uncomfortably. He stands with his back to a source of exhaust ventilation, such
as a chemical fume hood.
b. The user must close his eyes, even if wearing a full face piece respirator, and
keep them closed until told to open them.
c. The tester lightly puffs smoke over the respirator, holding the smoke tube at least
600mm from it. At this time the tester should keep the amount of smoke to a
minimum and pause between puffs to note the user's reaction.

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d. If no leakage is detected, the tester may increase the smoke density and move
the smoke tube progressively closer to the subject, closely monitoring his
reactions.
e. When the smoke tube has been brought to within about 150mm of the respirator
with no leakage detected, the tester may start to direct smoke specifically at the
potential points of leakage, around the sealing surface and exhalation valve,
while the subject holds his head still.
f. At this point, if no leakage has been detected, the user may cautiously begin the
head movements mentioned in the isoamyl acetate test. The tester should remain
especially alert and be prepared to stop producing smoke immediately.
g. If leakage is detected at any time, the tester should stop the smoke and let the
user adjust the face piece or head strap tension. The tester should then start the
second step of the test.

This test is not as time-consuming as it first seems. Also, its greater sensitivity and
lower reliance on subjective response, equate to higher reliability than the isoamyl
acetate vapour test. If the user’s eyes are closed and the smoke is increased
gradually, there is little danger of discomfort.

Some locations use this basic test on a larger scale for fit testing of air-supplied
respirators. The test is usually conducted in a small building or room in which the test
agent (eg smoke bomb) is released. If, after the agent has been thoroughly dispersed
throughout the room, the respirator user does not experience any eye or throat
irritation, it is considered that a satisfactory face piece-to-face seal has been
achieved.

QUANTITATIVE FIT TESTING

Quantitative testing measures respirator leakage. It is usually expressed as percent

penetration of test atmosphere or in terms of a protection factor which is defined as
the degree of protection provided by a respirator.

Quantitative fit-testing is the most exact method of checking respirator fit. The method
has only recently become available to industry on a practical basis although it has
been used for years in special testing laboratories. A quantitative fit-testing unit
consists of an aerosol or gas generator which delivers the test atmosphere to a booth
or hood. Two sampling probes are installed in the booth or hood: one measures the
test atmosphere and the other is connected to the respirator via a special connection,
to measure the air inside the respirator face piece. The sampling probes are
connected to an analyser which measures the concentration of the test atmosphere
and the concentration inside the mask. The two measurements are compared on a
readout unit which provides calculation of the protection factor. For example, if the
concentration inside the respirator is one-tenth of the test atmosphere concentration,
the protection factor is:

Concentration of Test
PF Atmosphere =
= Concentration inside 10
Respirator

This method ensures the following:

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1. A systematic means of determining the best fitting respirator face piece for the
individual without relying upon subjective response.

2. Increased employee awareness of respirator requirements, with improved

cooperation and confidence in the respirator programme.

Quantitative fit-testing requires special equipment of varying complexity dependent on

the technique. Systems range from a portable Dräger-brand system to a fixed-booth,
aerosol test unit. Testing will also require a trained individual who can operate the
equipment, perform the standard tests and evaluate the results. Quantitative fit-
testing does not replace employee respirator training but is an effective complement.
It also does not replace the simple qualitative tests (negative and positive negative
pressure) which are standard for daily, routine use.

The selection of quantitative fit-testing depends on a number of factors including:

1. Toxicity of materials in the workplace.

2. Potential exposure levels (actual risk of injury should the respirator fail to function
properly).
3. Frequency of respirator use.

9.6 Calculations of sound attenuation

Sound still reaches the ear when a user wears hearing protection. How this occurs
varies from individual to individual, giving rise to a scatter of attenuation values
around the mean attenuation measured on a group of test subjects. The standard
deviation is a statistical measure of this scatter. At any frequency the mean
attenuation minus one standard deviation is known as the assumed protection, and is
used as the parameter indicating the efficiency of the protector at that frequency. In
Table 1 the assumed protection is calculated for typical fluid-seal earmuffs.

