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Some New Identities Involving Sheffer–Appell Polynomial Sequences via

Matrix Approach

Article  in  Mediterranean Journal of Mathematics · August 2019

DOI: 10.1007/s00009-019-1398-7

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 SOME NEW IDENTITIES INVOLVING SHEFFER-APPELL
POLYNOMIAL SEQUENCES VIA MATRIX APPROACH

MOHD SHADAB, FRANCISCO MARCELLÁN AND SAIMA JABEE∗

Abstract. In this contribution some new identities involving Sheffer-Appell polyno-

mial sequences using generalized Pascal functional and Wronskian matrices are de-
duced. As a direct application of them, identities involving families of polynomials as
Euler, Bernoulli, Miller-Lee and Apostol-Euler polynomials, among others, are given.

1. introduction
Sequences of polynomials play an important role in many problems of pure and applied
mathematics in the framework of approximation theory, statistics, combinatorics and
classical analysis (see, for example, [19, 22–25]). The sequence of Sheffer polynomials
constitutes one of the most important family of polynomial sequences. A polynomial
sequence {sn (x)}n≥0 is said to be a Sheffer polynomial sequence [6, 9, 24, 27] if its
generating function has the following form:
∞
xH(y)
X yn
A(y)e = sn (x) , (1.1)
n!
n=0
where
A(y) = A0 + A1 y + · · · ,
and
H(y) = H1 y + H2 y 2 + · · · ,
with A0 6= 0 and H1 6= 0.

Let us recall an alternative definition of the Sheffer polynomial sequences [24, Pg. 17].
yn yn
Indeed, let h(y) = ∞
P P∞
n=1 hn n! , h1 6= 0, and l(y) = n=0 ln n! , l0 6= 0, be, respectively,
delta series and invertible series with complex coefficients. Then there exists a unique
sequence of Sheffer polynomials {sn (x)}n≥0 satisfying the orthogonality conditions
hl(y)h(y)k |sn (x)i = n!δn,k ∀ n, k = 0, (1.2)
where δn,k is the Kronecker delta. Notice that
P the above orthogonality is defined as
follows. Given a formal power series f (x) = ∞ an n
n=0 n! x we can introduce a linear func-
tional in the linear space of polynomials associated with f such that hf (x)|xn i = an ,
n ≥ 0, and extended by linearity to every polynomial. See [24, p.6]. The polynomial
sequence {sn (x)}n≥0 is said to be polynomial Sheffer sequence for the pair (l(y), h(y)).

2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. 15A15, 15A24, 33C45.

Key words and phrases. Sheffer-Appell polynomial sequence; Generalized Pascal functional; Wron-
skian matrices; Identities; Orthogonal polynomials.
*Corresponding author.
1
2 M. SHADAB, F. MARCELLÁN AND SAIMA JABEE

Notice that an algebraic approach to Sheffer polynomial sequences has been done in
[8]. On the other hand, a perspective about Sheffer polynomials and the monomiality
principle by using algebraic methods appears in [9].

Roman [24, p. 18, Theorem 2.3.4] introduced the exponential generating function of
sn (x) as follows

∞
1 X yn
exh̃(y) = sn (x) . (1.3)
l(h̃(y)) n!
n=0

where h̃ is the compositional inverse of h.

The Sheffer sequence for the pair (l(y), y) is called an Appell sequence for l(y). In
fact, Roman [24] characterized Appell sequences as follows

{αn (x)}n≥0 is an Appell polynomial sequence if either

d

αn (x) = nαn−1 (x), n ∈ N,
dx
or if there exists an exponential generating function of the form (see also the recent works
[20, 28])
∞
xy
X yn
A(y)e = αn (x) , (1.4)
n!
n=0
where N denotes the set of positive integer numbers and
1
A(y) = .
l(y)
We also note that for H(y) = y, the generating function (1.1) of the Sheffer polynomials
sn (x) reduces to the generating function (1.4) of the Appell polynomials αn (x).

A determinantal approach to Appell polynomials has been given in [7]. In [13] (see
also [26]) He and Ricci derived some recurrence relations and differential equations for
the Appell polynomial sequence. Further, in [32] (see also [1]) Youn and Yang obtained
some identities and differential equation for the Sheffer polynomial sequence by using
matrix algebra.

