c¾udkq o¾Ykh ;=< ld,a udlaia l¨ neg¨fjl= fõo@

c¾udkq o¾Ykh ;=< ld,a udlaia w;sYh úma,ùh od¾Ykslhd f,i wújdofhka ms<s.; yelsh' óg
bosßm;a l< yels fya;= idOl .Kkdjls' úfYaIfhkau iajlSh .=rejrhd jQ ú{dkjdoS fcda¾ca
fy.,a úiska bosßm;a lrk ,o ixl,am uq¿ukskau fN!;sljdoS oDIaáhlska bosrsm;a lsÍu" 17 jk
ishjfia isg wo olajd ìysjQ ckm%sh;u yd l%shdldÍ foaYmd,k o¾Ykfha kHdhdpd¾hjrhd ùu"
o¾Ykh ;=< fukau foaYmd,kh ;=<o b;sydifha jeo.;alu wjOdrKh lsÍu" udkjflakaøSh
o¾Ykhla bosßm;a lsÍu hkdoS fya;= idOl bosßm;a l< yelsh' fulS fya;= u; ld,a udlaia úúO
úfYaIKhkaf.ka y÷kajkq ,nhs'

ta w;r m%p,s; wkaj¾: kduhla jkafka ld,a udlaia c¾udkq o¾Ykh ;=< —l¨ neg¿jd˜
jk njhs' fï ms<sn| meyeos,s lsÍug fmr ir, w¾:fhka —l¨ neg¿jd˜ hk mofhka ljr
iajNdjfha w¾:hla .uH lrhso hkak úuid ne,Su uQ,sl m%ia;=;h .uH lr.ekSu flfrys
bjy,a jkq we;' ksoyia úYajfldaIh ;=< meyeos,s flfrk wdldrhg bx.%Sis NdIdfjka “Black
Sheep” ke;fyd;a l¨ neg¨jd hk fhÿu Ndú; lrkq ,nkafka NdIduh úfYaI fhÿula (Idiom)
f,ih' th lsishï lKavdhul idudcslfhl= Bg fkd.e<fmk fyda fkd.e<fmk l,al%shdfjka
hqla;h hk woyi ye`.ùu i|yd Ndú; lrkq ,efí' neg¨jl=f.a idudkH j¾Kh wj meye;s
iqÿ meyehhs' kuq;a lsishï cdk úlD;s;djhla jeks ixisoaêhla ksid l¨ meye;s neg¨jkao
ìysúh yelsh' ^https://en.wikipedia.org&

fuu Wmudj ;=<ska .uH lr.; yels uQ,sl m%ia;=;ho wod< ixl,am lsysmhls' bka tlla
jkafka c¾udkq o¾Ykh ;=< oelsh yels idudkH iajNdjh ld,a udlaiaf.a wd.ukh;a iu.
lsishï fjkilg Ndckh ù we;s njls' wfkla w;g udlaia c¾udkq o¾Ykh ;=< fulS fya;=j
u; úfYaIfhka lemS fmfkkafkl= f,io i,lkq ,nk nj is;sh yelsh' tmuKla fkdj
udlaia úiska c¾udkq o¾Ykfha uQ,sl mqoa.,hka .;a u. wkq.ukh fkdlrk ,oafol= f,io
fuu wkaj¾: kdufhka ye`.úh yelsh' ;jo" Tyq c¾udkq o¾Ykh ork ,o uQ,sl iajNdjfhka
msg mek .sh wfhl= f,io fmkajdosh yelsh'

fï wkqj ld,a udlaia idudkH c¾udkq o¾Ykfhka fjkia jkafkao@ ta ljr mokula
u;o@ hkak úuid ne,Su jeo.;ah' fulS lreKq u; ld,a udlaia c¾udkq o¾Ykh ;=< —l¨
neg¿jd˜ f,i y÷kajkq ,nkafka ljr fya;=jla u;o hkak úuid ne,Su fuu ,smsfhys uQ,sl
wruqKhs'
 1818-1880 w;r ld,fhys cSj;a jQ ld,a udlaia jQ l,S c¾udkq cd;slfhls' Tyq úoHd{fhl="
od¾Ykslfhl=" wd¾Ól úoHd{fhl=" m;% l,dfõosfhl=" iudc úoHd{fhl= fukau úma,ùh
iudcjdosfhl= f,io ie,fla' Tyqf.a od¾Yksl yeoEÍï flakaø.; jQfha fcda¾ca fy.,af.a
ú{dkjdoh jgdh' miqld,Skj Tyq f*%âßla tax.,aia yd tlaj úYsIaG Ydia;%Sh odhl;ajhla isÿ
lf<ah' ^ https://en.wikipedia.org&