Table 1 typical performance of a hearing protector

Frequency (Hz) 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000

Mean attenuation (dB) 13 20 33 35 38 47 41
Standard deviation (dB) 6 6 6 6 6 8 8
Assumed protection (dB) 7 14 27 29 32 39 33

In order to calculate the effective reduction in A-weighted sound pressure level,

dB(A), a frequency (ie octave band) analysis of the noise is needed. The assumed
protection should be subtracted arithmetically from each octave band level to obtain
the assumed octave band levels at the user's ear. An example of this procedure is
given in Table 2. The first two columns show the octave band sound pressure level.
Column 3 shows the assumed protection for fluid-seal earmuffs as quoted in Table 1.
The assumed protection is subtracted from the measured noise levels to give the
assumed sound pressure level at the user's ear in column 4.

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 Table 2 Example of calculation of sound attenuation

The assumed octave band levels at the user's ear can be converted into A-weighted
sound pressure levels as demonstrated below in Table 3.

Table 3 A-weighting

The human ear is not equally sensitive to all audible frequencies. It is most sensitive
to frequencies between 1000 and 4000 Hz. Above and below this range it gradually
becomes less sensitive. Therefore, internationally standardised filters are employed;
designed to filter approximately as the ear does, in order to align the reading of the
sound level meter with normal hearing. Refer to PTS60.1504 Hearing Conservation
Programme (Guideline) for further information on this subject. Finally the assumed
band sound pressure level at the user's ear as quoted in column 4 of Table 3 should
be added to obtain the overall assumed A-weighted sound pressure level. Since
these are logarithmic this can be done using the following tables:

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 Table 4

The values in the table below may be used for adding sound levels obtained from
measurement:

Table 5

With reference to Table 4 the A-weighted octave band levels shown in column 4 of
Table 3 can be added:

9.7 Flame Retardant Workwear Specifications

Risk Assessment Requirements, as specified in NFPA 2113:

4.2.1 The organisation shall conduct a hazard assessment of the work environment
to determine the requirement for wearing flame-resistant garments.
4.2.2 The hazard assessment shall be performed based on a review of the facility
to determine if flammable materials are present in quantities that will generate a flash
fire and endanger a person.
4.2.3* The general workplace hazard assessment process shall include
consideration of the following:
(1) Determination of the type of hazard or hazards present in the workplace and the
potential magnitude and duration of the hazard
(2) Determination of the adverse effects of unprotected exposure to the hazards
identified
(3) Determination of whether other control options (engineering, administrative, and
so forth) can be used instead of flame-resistant garments
(4) Determination of garment performance characteristics needed for protection
(5) Determination of the need for garment decontamination where applicable
(6) Determination of ergonomic constraints of work to be performed while wearing the
garment
(7) Comparison of risks and costs of all options
(8) Implementation of selected option(s)

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Where workers are exposed to the risk of flash fires, management shall take steps to
reduce the potential exposure. The primary safeguards against flash fire are design
and procedure. However, it is acknowledged that at certain times a situation may
arise where, despite following best practice in plant design reviews, procedure
reviews and even diligent inspection routines, a flash fire may occur. At such times,
appropriate protective clothing provides the last line of defence against burn injuries.

Although Group operations are conducted in a variety of harsh environments, where it

may be unpleasant to wear certain types of protective clothing, there can be no
compromise on the need to protect exposed workers. This Guideline is intended to
provide information to facility managers and workers on what minimum standards
apply and the available alternative options.

Policy regarding Protection against Flash Fire

All personnel entering a work area where there is a potential risk of exposure to flash
fire shall wear protective outer garments that are capable of providing protection
against a possible flash fire.

Individual Site Management shall conduct hazard evaluations to determine the need
for flame-resistant work wear in their work areas.

If it is determined that workers may be exposed to a risk of flash fire that cannot be
eliminated or mitigated by means of engineered safeguards or substitution, then
appropriate stipulations shall be issued to ensure that all personnel are protected.