Now, in order to recall the definition of the generalized Pascal functional matrix of an
analytic function (see [30]), let
∞
( )
X yr
F = h(y) = αr , αr ∈ C .
r!
r=0
Then the generalized Pascal functional matrix [Pn (h(y))], which is a lower triangular
matrix of order (n + 1) × (n + 1) for h(y) ∈ F, is defined by
  
i (i−j)
h (y), i = j,


j

Pn [h(y)]ij = (1.5)


0, otherwise,

 SOME NEW IDENTITIES INVOLVING SHEFFER-APPELL POLYNOMIAL SEQUENCES 3

for all i, j = 0, 1, 2, · · · , n. Here h(i) (y) denotes the ith order derivative of h(y).

We next recall the nth order Wronskian matrix of analytic functions h1 (y), h2 (y),
· · · , hm (y), with size (n + 1) × m, as follows:
 
h1 (y) h2 (y) h3 (y) · · · hm (y)
 0 0 0 0
h3 (y) · · · hm (y) 

 h1 (y) h2 (y)
Wn [h1 (y), h2 (y), · · · , hm (y)] =  . . (1.6)
 
 .. .. .. .. .. 
 . . . . 

(n) (n) (n) (n)
h1 (y) h2 (y) h3 (y) · · · hm (y)
Next we summarize some properties and relations between the Wronskian matrices and
the generalized Pascal functional matrices since they constitute a basic tool of our work
(see, for example, [31, 32]).

Property I. For h(y), l(y) ∈ C[y], Pn [h(y)] and Wn [h(y)] satisfy that is,
Pn [uh(y) + vl(y)] = uPn [h(y)] + vPn [l(y)]
and
Wn [uh(y) + vl(y)] = uWn [h(y)] + vWn [l(y)],
where u, v ∈ C.

Property II. For h(y), l(y) ∈ C[y],

Pn [h(y)l(y)] = Pn [h(y)]Pn [l(y)] = Pn [l(y)]Pn [h(y)].
Property III. For h(y), l(y) ∈ C[y],
Wn [h(y)l(y)] = Pn [h(y)]Wn [l(y)] = Pn [l(y)]Wn [h(y)].
Property IV. For h(y), l(y) ∈ C[y], with h(0) = 0 and h0 (0) 6= 0,
Wn [l(h(y))]y=0 = Wn 1, h(y), h2 (y), · · · , hn (y) y=0 Ω−1
   
n Wn [l(y)] y=0 ,


where
Ωn = diag[0!, 1!, 2!, · · · , n!].
In [15] the authors introduced the Sheffer-Appell polynomials as a discrete Appell
convolution of Sheffer polynomials. Its generating function, series definition as well
as a determinantal definition are deduced. These polynomials are strongly related to
the monomiality principle and some of their properties are presented. Results for the
Sheffer-Bernoulli and Sheffer-Euler polynomials are obtained. In particular, differential
equations satisfied by these polynomials are given.

The Sheffer-Appell polynomial sequences are umbral composition ([24], pg. 41) of
Appell and Sheffer polynomial sequences. Hence they are particular Sheffer sequences.
The generating function of the Sheffer-Appell polynomial sequence {s An (x)}n≥0 is de-
fined as
∞
1 xh−1 (y)
X yn
e = s A n (x) , (1.7)
l(h−1 (y))l(y) n!
n=0
4 M. SHADAB, F. MARCELLÁN AND SAIMA JABEE

1 −1
where l(h−1 (y))l(y)
exh (y) is analytic. Then by using Taylor’s theorem, we obtain

dk
 
1 xh−1 (y) 

s Ak (x) = e  , k ≥ 0. (1.8)
dy k l(h−1 (y))l(y) y=0

For the Sheffer-Appell polynomial sequence {s An (x)}n≥0 associated to the pair (l(y), h(y))
we introduce the vector
~
s An (x) = [s A0 (x), s A1 (x), . . . , s An (x)]T , (1.9)

which can also be expressed as

 
~ T 1 xh−1 (y) 

s An (x) = [s A0 (x), s A1 (x), . . . , s An (x)] = Wn −1
e  . (1.10)
l(h (y))l(y) y=0

As an auxiliary result we deduce an expression for the Wronskian matrix of the vector
~
s n (x).
A

Lemma 1.1. Let {s An (x)}n≥0 be the Sheffer-Appell polynomial sequence associated

with the pair (l(y), h(y)). Then
~ n (x)]T Ω−1
Wn [s A n
= Wn [1, (h−1 (y)), (h−1 (y))2 , · · · , (h−1 (y))n ]y=0


      
1 1 
· Ω−1
n Pn Pn  Pn [exy ]  . (1.11)
  
l(y) l(h(y))

  
y=0 y=0 y=0

Proof. Let us begin with (1.10), that is,

  
~ 1 −1
s An (x) = Wn exh (y)  . (1.12)