Tyqf.a o¾Ykfhys mej;s uQ,sl jeo.;alu jkafka ú{dkjdoS jQ fcdaca¾ fy.,af.a o¾Ykh
uq¿ukskau fN!;sljdoS oDIaáhlg mßj¾;kh lsÍuhs' óg wu;rj udlaia fy.,a úiska o¾Ykhg
y÷kajd fok ,o b;sydih ms<sn| úuiSfï wjYH;dj ish o¾Ykfhys flakaøSh úu¾Ykhla njg
m;alr .;af;ah' Tyq bosßm;a l< ixl,am uQ,sl fldgia 2la Tiafia y÷kd.; yelsh'

1' ft;sydisl fN!;sljdoh

2' oajkaOd;aul fN!;sljdoh

fulS ixl,am oaú;ajhu udlaia úiska fcda¾ca fy.,af.a o¾Ykfha n,mEu ;=<ska
,nd.kakd ,oafoa hehs mejish yelsh' fï u; t<ôh yels Wml,amkhla jkafka tfiakï ld,a
udlaiaf.a o¾Ykh fcda¾ca fy.,af.a o¾Ykh yd iudk úh hq;= njhs' kuq;a óg osh yelafla
m%;smlaI ms<s;=rls' udlaiaf.a o¾Ykh fcda¾ca fy.,af.a o¾Ykh muKla fkdj iuia; c¾udkq
o¾Ykhu iu. ixikaokd;aulj i,ld n,k l, th w;sYh fjkia yd iqúfYaI jQjls' udlaia
c¾udkq o¾Ykh ;=< l¨ neg¨jd f,i y÷kajkafkao fuu ;;ajh u;hs' ta wkqj fy.,af.a yd
udlaiaf.a o¾Yk w;r fjki meyeos,sj ÿgq we;eï úpdrlhka m%ldY lrk ,oafoa udlaia úiska —
T¿fjka isgf.k isá fy.,a fomhska isgjk ,o njhs'˜

udlaia yd fy.,af.a o¾Yk w;r oelsh yels uQ,sl fjkila jkafka Tjqka ;=< mej;s
b;sydih ms<sn| oDIaáfldaKhhs' fy.,af.a b;sydih iïnkaO oDIaáh wfmdayl ú{dkjdohls
(Dialectic idealism). kuq;a b;sydih ms<sn| udlaiaf.a oDIaáh wfmdayl fN!;sljdohls
(Dialectic Materialism). (https://criticalessays.co.uk) fï wkqj meyeos,s jkafka fulS
fjki fN!;sljdoS yd ú{dkjdoS fjkila jk njhs' fï wkqj udlaia fyf.,shdkq
o¾Ykh ;=<ska mkakrh ,enqjo Bg yd;amiskau m%;smlaI jQ o¾Ykhla bosßm;a lr we;s
nj meyeos,s fõ'

fï wkqj udlaia c¾udkq o¾Ykh ;=< l¨ neg¨fjl= jkafka l=uk mokula u;o
hk ldrKfhaoS iuia; c¾udkq o¾Ykfhau od¾Ykslhska wvqjeä jYfhka wêfN!;sl
lafIa;%hkag <eoshdjla oelaùu fmkajdosh yelsh' kuq;a udlaia fulS ldrKfhka fjkia
fõ' fuu fya;=j u; udlaia l¨ neg¨fjl= f,i ye|skafõ'
 ld,a udlaia c¾udkq o¾Ykfha l¨ neg¨jd f,i ye|skafjkafka úma,ùh iajrEmhla
ksidh' ukaoh;a ld,a udlaia wfkl=;a c¾udkq od¾Ykslhka fuka wêfN!;sljdo iïnkaO
o¾Ykhla bosßm;a lf<a ke;' c¾udkq od¾Ykslhka ms<sn|j tlska tl wOHhkh lsÍfïoS
meyeos,s jk ldrKhla jkafka iEu c¾udkq od¾Ykslfhl=u mdfya wvq jeä jYfhka
wêfN!;sljdo iïnkaOj woyia bosßm;a lr we;s njhs'

m%uqL fmf<a c¾udkq od¾Ykslhka jYfhka buekqfj,a ldkaÜ"fcda¾ca fy.,a"tâukaâ

yqi,a" ud¾áka ffyfv.¾" wd;¾ f*âßla kSÜfIa" c¾.ka ynudia hkdoSka jeo.;a fõ' fï w;ßka
iEu od¾Ykslfhl=u mdfya wêfN!;sljdo iïnkaOj lsishï wjOdkhla fhduqlr we;snj
meyeos,s fõ' fuhska f*âßla kSÜfIa jkdyS kdia;sljdoS od¾Ykslfhls' Tyq mj;sk ish¨ o¾Yk
ks¾oh f,i úfõpkh lrkq úkd kj o¾Ykhla bosßm;a fkdlrhs' fï w¾:fhks kSÜfIa
ms<sn|j fkdi,ld yeßh fyd;a wfkl=;a ish¨u od¾Ykslhska wêfN!;sljdohka iajlSh
o¾Ykhka iu. iïnkaO fldgf.k we;s wdldrhls meyeos,sj úoHudk fõ' ta ms<sn| ieflúka
fyda i,ld ne,Su úfYaIfhka jeo.;a jkq we;'