For the purposes of this Policy, such protection is required to be worn even for short-
duration visits to such areas or when passing through such areas en route between
areas that are deemed to be safe from exposure.

Items of outer apparel that are not flame retardant should not be worn over any
exposed part of the body: head scarves, nylon windbreakers and light plastic rain
suits are examples of these.

Selection Criteria

Fabric and garment selection should take into account all applicable factors. A
selection based solely on either initial cost or life cycle cost may not satisfy the
applicable listed measurable factors or the required comfort assessment noted in the
reference documentation. Such comfort assessments can only be determined in wear
testing of garments.

Initial selection of permissible textiles shall be based on verifiable results of testing

conducted by independent authorities. Testing should include flame resistance testing
on swatches as well as thermal resistance tests on instrumented manikins.

In selecting garments that are not made from inherently flame retardant fabric, the
effective duration of the treatment applied to any non-inherently flame retardant fabric
shall be certified by the manufacturers of the treatment. A statement that durability is
guaranteed for 50 wash cycles should provide reassurance that the garment can
provide the required level of protection for one year. Treatments that are not durable

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for 50 cycles shall be disqualified.

The minimum fabric density factors that are considered acceptable with currently
available textiles are:

Inherently flame retardant materials: 180 grams per square metre (gsm)

Non-inherently flame retardant fabric: 220 gsm

Purchasing Specifications

Generic standards shall be applied in formulating purchasing specifications for flame

retardant clothing under a Group Purchasing Agreement. Only fabrics that meet the
minimum protection criteria shall be permitted. The onus of proving marketing claims
shall rest upon the supplier, who shall provide all proof of claims by means of
certification of performance against established criteria from recognised independent
certification authorities.

General Inspection, Maintenance and Laundry Processes

Cleaning

Flame-resistant garments shall be kept clean.

New flame-resistant garments shall be washed or dry-cleaned at least once prior to

initial use.

Flame-resistant garments shall be cleaned in accordance with instructions provided

by the manufacturer. In accordance with the specifications detailed in NFPA 2112:
Standard on Flame Resistant Garments for Protection of Industrial Personnel
Against Flash Fire, every garment shall be labelled to identify it as flame retardant
and specify laundry instructions.

To avoid unwitting spread of contamination, users shall be actively discouraged from

taking issued flame retardant garments home for laundry with household laundry.

The supplier shall provide detailed laundry and garment care instructions.

Every garment shall be provided with a label or labels that summarise the care
information documentation as provided under the supply agreement.

Flame-resistant garments shall be laundered or dry-cleaned at a frequency that is

adequate to prevent a reduction in flame resistance resulting from accumulated
contaminants.

Decontamination

If flame-resistant garments are contaminated by hazardous materials or biological

agents, decontamination methods shall be in accordance with any instructions
provided by the manufacturer.

In the absence of decontamination instructions, or where the contaminant cannot be

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neutralised without impairing the safety of the user, the garment shall be rendered
unusable and sent for disposal as hazardous waste.

Contaminated flame-resistant garments shall be handled using barrier methods to

prevent cross-contamination and shall not be laundered or dry-cleaned in public
facilities.

Storage

Flame-resistant garments shall be stored in accordance with manufacturer

instructions.

Flame-resistant garments shall not be stored in direct or indirect sunlight.

Flame-resistant garments shall be clean and dry before long-term storage.

Flame-resistant garments shall be stored in clean, dry, well ventilated areas.

Soiled flame-resistant garments shall not be stored with personal belongings.

Inspection

All garments shall be subjected to a systematic periodic inspection at defined

intervals, to be determined by individual site management, based on risk factors on
site. The inspection shall include all components, including, if present, the outer shell,
lining, interlining, wind / moisture barrier, hardware (including, but not limited to,
zippers, buttons, snaps, and other fasteners), wristlets, and reinforcements. It shall
also include seam damage and damage resulting from cuts, tearing, fraying or
abrasion.