−1
l(h (y))l(y) 
y=0

Applying Property IV in (1.12), we get

   
−1 −1 −1
 1
~ 2 n 
s An (x) = Wn [1, (h (y)), (h (y)) , · · · , (h (y)) ] Ω−1
n Wn exy  (1.13)
.

 l(y)l(h(y)) 
y=0 y=0

Taking into account



Wn [exy ] = [1, x, x2 , · · · , xn ]T , (1.14)


y=0

then (1.13) becomes



~ −1 −1 2 −1 n
s An (x) = Wn [1, (h (y)), (h (y)) , · · · , (h (y)) ]


y=0
    

1 1
· Ω−1
n Pn Pn  [1, x, x2 , · · · , xn ]T . (1.15)
 
l(y) l(h(y)) 


y=0 y=0
 SOME NEW IDENTITIES INVOLVING SHEFFER-APPELL POLYNOMIAL SEQUENCES 5

Now, by taking the kth order derivative with respect to x in both hand sides of (1.15)
and dividing the resulting equation by k!, we obtain
1 (k) (k)
[s A0 (x), s A1 (x), · · · , s A(k)
n (x)]
T
k! 

= Wn [1, (h−1 (y)), (h−1 (y))2 , · · · , (h−1 (y))n ]


y=0
   

1  1
· Ω−1
n Pn  Pn

l(y)  l(h(y)) 

y=0 y=0

n n−k T
       
k+1 k+2 2
· 0, · · · , 0, 1, x, x ,··· , x . (1.16)
k k k
Hence, the right-hand side and left-hand side of (1.16) are the kth columns of
      
−1 −1 2 −1

n  −1 1  1 xy

Wn [1, (h (y)), (h (y)) , · · · , (h (y)) ] Ωn Pn Pn Pn [e ]
 
l(y)  l(h(y)) 
 
 
y=0 y=0 y=0 y=0

and
Wn [s A0 (x), s A1 (x), · · · , s An (x)]T Ω−1 ,
respectively. Thus, the statement of Lemma 1.1 follows. 
Once we have this basic background, we describe the structure of the paper. In Section
2, we derive some identities involving Sheffer-Appell polynomials. A relation between
two different sequences of such polynomials is also deduced in Theorem 6. In Section 3
we present some applications of the preceding results to particular families as Laguerre
type Appell polynomials, Apostol-Euler-Appell polynomials and Miller-Lee type Appell
polynomials.

2. Some identities involving Sheffer-Appell polynomial sequences via

matrix approach
Identities involving orthogonal polynomials are obtained in the literature by using
different approaches (see, e.g. [5, 11, 12, 14]). In this section, we derive some results
for Sheffer-Appell polynomial sequences by using the generalized Pascal functional and
Wronskian matrices.

First, we obtain a representation of the polynomial of degree n + 1 in terms of the

previous ones.

Theorem 1. The Sheffer-Appell polynomial sequence s An (x) ∼ (l(y), h(y)) satisfies the
following relation
n (k) n  
s An (x) n
X X
a0s An+1 (x) = (bk x − bk+1 − ck ) − an−k+1s Ak (x). (2.1)
k! k−1
k=0 k=1

Here 
0 −1 −1

(k) 
ak = h (h (y))l(h (y)) 
 , k = 0,
y=0
6 M. SHADAB, F. MARCELLÁN AND SAIMA JABEE

0

(k) 
bk = l (y) 
 , k = 0,
y=0
and
(k) 
h0 (y)l0 (h(y))l(y)


ck =  , k = 0.
l(h(y)) 
y=0

Proof. Let consider

" −1
!# 
d exh (y)
h0 (h−1 (y))l(h−1 (y))

Wn  . (2.2)
dy l(h−1 (y))l(y) 
y=0

On one hand, applying property III, we get

" −1
!# 
exh (y)

d
Pn h (h (y))l(h−1 (y))  Wn
 0 −1   

y=0 dy l(h−1 (y))l(y) 
y=0

or, equivalently,
 
a0 0 0 ... 0  
 s A1 (x)
 a0 a1 0 ... 0   s A2 (x) 

2

 
=  a2 1 a1 a0 ... 0   s A3 (x)  . (2.3)
  
. .. .. .. ..  
  .
.. 
. .
. . . . 
n

A
s n+1 (x)
an 1 an−1 . . . ... a0
On the other hand, we can write (2.2) as
" −1
#
h0 (h−1 (y))l0 (y)l(h−1 (y)) exh (y)