—ug oek.; yelafla l=ulao@˜ hk .eg¨j ;=<ska ish o¾Ykh wdrïN lrk buekqfj,a
ldkaÜf.a uQ,sl Ydia;%Sh odhl;ajhka 3la meyeos,sj y÷kd.; yelsh' tajd kï" Y=oaO úpdrfha
mßlaIdj" m%dfhda.sl úpdrfha mßlaIdj yd úksYapfha mßlaIdj keu;s woaú;Sh lD;s ;%s;ajhhs'
fulS lD;s Tyqf.a iuia; o¾Ykhu leáfldg oelaùula fia fmkajdosh yelsh' ta wkqj ldkaá
úiska wëfN!;sljdohka flfrys keUqre ù we;af;a ljrdldrfhkao hkak úuid ne,Su jeo.;ah'
ldkaáhdkq o¾Ykfhys {dkúNd.hg ysñjkafka iqúfYaIS ia:dkhls' tysoS Tyqf.a uQ,sl
ixl,amkdjla jkafka ñksid f,dalh w;aolskafka m%d.dkqN+; ixfõokSh wdlD;Ska jQ ld,h yd
wjldYh;a" wjfndaOkSh mod¾:hka jQ m%udKh" .=Kh wdosh m%Odk fldg.;a mod¾:hka 12lska
jk njhs' {dkúNd.h ms<sn|j fkdj i;aNjfõoh ;=<ska fï ms<sn| idlÉPd l<fyd;a ldkaÜg
wkqj ld,h yd wjldYh jQ l,S ksrfmalaI wdlD;Ska hq.,hls' ld,h yd wjldYh ksrfma laI jk
úg th tla;rd wdldrhlg wêfN!;sljdoS ia:djrhla fia fmkajdosh yelsh' ldkaÜg wkqj
ñksid f,dalh ixfõokh lrkq ,nkafka ld,h yd wjldYh ;=<ska kï túg th wêfN!;sl
f,dalhla wmf.a ixfõokhg idfmlaIj f.dapr lr.ekSula fia fmkajdosh yelsh' wfkla w;g
ldkaÜf.a {dkúNd.hg wkqj wmúiska f,dalh {dkkh lrkafka wmf.a {dkhg yd oekqug
idfmalaIj jk w;r foaj,aj, tysu iajrEmh (Things in themselves) wmg {dkkh l<
fkdyel' wmg {dkkh l< yels foa Tyq m%mxpuh f,i y÷kajk w;r {dkkh l< fkdyels
foa ksIam%mxp f,i y÷kajd we;' fulS ksIam%mxp keu;s ixl,amh tla;rd wdldrhlska
wêfN!;sl ixl,amhla fia fmkajdosh yelsh' tkï ksIam%mxph fyj;a foaj,aj, tysu iajrEmh
wkqN+;sfhka W;a;rj mj;sk neúks' wfkla w;g Tyq ix{djka fkd,o ixl,amhka ysia f,i
Tyq fmkajdfohs' fï w¾:fhka Tyq m%ldY lrk ldrKhla jkafka foúhka keu;s ixl,amhg
lsisÿ ix{djla fkdue;s ;;ajhla ;=< foúhka ysia ixl,amhla jk njhs' ldkaÜ úiska
wêfN!;sljdofha úIh jia;+ka f,i foúhka "iajÉPkao;djh yd wd;aufha wurKSh;ajh
ms<sf.k ;sfí' ^ l,kaiQßh ta' ã' mS' kQ;k ngysr o¾Ykh"277'ms'& ta wkqj meyeos,sjkafka
ldkaf.a o¾Ykh ;=< wêfN!;sljdo iïnkaOj lsishï ms<s.ekSula mej;s njhs' kuq;a Tyq ish
iodpdr o¾YkfhaoS foúhka keu;s ixl,amh m%;s.Dys;hla fia fmkajd oSfuka Tyq wêfN!;sl
foúhka ms<sf.k we;s iajNdjhla fy<sorõ fõ' —m%;s.Dys;h jkdyS Tmamql< fkdyels ld,amksl
m%ia;=;hls' tfy;a th ksremdêl yd im%udK kshuhl fjkia fkdl<els Wmm%fïhls'˜ kshu
m%;s.Dys;hla jYfhka ldkaÜ wjOdrKfhka ms<sf.k ;sfnk nj fmfkkqfha foúhka"
iajÉPkao;dj yd wd;aufha wurKSh;ajhhs' ^ l,kaiQßh ta' ã' mS' kQ;k ngysr o¾Ykh"296'ms'& —
foúhka mru hym;g w;HjYHh' ;jo iodpdr kshuhg Yla;sh fokq ,nkafkao fï
m%;s.Dys;hhs' ˜^ l,kaiQßh ta' ã' mS' kQ;k ngysr o¾Ykh"304'ms'& fï wkqj ks.ukh l< yelafla
ldkaáhdkq o¾Ykh ;=< wêfN!;sljdohkag uQ,sl ia:dkhla ysñj ;sfnk njhs'