Individual site management shall determine and specify the amount of damage that
can be considered acceptable for continued use of any garment.

Checks shall be made after each use to determine damage, contamination or soiling.

Garments shall be checked for damage or contamination on initial delivery after

purchase and after laundry, before use.

Repairs

All repairs shall be conducted in accordance with manufacturer instructions.

Garments shall be cleaned in accordance with manufacturer specifications before any

repairs are conducted.

All repairs and alterations to flame-resistant garments shall be performed in the same
manner and using the same materials (including yarn) as applied by the
manufacturer.

Retirement and Disposal

Damaged or deteriorated flame-resistant garments shall be retired when they can no

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longer be repaired or reach / exceed the maximum working life (if any) specified by
the manufacturer.

Retired flame-resistant garments shall be destroyed or rendered unusable to ensure

that they cannot be used for protection of industrial personnel. Patches for damaged
garments shall not be made from retired garments.

Static Electricity Safety Considerations

Static electricity can be generated by friction between layers of dry (non-conductive)

fabric. Clothing worn under flame-retardant coveralls that are a size larger than
necessary can lead to accumulations of static. It is important that issued garments
are fitted correctly to the wearer and that the static hazard is considered when
entering areas where a flammable condition could be present. Furthermore, it is
important to avoid removing layers of clothing whilst in the exposed area, since the
additional friction can lead to flash ignition whilst the full security of flash protection is
compromised.

References
1. NFPA 2112: Standard on Flame-Resistant Garments for Protection of Industrial
Personnel Against Flash Fire
2. NFPA 2113: Standard on Selection, Care, Use, and Maintenance of Flame-
Resistant Garments for Protection of Industrial Personnel Against Flash Fire

9.8 MESC SYSTEM Material and Equipment Standards & Code

Standardisation is an ever-increasing force in industry. It is becoming a more

important tool for sharing information and technical expertise, although it can only be
effectively applied when its basic concepts are understood and tested constantly with
the latest practical situations. Obviously, its objectives and practical applications differ
in each industry.

Our kind of business is not without risk exposure. Although accidents sometimes
occur, we try to minimise their impact. One way is working with safer material and / or
equipment. Our standards have to incorporate quality assurance / control
requirements. In order to include the latest technical developments standards have to
be reviewed and adjusted regularly.

Standardisation is imperative in rationalising the variety of material and equipment

used. The concept demands the full support and understanding of Management and
User departments.

The material and equipment used by PETRONAS Group of Companies is, wherever
possible, standardised centrally. These so called "Group standards" are prescribed in
the "Material and Equipment Standards and Code" (MESC).

The MESC is a numerical system for materials standards, classification and coding. It
consists of three main components:

 The "GENERAL INDEX TO MESC" listing in alphabetical order material and

equipment with their corresponding Main-, Sub- and Sub-Sub Group numbers.

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 The "CODING SCHEDULE" providing the coding framework for material and
equipment.

 The "MESC CATALOGUE" containing details of types and sizes of material and
equipment recognised as "standard". The catalogue contains approximately
110,000 logically coded standard items. Each standard item - which consists of
10 digits in total - is listed together with a clear buying specification and technical
details. Where applicable, reference is made to national, international and
industry standards.

For example:

Main Group code xx (eg safety equipment is 96)

Sub Group xx.xx (eg eye and face protectors are 96.49)

Sub-Sub Group XX.XX.XX (eg goggles and spectacles are 96.49.10)

(eg safety spectacles to BS.2092 with
Item code plus
XX.XX.XX.XXX.X clear plastic lenses and side shields
indicator
96.49.10.252.1)

Finally, the MESC number in the catalogue sheet is written as: 96.49.10.252.1.

All specifications have been written in close cooperation with technical functions,
supplemented, where appropriate, by drawings and illustrations.

More detailed information about MESC can be obtained from:

PETRONAS Group Health, Safety and Environment Division

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