−1 0 −1

Wn xl(h (y)) − − l (h (y))  . (2.4)
l(y) l(h−1 (y))l(y) y=0

Applying property IV in (2.4), we get


−1 −1 −1
2 n 
Ω−1
 
= Wn 1, h (y), (h (y)) , . . . , (h (y))  n
y=0
h0 (y)l(y)l0 (h(y)) exy
  
0

Wn xl(y) − − l (y)  (2.5)
l(h(y)) l(h(y))l(y) y=0
According to property III, (2.5) reads
    
−1 −1 −1 1  1
2 n
Ω−1
  
= Wn 1, h (y), (h (y)) , . . . , (h (y))  n Pn Pn 
y=0 l(y) y=0
 l(h(y)) y=0
h0 (y)l(y)l0 (h(y))
  
xy  0
 
.Pn [e ]  Wn xl(y) − − l (y)  . (2.6)
y=0 l(h(y)) y=0

From Lemma 1.1 we get

= Wn [s A0 (x), s A1 (x), s A2 (x), . . . , s An (x)]T Ω−1
n
"  0  #
0
 
h (y)l(y)l (h(y)) 
− Wn [l0 (y)]
  
xWn [l(y)] − Wn
y=0 l(h(y)) 
y=0 y=0
 SOME NEW IDENTITIES INVOLVING SHEFFER-APPELL POLYNOMIAL SEQUENCES 7

or, equivalently,
 
s A0 (x) 0 0 ... 0  
0  xb0 − b1 − c0
s A1 (x)

 A (x) 0 ... 0 
s 1 1!   xb1 − b2 − c1 
 0 00  
s A2 (x) s A2 (x)   xb2 − b3 − c2 
=  s A2 (x) ... 0 . (2.7)

1! 2! 
..
 .. .. .. ..
  
.. .
.
 
 . . . . 
 0 00
 xbn − bn+1 − cn
(n)
s An (x) s An (x) s An (x)
s An (x) 1! 2! ... n!
Finally, identifying the nth rows of (2.3) and (2.7), the statement follows. 
Next, we obtain an interesting relation satisfied by the polynomial of degree n and
their derivatives in terms of the polynomials of degree at most n − 1.
Theorem 2. Let s An (x) ∼ (l(y), h(y)) be the Sheffer-Appell polynomial sequence. Then,
n   n (k)
X n−1 X s An (x)
n an−ks Ak (x) = (xbk + ck + dk ) ,
k−1 k!
k=1 k=0
(2.8)
where 
0

(k) 
−1
ak = h (h (y))  , k = 0,

 y=0
bk = (h(y))(k)  , k = 0,

y=0
(k) 
−h(y)l0 (h(y)))h0 (y)


ck =  , k = 0,
l(h(y)) 
y=0
and (k) 
−l0 (y)h(y)


dk =  , k = 0.
l(y) 
y=0
Proof. From
" −1
!# 
0 −1 d exh (y) 
Wn yh (h (y))  (2.9)
dy l(h−1 (y))l(y) 
y=0

and applying property III in (2.9), we get

" −1
!# 
exh (y)
 
  0 −1   d 
Pn [y]  Pn h (h (y)  Wn 
y=0 y=0 dy l(h−1 (y))l(y) 
y=0
or, equivalently,
 
0 0 0 ... 0 0  0  
 a0 0 0 ... 0
1 0 0 . . . 0 0 0 s A1 (x)

  a1 a
0 0 ... 0
0 2 0 . . . 0 0 0   s A2 (x) 
  
2

= 0 0 3 . . . 0 0  0 .
 a2 1 a1 a0 ... 0  .. .
    
 .. .. .. . . .. ..   .. .. .. .. .. ..   
. . . . . . .
 . . . . .   s An (x) 
n n



0 0 0 . . . n − 1 0 0 an
 a
1 n−1 a
2 n−2 ... a0 s An+1 (x)
0 0 0 ... 0 n 0
(2.10)
8 M. SHADAB, F. MARCELLÁN AND SAIMA JABEE

On the other hand, we can rewrite (2.9) as

" −1
#
h0 (h−1 (y))l0 (y)h(h−1 (y)) l0 (h−1 (y))h(h−1 (y)) exh (y)

−1

Wn xh(h (y)) − − −1 −1
 .
l(y) l(h (y)) l(h (y))l(y) y=0
(2.11)
From property IV we deduce

−1 −1 −1
2 n
Ω−1

= Wn [1, (h (y)), (h (y)) , . . . , (h (y)) ] n
y=0
h0 (y)l0 (h(y))h(y) l0 (y)h(y) exy
  

.Wn xh(y) − −  . (2.12)
l(h(y)) l(y) l(y)l(h(y)) y=0
Next, using property III in (2.12), we get
   