ó<`.g c¾udkq o¾Ykfhys w;sYh jeo.;a mqoa.,hd jkafka fcda¾ca fy.,ah' udlaiaf.a
oDIaáh yev.eiSfuys,d b;sydih ms<sn|j i,ld ne,Su" wfmdaylh hkdosh fmkajdosh yelsh'
fyf.,shdkq o¾Ykh mru ú{dkjdohls' Tyq bosßm;a l< mru m%dfKakaøShhd keu;s ixl,amh
uq¿ukskau wêfN!;sl jQjls' th tla;rd wdldrhl Yla;shla f,i;a we;eñ wjia:djl
i¾jn,OdÍ foúhka f,i;a ksrEmKh fõ' fï wkqj Tyq bosßm;a lr we;af;a foajflakaøSh
i;aNjjdohls'^http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com) — mru m%dfKakaøsfha l%ñl oshqKqfjys
wjëka 3la we;' tajd kï ;d¾lsl ixl,amh" iajNdjO¾uh iy uki;ah' fï wkqj od¾Yksl
moaO;sh fldgia 3lg wvx.= jk iq¨ fõ' tkï" ;d¾lsl ixl,amh f.fkkqfha ;¾l Ydia;%hhs'
tfy;a ;¾lYdia;%h hkafkka fy.,a woyia lrkq ,enqfõ wêfN!;sljdohgh' tkï"
wêfN!;sljdoh mru m%dfKakaøsfhys iajNdjh úia;r flf¾'˜^ l,kaiQßh ta' ã' mS' kQ;k ngysr
o¾Ykh"326'ms'& fï wkqj fy.,a úiska b÷rdu ish o¾Ykh u.ska wêfN!;sljdohka wjOdrKh
lr we;s nj ks.ukh l< yelsh'

c¾udkq o¾Ykfhys ;j;a jeo.;a mqoa.,fhl= f,i tâukaâ yqi,a fmkajdosh yelsh' yqi,a
bosßm;a l< flakaøSh lafIa;%h jQfha m%mxpfõohhs' bka .uH jk fndfyda lreKq wkqj Tyq
ufkdaúoHdj ú{dkjdoS w¾:hlska ms<s.;a nj meyeos,s fõ' wfkla w;g th wd;aóh
ú{dkjdohls' yqi,a ish uQ,sl wjOdkh fhduq lrk ,oafoa m%mxphka wmf.a ukig ljr
wdldrfhka f.dapr fõo hk ldrKh wOHhkh lsÍu i|ydh' fï wkqj fuh uq¿ukskau wd;aó h
yd ú{dkjdoS wOHhkhls' tfukau th o¾Ykhg jvd ióm jkafka ufkdúoHdjgh' fjk;a
f,ilska w¾: olajkafka kï m%mxpfõoh ufkdaúoHdj ms<sn| o¾Ykh hehs ye|skaúh yelsh'ta
wkqj meyeos,s jkafka yqi,af.a o¾Ykho wêfN!;sljdohkaf.ka hqla; jk njhs'

yqi,ag miqj tk ó<`. c¾udkq od¾Ykslhd jkafka ud¾áka ffyv.¾h' Tyqf.a o¾Ykh
w;sYh ixlS¾K jQjls' tfukau th iïmQ¾Kfhkau wêfN!;sljdoh yd iïnkaO fõ'
wêfN!;sljdofhys úIh jia;+ka jk meje;au yd ld,h iïnkaOj Tyq .eUqre ú.%yhl kshe,S
we;' Tyq úiska ta iïnkaOj rÑ; lD;sh jkafka “Being and Time” lD;shhs' fuysoS fy.,a úiska
f.k tk m%dfKakaøsh keu;s ixl,amh i;aNjfõoS wdldrfhka j¾Okh lsÍula fï ;=< oelsh
yelsh' fï wkqj meyeos,s jkafka iuia; c¾udkq o¾Ykfhau mqfrda.dóka úiska ish o¾Yk ;=<oS
wêfN!;sljdo .uH lsÍu i|yd mßY%uhka ord we;s njhs' c¾udkq o¾Ykfhau uQ,sl moku njg
m;aj we;af;a wêfN!;sljdohkah'

udlaia jQ l,S jpkfha mßiudma; w¾:fhkau fN!;sljdosfhls' ta nj ikd; lsÍug Tyqf.a

b;sydih iïnkaO fN!;sljdoS oDIaáhu m%udKj;ah' fN!;sljdoh hkafkka ir,j woyia
jkafka fN!;slh h:d¾:fhys mokï uQ,O¾uh jk w;r udkisl m%mxp" ú{dkh hkdosh
fN!;sl wka;¾l%shdj, m%;sM,hla f,i ms<s.efkk jdohhs' udlaia úiska wêiajNdúljdo
m%;slafIam lrhs' ^http://www.allaboutworldview.org)' fï wkqj udlaia yereKqfldg c¾udkq
o¾Ykh ksfhdackh l< iEu od¾Ykslfhl= mdfyau wêfN!;sljdohka ish o¾Ykhka fj; wE|d
.ekSula oelsh yelsh' kuq;a udlaia fuhska fjkiaj hñka fN!;sljdoS oDIaáfldaKhl isg ish
iudc o¾Ykh bosßm;a lf<ah' wfkla w;g udlaia úiska meyeos,s l< mßos fuf;la od¾Ykslhka
isÿ lr we;af;a f,dalh ú.%y lsÍuh' kuq;a isÿ l< hq;af;a f,dalh fjkia lsÍuh' fï wkqj
udlaia úiska bosßm;a lr we;af;a wêfN!;sljdohkaf.ka f;dr m%dfhda.sl o¾Ykhla jk nj
meyeos,s fõ'

udlaiaf.a o¾Ykh f.dvke.Su flfrys kHdhsl n,mEu ,eî we;af;a fy.,a ;=<sks' kuq;a
fyf.,shdkq o¾Ykh jkdyS lfGdar wêfN!;sljdohkaf.ka .yK jQjls' fï fya;= u; udlaia
úiska fy.,af.ka Wlyd .kakd ,oafoa wfmdayljdoS oDIaáh muKla hehs is;sh yelsh' —udlaia
fy.,a iu. muKla fkdj fy.,af.a mQ¾j.dñhd jQ budkqfj,a ldkaÜ iu.o ú{dkjdofhka
cks; lrk ,o .eg¨ ms<sn| .kqfokq fírd.kq ,enqfõ fy.,a úfõpkh lsÍu yrydh'˜ ^fgÍ
B.,agka" ld,a udlaia" mß' fviaukaâ u,a,sldrÉÑ" fmrjok& fï wkqj meyeos,s jkafka udlaia
úiska fy.,a yd ldkaÜj úfõpkh lr we;af;a ú{dkjdoS o¾Ykh ;=<ska uE;a ùu i|ydh' fï
;=<ska udlaia úiska wêfN!;sljdohka m%;slafIam lr we;s nj meyeos,s fõ'

fï wkqj udlaia úiska bosßm;a lr we;af;a wêfN!;sljdohkaf.ka f;dr iudc

o¾Ykhls' tfukau th udkjjdoS o¾Ykhlao fõ' — jevlrk ck;djg ke;skï lïlre
mka;shg Yla;su;a foaYmd,ksl l%shdud¾.hla iemhSu udlaiaf.a tlu n,dfmdfrd;a;=j jQ w;r
tu wruqK bgqlr.ekSu i|yd Tyq o¾Ykjdoh" iudcjdoh yd foaYmd,k w¾:Ydia;%h hk
úIhka flfrys b;du;a úma,jldÍ fjkiaùï rdYshla lf<ah'˜^ u,a,sldrÉÑ" fviaukaâ" ld,a
fmdm¾¦ udlaiajdofha jHdc úfõplfhla" 35-36 ms'& fï wkqj meyeos,s jkafka udlaia úiska
wd¾Ól lreKq mokï lr.;a iudc o¾Ykhla bosßm;a lr we;s njhs'

udlaiajdoS o¾Ykfhys uQ,sl uQ,O¾u lsysmhls' tajd kï" wd¾Ól úoHd;aul u; jQ

jákdlu ms<sn| Y%ujdoh" w;sßla; jákdlu" mka;s igk" wd¾Ól ksh;sjdoh"ksh;sjdoS
mßKdujdoh hkdoshhs' ^ O¾uisß" .=Kmd," od¾Yksl m%Yak" 175-182 ms'& fï wkqj udlaiaf.a uQ,sl
wjOdkh fhduqj we;af;a wd¾Ól lreKq flfrys ñi wêfN!;sljdoS lreKq flfrys fkdjk nj
meyeos,s fõ'

tfiau wêfN!;sljdohka iïnkaOj udlaia ;=< we;af;a úfõpkd;aul oDIaáfldKhls'