−1 −1 2 −1 n1 
 1 
= Wn [1, (h (y)), (h (y)) , . . . , (h Pn (y)) ] Pn 
y=0 l(y) 
y=0 l(h(y)) 
y=0
0 (y)l0 (h(y))h(y) 0 (y)h(y) 
   
h l
.Pn [exy ]  Ω−1

n Wn xh(y) − −  . (2.13)
y=0 l(h(y)) l(y) 
y=0
As a consequence of Lemma 1.1,
= Wn [s A0 (x), s A1 (x), s A2 (x), . . . , s An (x)]T Ω−1
n
"  0  #
0 l0 (y)h(y) 
  
 h (y)l (h(y))h(y) 
. xWn [h(y)]  + Wn − + Wn −
y=0 l(h(y)) 
y=0 l(y) 
y=0

or, equivalently,
= Wn [s A0 (x), s A1 (x), s A2 (x), . . . , s An (x)]T Ω−1
n
.[xb0 + c0 + d0 , xb1 + c1 + d1 , . . . , xbn + cn + dn ]T . (2.14)
Equating the nth rows of (2.10) and (2.14), our statement follows. 
On the other hand, we get an algebraic relation for a Sheffer-Appell polynomial of
degree n and their derivatives.
Theorem 3. The Sheffer-Appell polynomial sequence s An (x) ∼ (l(y), h(y)) satisfies
n
X xk
an = (−1)k s A(k)
n (x) , (2.15)
k!
k=0
where  (k) 
1 
ak =  , k = 0.
l(y)l(h−1 (y)) 
y=0

Proof. Let consider

 
1 
Wn −1
 . (2.16)
l(h (y))l(y) y=0
On one hand, from (1.6), we get
 
1
= [a0 , a1 , a2 , . . . , an ]T .

Wn −1
 (2.17)
l(h (y))l(y) y=0
 SOME NEW IDENTITIES INVOLVING SHEFFER-APPELL POLYNOMIAL SEQUENCES 9

On the other hand, (2.16) can be written as

" −1
#
exh (y) −1
−xh (y) 

Wn e  . (2.18)
l(h−1 (y))l(y) y=0

By using property IV in (2.18), we get

exy
  
−1 −1 −1
2 n 
Ω−1 −xy 
  
= Wn 1, h (y), (h (y)) , . . . , (h (y))  n Wn e  . (2.19)
y=0 l(y)l(h(y)) y=0

Thus, according to property III, (2.19) becomes

  
 −1 −1 2
 −1 1 
−1 n
= Wn 1, h (y), (h (y)) , . . . , (h (y))  Ωn Pn

y=0 l(y) y=0
   
1  Pn [exy ]  Wn e−xy  ,
   
.Pn (2.20)
l(h(y)) y=0 
y=0

y=0

and applying Lemma 1.1, we obtain

T
= Wn [s A0 (x), s A1 (x), s A2 (x), . . . , s An (x)]T Ω−1 1, −x, (−x)2 , . . . , (−x)n .

n (2.21)
Identifying the nth rows of (2.17) and (2.21), we get the desired result. 

Next, we obtain a representation of the Sheffer-Appell polynomial of degree n − 1 in

terms of the polynomial of degree n and their derivatives.
Theorem 4. Let s An (x) ∼ (l(y), h(y)) be the Sheffer-Appell polynomial sequence. Then,
n (k)
s An (x)
X
ak = ns An−1 (x), (2.22)
k!
k=1

where
ak = h(k) (0), 1 ≤ k ≤ n.
Proof. Let consider
" −1
!# 
exh (y) 
Wn y  . (2.23)
l(h−1 (y))l(y) 
y=0

On one hand, from property III, (2.23) reads

" −1
!#  " #
exh (y) xh−1 (y)

  e 
Wn y  = P n [y] Wn 
l(h−1 (y))l(y) 
y=0

y=0 l(h−1 (y))l(y) y=0

0 0 0 ... 0 0  0
 

1 0 0 ... 0 0
0 s A0 (x)
0 2 0 ... 0 0  0s A1 (x) 
  

0 0 3 ... 0 0
0  s A2 (x) 
 
= . (2.24)

 .. .. .. ..
.
.. .. 
 .. ..
. . . . .  . . 