—''''''iQrdlk yd iQrdlkq ,nk mx;sj, whs;sjdislï w;r .e,mSula we;súh fkdyels nj olajkq
,enQ w;r ft;sydisl wjYH;dj ms<sn| .eUqßka ;u o¾Ykh fufyhjQ fy.,a jeks wh mjd
iudc o¾YkfhaoS olajk ,oafoa ú{dkjdoS iajrEmhla nj Tyqf.a my; i|yka lshufkka
meyeos,s fõ'

—foúfhda f,dj md,kh lr;s' tfiau Wkajykafiaf.a ie,iqu imqrd,Sfuka f,dal

b;sydih ilia fjhs'˜ ^—udlaiajdoS iodpdr o¾Ykh˜"mqIam frdøsf.da"
*sf,dafid*shd""ixia"lkafoaf.dv úu,Oïu ysñ"59'ms'& kuq;a udlaia úiska foúhka iïnkaO
fldg.;a iudc oDIaáh o¾Ykfhka bj;a lsÍug wjYH od¾Yksl Ñka;kh bosßm;a lf<ah'—
foúhkajykafiaf.a leue;a; u; mokï jQ Okm;s mx;sh úiska foaYkd lrk wdpdrO¾ufha
iodpdr O¾u wm ienúkau m%;slafIam lrkq ,nkjd' fuysoS wm foúhka úYajdi lrkafka ke;s
mQclhka" bvï ysñhka iy Okm;shka foúhkaf.a kdufhka fmkS isg tu.ska iQrdlEfï
whs;sjdislï ;yjqre lr.kq ,nkjd' iodpdr mk;a u; iy foúhkaf.a mk;a u; wdpdrO¾u
mokï lrkjd fjkqjg Tjqka ksrka;rfhkau foúhkaf.a mk;aj,g iudk jk ú{dkjdoS fyda
w¾Oú{dkjdoS jd.a mdG u; tajd mokï lr.kS'˜^—udlaiajdoS iodpdr o¾Ykh˜"mqIam frdøsf.da"
*sf,dafid*shd""ixia"lkafoaf.dv úu,Oïu ysñ"63-64'ms'& fuhska meyeos,s jkafka ú{dkjdohka
u; mokï jQ iudc oDIaáh ms<sn| udlaia ;=< mej;s úpdrd;aul ia:djrhhs'

fulS lreKq wkqj meyeos,s jkafka udlaia jkdyS c¾udkq o¾Ykfha fjk;a od¾Ykslhka
.;a u. .uka fkdlrk ,o od¾Ykslfhl= jk njhs'—udlaia o¾Ykh ms<sn| idïm%odhsl
w¾:fhka od¾Ykslfhl= fkdùu iy ta ksidu Tyq m%;s od¾Ykslfhl= ùu" Tyq f*%âßla kSI fuka
idïm%odhsl jeo.eïulg ke;s udkj úfrdaë fndfydaúg wêfN!;sl f,i ,dlaIKsl jQ iy ta
ksidfjkau wdêm;H ish ji`.hg .;a o¾Ykhg tfrysj hñka o¾Ykh hkak wd¾Ólh" tys
b;sydih iy foaYmd,kh ;=<ska ks¾jpkh lsÍug W;aidy .;a m%:u od¾Ykslhd ùu'˜^fgÍ
B.,agka" ld,a udlaia" mß' fviaukaâ u,a,sldrÉÑ"fmrjok& fuhska meyeos,s jkafka wfkl=;a
c¾udkq od¾Ykslhka w;ßka udlaia iqúfYaIS jk wkaouhs' —fï wkqj iodpdrh"
wd.u"mdrfN!;sljdoh”oDIaájdofha wka ish,a,u iy tajdfhys wkqrEmS ú{dk rEmldrlhka"
ia:dhS;djhl Pdhdud;%hla ;jÿrg;a mj;ajd.kafka ke;' ixj¾Okhla ke;' tfy;a ñksiaiq ;u
fN!;sl ksIamdokh yd ;u fN!;sl iud.uh ixj¾Okh lrñka tajdo iu. ;ukaf.a ienE
meje;au";u Ñka;kh yd ;u Ñka;kfha ksIamdos;hka mßj¾;kh lr;s' cSú;h ;SrKh
flfrkafka ú{dkh u.ska fkdfõ' ú{dkh ;SrKh flfrkafka cSú;h u.sks'˜^fgÍ B.,agka"
ld,a udlaia" mß' fviaukaâ u,a,sldrÉÑ"39-40'ms'& fuh udlaia ;=< mej;s fN!;sljdoS oDIaáh
.uH lsÍu i|yd fyd|u WodyrKhls' udlaiag wkqj fuf;la mej;s ish¨ iudcj, b;sydih
mx;s wr.,j, b;sydih fõ' fï wkqj Tyqf.a ft;sydisl fN!;sljdoh mokï jkafka
wêfN!;sljdoS lreKla u; fkdj idudkH iudc l%shdldÍ;ajfha lsishï ixisoaêhla u;h'

udlaia úiska úoHdjg tyd .sh o¾Ykhka fyj;a úoHdfjka iajdëk o¾Ykh m%;slafIam lrhs' fï
nj Tyq ish jdoh úoHd;aul iudcjdoh f,i ye|skaùfukao meyeos,s
fõ'^http://www.aldhiaa.com&' ta wkqj úoHdj hkqu wêfN!;sljdohka m%;slafIam lsÍuhs'
úoHdfõ uQ,sl wfmalaIdj jkafka jdia;úl;ajh we;slsÍuhs' fï wkqj udlaia úoHdj fj; keUqre
ùfukao meyeos,s jkafka Tyq úiska wêfN!;sljdohka m%;slafIam lrkq ,nk njhs'

wêfN!;sljdohkaf.ka .yK jQ wd.u iïnkaO udlaiaf.a ia:djrh ;=<skao meyeos,s

jkafka Tyq úiska oeä f,i wêfN!;sljdo m%;slafIam lr we;s njhs' udlaiag wkqj wd.u u.ska
isÿ lrkafka B<`. wd;aula ms<sn|j ñksid uq,d lrñka fï wd;aufha ú|sk ÿflka ñoSu m%udo
lrjk iudc wdh;khla njh' th flfiao h;a u;a øjHhla u.ska ñksid u;a lrjk wdldrhg
wd.u u.ska ñksidj u;a lrjhs' fï wkqj udlaia fmkajdfokafka wd.u wìx yd iudk jk njhs'
kuq;a udlaia úiska fuysoS úfõpkh fldg we;af;a i¾jn,OdÍ foúhka ms<s.efkk l%sia;h
s dks
wd.u nj is;sh yelsh' ta wkqj foúhka úfõpkh lsÍu hkq wêfN!;sljdohkaf.ka ÿria ùula
fia fmkajdosh yelsh'

fulS ish¨ ldrKd wkqj lsj yelafla c¾udkq o¾Ykh ;=< ld,a udlaiaf.a o¾Ykh w;sYh
iqúfYaIS jk njhs' tkï tys uQ,sl ,laIKhla jQ wêfN!;sljdohka ms<s.ekSu yd o¾Ykh
wêfN!;sljdo u; mokï lsÍu yqfola o¾Ykfha uQ,sl moku fia wfkl=;a c¾udkq od¾Ykslhka
i,ld we;snj fmfka' fï wkqj fulS m%jK;dj udlaiajdoS o¾Ykh ;=< oelsh fkdye' ukaoh;a
udlaia úiska bosßm;a lr we;af;a iudc o¾Ykhls' udkjhdf.a ú|ùu iïnkaO ldrKfhaoS ta
i|yd fN!;sljdoS úi÷ula bosßm;a lsÍug udlaia W;aidy ord we;' fï wkqj wjika jYfhka
ks.ukh l< yelafla udlaia c¾udkq o¾Ykh ;=< iqúfYaIS jk njhs' óg fya;=j jkafka
wêfN!;sljdohkaf.ka ;u o¾Ykh wE;alr ;nd we;s njhs' fï ksidu ld,a udlaia c¾udkq
o¾Ykh ;=< l¨ neg¨fjl= fia fmkajdosh yelsh'

udlaiajdoS o¾Ykh fndfyda fofkl= úiska w.h lrkq ,enqjo th ta yd iudk msßilf.a
úfõpkhkago Ndckh jk whqre oel.; yelsh' fï wkqj udlaiajdoS o¾Ykh ;=< ie,lsh hq;=
ÿ¾j,;d mj;sk nj úoHudk fõ' fuysoS udlaia c¾udkq o¾Ykh ;=< l¨ neg¨fjl= fia w.h
lrkq ,enqjo th uq¿ukskau idOdrK fõo hkak úuid ne,Su jeo.;ah'

ta wkqj we;uqka úiska udlaiajdofha wvq¨yqvq;d fmkajdfoñka th úfõpkh lr we;'