0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 s An−1 (x)
 

0 0 0 ... n − 1 0 0 s An (x)
0 0 0 ... 0 n 0
10 M. SHADAB, F. MARCELLÁN AND SAIMA JABEE

According to property IV (2.24) becomes

" −1
!# 
exh (y)

−1 −1
= Wn [1, (h (y)), (h (y)) , . . . , (h (y)) ] Ω−1
2 −1 n
 
Wn y −1
 n
l(h (y))l(y) 
y=0 y=0
exy
 

× Wn h(y)  .
l(y)l(h(y)) y=0
(2.25)
By applying property III, it yields
" −1
!# 
exh (y)

= Wn [1, (h (y)), (h (y)) , . . . , (h (y)) ] Ω−1
−1 −1 2 −1 n
 
Wn y −1
 n
l(h (y))l(y) 
y=0 y=0
     
xy 
 1  1  
.Pn [e ]  Pn P n
 W n [h(y)]  .
y=0 l(y) y=0 l(h(y)) y=0 
y=0
(2.26)
Finally, as a consequence of Lemma 1.1, we get

T −1

= Wn [s A0 (x), s A1 (x), . . . , s An (x)] Ω Wn [h(y)] 
y=0
or, equivalently,
 
s A0 (x) 0 0 ... 0  
0  a1
s A1 (x)

 A (x) 0 ... 0 
s 1 1!   a2 
 0 00  
s A2 (x) s A2 (x)   a3 
=  s A2 (x) ... 0  . (2.27)

1! 2!   .. 
 .. .. .. ..

..  . 
 . . . . . 
 0 00
 an
(n)
s An (x) s An (x) s An (x)
s An (x) 1! 2! ... n!
Equating nth rows of (2.24) and (2.27), we get the statement. 
Next, a connection between the Sheffer-Appell polynomials and the function h is
deduced.
Theorem 5. The Sheffer-Appell polynomial sequence s An (x) ∼ (l(y), h(y)) satisfies
n   n 
X n X (n) xk
an−ks Ak (x) = (h−1 )k (0) , (2.28)
k k!
k=0 k=1
where 
−1

(k) 
ak = l(y)l(h (y)) 
 , k = 0.
y=0

Proof. Let consider the expression

h −1 i 
Wn exh (y)  (2.29)
y=0
or, equivalently,
" #
e xh−1 (y)
l(y)l(h−1 (y))

Wn  . (2.30)
l(y)l(h−1 (y)) y=0
 SOME NEW IDENTITIES INVOLVING SHEFFER-APPELL POLYNOMIAL SEQUENCES 11

On one hand, from property III we get

" # " #
xh−1 (y) xh−1 (y)

e e
Wn l(y)l(h−1 (y)) = Pn [l(y)l(h−1 (y))] .Wn
  
 
−1
l(y)l(h (y)) y=0
 l(y)l(h −1 (y)) 
y=0 y=0
  
a0 0 0 ... 0 s A0 (x)
 a1 a
0 0 ... 0   s A1 (x) 
 
2

=  a2

1 a1 a0 ... 0   s A2 (x) 
 
. (2.31)
 .. .. .. .. ..   .. 
. . . . .   . 
n n



an a
1 n−1 a
2 n−2 ... a0 s An (x)

On the other hand, by applying property IV in (2.30), we deduce

" #
e xh−1 (y)
Wn l(y)l(h−1 (y))


l(y)l(h−1 (y)) y=0
 
−1 −1 2 −1 n  −1 xy 
 
= Wn [1, (h (y)), (h (y)) , . . . , (h (y)) ] Ωn .Wn [e ]  ,
y=0 y=0
or, equivalently,
  
1 0 0 ... 0 1

0 (h−1 )(1) (0) ((h−1 )2 )(1) (0) ((h−1 )n )(1) (0) 
  x2 
 
1! 2! ... n!  x 
= .  . (2.32)

 .. .. .. .. ..   .. 
 . . . .  . 
(h−1 )(n) (0) ((h−1 )2 )(n) (0) ((h−1 )n )(n) (0) xn
0 1! 2! ... n!
Equating nth rows of (2.31) and (2.32), we get the result stated in the Theorem 6. 
Our next step is two find a relation between two different sequences of Sheffer-Appell
poynomial sequences.
Theorem 6. Let s An (x) ∼ (l(y), h(y)) and r An (x) ∼ (h0 (y), h(y)) be the two Sheffer-
Appell polynomial sequences. Then,
n  
X n
a0s An+1 (x) + an−k+1s Ak (x)
k−1
k=1
n−1
X n
= (xb0 + c0 + d0 )r An (x) + (xbn−k + cn−k + dn−k )r Ak (x), (2.33)
k
k=1
where 
−1

(k) 
ak = l(y)l(h (y)) 
 , k = 0,
y=0


(k) 
0
bk = h (y) 
 , k = 0,
y=0
(k) 
−h0 (h−1 (y))l0 (y)h0 (y)


ck =  , k = 0,
l(y) 
y=0
and (k) 
−l0 (h−1 (y))h0 (y)


dk =  , k = 0.
l(h−1 (y)) 
y=0
12 M. SHADAB, F. MARCELLÁN AND SAIMA JABEE

Proof. Let consider

" −1
!# 
d exh (y)
l(h−1 (y))l(y)

Wn  . (2.34)
dy l(h−1 (y))l(y) 
y=0

On one hand, from property III (2.34) reads as

" −1
!# 
exh (y)

d   −1 
Pn  Wn l(h (y))l(y) 
 
dy l(h−1 (y))l(y) y=0 y=0

or, equivalently,
 
s A1 (x) 0 0 ... 0  
 a0
 s A2 (x) s A1 (x) 0 ... 0

  a1 
2

 
  a2 
=  s A3 (x) 1 s A2 (x) s A1 (x) ... 0  . (2.35)

 .. .. .. .. ..   .. 
.  . 
. . . .

 
n

an
s An+1 (x) 1 s An (x) ... ... ns A1 (x)
On the other hand, (2.34) can be written as
" −1
#
h0 (h−1 (y))l0 (y)h0 (y) l0 (h−1 (y))h0 (y) exh (y)

0

Wn xh (y) − −  . (2.36)
l(y) l(h−1 (y)) h0 (h−1 (y))h0 (y) y=0

By using property III, we get

" −1
#
h0 (h−1 (y))l0 (y)h0 (y) l0 (h−1 (y))h0 (y)  exh (y)
 
0

= Pn xh (y) − − W n
 .
l(y) l(h−1 (y)) 
y=0 h0 (h−1 (y))h0 (y) y=0
"  0 −1
−h (h (y))l0 (y)h0 (y) 
 
 0 
= xPn h (y)   + Pn
y=0 l(y) 
y=0
 0 −1 #
−l (h (y))h0 (y) 
 
+ Pn [r0 (x), r1 (x), . . . , rn (x)]T
l(h−1 (y)) 
y=0

or, equivalently,
 
xb0 + c0 + d0 0 0 ... 0
 xb1 + c1 + d1 xb0 + c0 + d0 0 ... 0
 

2 2 2




 xb2 + c2 + d2 x 1 b1 + 1 c1 + 1 d1 xb0 + c0 + d0 ... 0
=


 .
.. .
.. .. .. .. 

 . . .


n n n




xbn + cn + dn x 1 bn−1 + 1 cn−1 + 1 dn−1 ... ... xb0 + c0 + d0
 
r A0 (x)
 r A1 (x) 
 
.  r A2 (x)  . (2.37)
 
 .. 
 . 
r An (x)

Equating the nth rows of (2.35) and (2.37), we get the statement. 
 SOME NEW IDENTITIES INVOLVING SHEFFER-APPELL POLYNOMIAL SEQUENCES 13

3. Examples
Examples of Theorem 1. By applying Theorem 1 to Euler type polynomials [21]
 y 
e +1
En (x) ∼ ,y ,
2
we have
1
ak = bk = ck = , k = 0.
2
Hence, we get the following expression for the Euler type Appell polynomials E An (x):
x n   n  
X n 1X n
E An+1 (x) = −1 E An−k (x) − E Ak (x). (3.1)
2 k 2 k−1
k=0 k=1
If we apply Theorem 1 to the Miller-Lee type polynomials [2]
G(m) m+1


n (x) ∼ (1 − y) ,y ,
we have
ak = bk = ck = (−m − 1)k , k = 0.
Thus the following expression for the Miller-Lee type Appell polynomials G An (x) holds
n  
X n
G An+1 (x) = (x + m − k)(−m − 1)kG An−k (x)
k
k=0
n  
X n
− (−m − 1)n−k+1G Ak (x). (3.2)
k−1
k=1
For the generalized Laguerre polynomials [21]
 
y
Ln (x) ∼ (1 − y)−λ−1 ,
λ
,
y−1
from the statement of Theorem 1 we get
ak = (−λ − 1)k , k = 0,
bk = (λ + 1)k , k = 0,
and
ck = (λ + 1)(λ + 4)k , k = 0.
As a consequence, for the Laguerre type Appell polynomials L An (x) we get
n  
X n
L An+1 (x) = L An−k (x)[(λ + 1)k x − (λ + 1)k+1
k
k=0
n  
X n
−(λ + 1)(λ + 4)k ] − (−λ − 1)n−k+1L Ak (x). (3.3)
k−1
k=1
Let consider the Apostol-Euler type polynomials, see [17, 18]
 y 
λe + 1
n (x; λ) ∼ ,y .
y
Then, (
λ+1
ak = bk = 2 , k = 0,
λ
2, k > 0,
14 M. SHADAB, F. MARCELLÁN AND SAIMA JABEE