úfYaIfhkau udlaiajdoh ;=<o wêfN!;sljdoS ú.%yhka wka;¾.; fõ hkak fujeks tla
úfõpkhls' udlaiajdoh ;=< wka;¾.; jkakdjQ úYajfõoh wêfN!;sl iajrEmhla .kakd nj
fujeks u;OdÍkaf.a woyihs' fuu u;h ikd; lsÍug bosßm;a lrk woyila jkafka
udlaiajdoSka úiska foúhka jeks lsisÿ wêiajNdúl hula f,dalh ;=< ke;ehs mejiSug Tjqka ;=<
lsishï ue<slula we;s njhs' Tjqka yqfola m%ldY lrkafka fN!;sl f,dalh w;S;fhaoS mej;s w;r
th j¾;udkfhaoSo mj;sñka wkd.;fhaoS mej;sh yels nj ñi foúhka ke;s njla fkdfõ' fï
wkqj udlaia uq¨ukskau foúhka m%;slafIam fldg ke;s njla ñka .uH fõ'

tfukau udlaiajdoh ;=<o ie,lsh hq;= wdldrfha i;aNjjdohla wka;¾.; fõ'

udlaiajdoSkag wkqj úYajfha mru jia;=j;a fjkia fkdjk fya;=j;a wfmdaylhhs' kQ;k fN!;sl
úoHdjg wkqj fN!;slh hkq mru øjHhhs' udlaiajdoSka úiska b;d ;oska we<S isák u;hla
jkafka fN!;slh f,dalfha mru meje;au jk njhs' tfukau th iodld,slo fõ' fï wkqj fuh
udlaiajdoSka ms<s.kakd mru h:d¾:hhs'^http://www.allaboutworldview.org&

—uq¿uy;a iudchu wfmdayljdoS l%uhg wkqj wjYHfhkau úmßKdu fjñka lsishï

mrud¾:hla fidhd .uka lrkafka hehs wm lshkafka flfiao@ udlaia fN!;sljdosfhls'
wfmdayjdoS isoaOdka;h .=re;ajdl¾IKh fuka fN!;sl Í;shla fkdfõ' th jvd nqoaêf.dapr jvd
úpdrnqoaêuh isÿOdka;hls' tjeks isoaOdka;hla w;sYfhdala;sfhka wjOdrKh lsÍu
fN!;sljdofhka msg mekSula fkdjkafkao@˜^ O¾uisß" .=Kmd," od¾Yksl m%Yak" 175-182 ms'&
fN!;sljdofhka msg mekSu hkq wêfN!;sljdoh je<|.ekSu hehs Wml,amkh l< yelsh'

tfiau udlaia úiska wjOdrKh lrk ,o rdcH ixl,amh lsishï ufkdardcHhsl

ixl,amhla njgo úfõpk t,a, fõ'—udlaiaf.a iudcjdoh .ek lsj yelafla l=ulao@ th wfkla
tajdgo jvd ufkdardcHhsl iudcjdohla hehs lsj yelsh' tla me;a;lska .;a l, ;ju;a lsisu
rgl udlaiaf.a iudcjdoh ìysù fkdue;' wfkla me;afka udlaia ;u m%jdoh ix.;j fya;=
idOl iyd;j bosßm;a lr fkdue;s nj fmkS hhs'˜^o is,ajd"k,skao" udlaiajdofha oßø;djh"23'ms'&
fï wkqj meyeos,s jkafka lsishï wxY=ud;%hsl jYfhka udlaia ;=< wêfN!;sl <eoshdjla mej;
we;s njhs' kuq;a th wjfYaI c¾udkq o¾Ykh ;rï lfGdar fkdjkakla nj wjOrKfhka
mejish hq;=h' fï wkqj wjika jYfhka ks.ukh l< yelafla c¾udkq o¾Ykh ;=<
wêfN!;sljdohkaf.ka fjkaùu fya;=fldgf.k udlaia tys l¨ neg¨fjl= fia fmkajdosh yels
njhs'

wdY%s; .%ka: kdudj,sh

l,kaiQßh ta' ã' mS' kQ;k ngysr o¾Ykh"wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j"1997'

u,a,sldrÉÑ" fviaukaâ" ld,a fmdm¾¦ udlaiajdofha jHdc úfõplfhla"ixys| uqøK iy
m%ldYk"2010
B.,agka" fgÍ "ld,a udlaia" mß' fviaukaâ u,a,sldrÉÑ"lvq,a, m%ldYk"2007'
O¾uisß" .=Kmd," od¾Yksl m%Yak" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j"1970'
o is,ajd"k,skao" udlaiajdofha oßø;djh"Ñka;k m¾Io m%ldYk" 1993'
Ydia;%Sh ,sms
frdøsf.da" mqIam "—udlaiajdoS iodpdr o¾Ykh˜" *sf,dafid*shd"od¾Yksl ,sms
irKsh"ixia"lkafoaf.dv úu,Oïu ysñ"o¾Yk wOHhk wxYh"le,Ksh úYajúoHd,h

Web sites
https://en.wikipedia.org

https://criticalessays.co.uk
http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com
http://www.allaboutworldview.org
http://www.aldhiaa.com
http://www.allaboutworldview.org