and
λ
ck = , k = 0, .
2
Hence, for the Apostol-Euler-Appell polynomials  An (x; λ) the statement of Theorem 1
reads as
n  
X n
(λ + 1) An+1 (x; λ) − [(λ + 1)x − λ] An (x; λ) = λ(x − 2)  An−k (x; λ)
k
k=1
n  
X n
−λ  Ak (x; λ). (3.4)
k−1
k=1
 
y
Example of Theorem 2. For the generalized Laguerre polynomials Lλn (x) ∼ (1 − y)−λ−1 , y−1 ,
we have (
−1, k = 1,
ak =
0, otherwise,
(
0, k = 0,
bk =
−(k)!, k > 0,
ck = (λ + 1)[(4)k − (3)k ],

dk = (λ + 1)[(1)k − (2)k ].
As a consequence, for the Laguerre type Appell polynomials L An (x) we obtain
n  
X n
−n(n − 1)L An−1 (x) = L An−k (x)[(λ + 1)[(4)k − (3)k − (2)k + (1)k − x(1)k ].
k
k=1
(3.5)
Example of Theorem 3. By applying Theorem 3 to Miller-Lee type polynomials given
by
G(m) m+1


n (x) ∼ (1 − y) ,y ,
we have
ak = (2m + 2)k , k = 0.
Hence, for Miller-Lee-Appell polynomials G An (x) we have the following algebraic relation
n
X xk
(2m + 2)n = (−1)k G A(k)
n (x) . (3.6)
k!
k=0
 
Examples of Theorem 4. For the Bernoulli type polynomials Bn (x) ∼ eyy−1 , ey − 1 ,
[21] in Theorem 4 we have (
0, k = 0,
ak =
1, k > 0.
As a consequence, for the Bernoulli type Appell polynomials B An (x) we get
n  
X n
nB An−1 (x) = B An−k (x). (3.7)
k
k=1
 
y
For the generalized Laguerre polynomials Lλn (x) ∼ (1 − y)−λ−1 , y−1 , we have
 SOME NEW IDENTITIES INVOLVING SHEFFER-APPELL POLYNOMIAL SEQUENCES 15

(
0, k = 0,
ak =
−(k)!, k > 0.
Thus, for the Laguerre type Appell polynomials L An (x) we obtain
n  
X n
nL An−1 (x) = − L An−k (x)k!. (3.8)
k
k=1
ey +1


Examples of Theorem 5. For the Euler type polynomials En (x) ∼ 2 ,y , we have
(
1, k = 0,
ak = 2k +2
4 , k > 0.

Thus, for the Euler type Appell polynomials E Ak (x) we get

n n−1  
X
−1 k (n) 1X n
E Ak (x) = ((f ) ) (0) − (2n−k + 2)E Ak (x). (3.9)
4 k
k=1 k=0
(m)
When we deal with the Miller-Lee type polynomials Gn (x) ∼ (1 − y)m+1 , y , we have

ak = (−2m − 2)k , k = 0.
Then, for the Miller-Lee type Appell polynomials G An (x)
n   n
X n X xk
(−2m − 2)n−kG Ak (x) = ((f −1 )k )(n) (0). (3.10)
k k!
k=0 k=1

Example of Theorem 6. Applying Theorem 6 to the Miller-Lee type polynomials

(m)
Gn (x) ∼ (1 − y)m+1 , y , we have

ak = ck = dk = −(m + 1)k!, k = 0,
and (
1, k = 0,
bk =
0, k > 0.
Hence,
n    
X n x
G An+1 (x) + (n − k + 1)!G Ak (x) = 2 − r An (x)
k−1 m+1
k=1
n−1
X n
+2 (n − k)!r Ak (x). (3.11)
k
k=1

4. Acknowledgements
The authors thanks the constructve comments and suggestions by the referees. They
have contributed to improve the presentation of this manuscript.The work of the second
author (FM) has been supported by Ministerio de Economı́a, Industria y Competitividad
of Spain, grant MTM2015-65888-C4-2-P.
16 M. SHADAB, F. MARCELLÁN AND SAIMA JABEE

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Mohd Shadab: Department of Applied Sciences and Humanities, Faculty of Engineering
and Technology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India.
Email address: shadabmohd786@gmail.com

Francisco Marcellán: Departamento de Matemáticas, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid,

Spain.
Email address: pacomarc@ing.uc3m.es

Saima Jabee: Department of Applied Sciences and Humanities, Faculty of Engineering

and Technology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India.
Email address: saimajabee007@gmail.com

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