You Versi po | — How eee feo“ you Name GOB an res daily? Ca ture ae mix ) you us ro? DO Y study What are they doing? Do you also help your mother prepare your food? What do you use in Preparing juice, salad, and sandwiches? In this lesson, you will investigate rext page, components of matter, Perform the“hry. with one of the major studies in s¢ jente of the composition, structure properties, arid This study on the physical world is interesting anges that matter undergoes 4 in life becaur ade through the atter, Your body is made up of matter r, The water that you drink and use se daily, anything that you thing in the This unit deals istry is the study ions of matter. use it involves the chy people enjoy the ce iments, discoveries, and in » Everything around you ism air that you breathe is matter ning is matter. Any object that you U d even what you do not see is matter. In fact, ever rse and the universe itself is made up of matter. In the previous grade level, you observed changes in different forrns terials. In this unit, you will examine the appearance of mixtures able to classify them. You will appreciate the usefulness of the fou will also investigate ways of separating in your daily living. Y . Furthermore, the activities provided in the lessons will make ize how wonderful the nonliving things around you are. onvenience' we of the study of ventions 1mrout: Flow can you form mixtures? nk a sp we sen at press aS vs do it this way: Half-fill the four glasses with tap water. Puta teaspoon of salt in one glass. Str. Label it as “Mixture A.” Puta teaspoon of powdered milk in another 8105, Stir. Label it as ‘Puta teaspoon of oil in the third glass. Stir Label it as “Mixture C.” Put a teaspoon of gravel in the fourth glass. Str Label it as “Mixture D.” 6. Leave the set-ups for about 1 minute, Observe ‘each set-up. Compare them. 7. Fill in the table below. Let's write down our observations: “Mixture Which mixtures can you not distinguish the components? ich mixtures can you still distinguish the components? Give the comy 2 ponents. our knowledge: you form mixtures?| lace. rade UP sire nil ans argon gare 1a ne amber chemical at ee Feivity YoU PEE combination of milk and water The ae ids - OF" a is inat net mast mint #2 Combi — ‘rate F he solid, liquid, oF in gaseous form) ure can come 2 Iemay be ed gravel are examples of Mice is eading, and 0 " sini. ae ken brea checolate mse and hot milk are liquicl mix Sin puitjuice drink, hot coFee: solid a gaseous mixtuly- vty? Can you give other examples of Inwhat state are in solid state, in liquid state, 2 the mixtures in your activ EF ind in gaseous form Heterogeneous Mixtures classified depending on their apy rogeneous or homogeneous. Homogeneous and Mixtures can be Mixtures can be hete! Homogeneous mixtures are mixtures that have sul that cannot be distinguished because solutes completely in the solvent. When you mix salt and water, you cannot components separately because the salt completely d the water. The particles of salt seem to have disappeared mixture appears to be just one substa: —. , substance. The characteristics a we are evenly distributed throughout the mixture. Air is also a homo; geneous mixture, Yor ' “Ra eadiee syrup, alcohol, vinegar, uu cannot di ‘homogeneous mixtures? ; istinguish the component hot coffee, and sugar and water val 4Solution, Suspension, and Colloid Cw tiutares ean also be classified into solution, SusPen2 jon, and colloid. > Solution ‘Ate, seawater, coffee, juice, vinegar, and alcohol are solutions, A solution is a homogeneous Misr where the gy particles of the other substance spread evenly through the Particles of the other substance. It's made up of a solute and uipbetance being dissolved. Examples ‘and juice. The substance rolvent. Sotute is the aMmolutes are salt, sugar, coffee: the solvent. The solvent is )ee 4. You can visit the websites below to lear ybuted much on the concepts ted much fake a scrapbook of the scientists you Browse the Interne! including Filipino chemists, whe contri itihese scientists and describe their contr collected. “The Nobel Prize in Physics 1926 jatpu fara nobel se/physices/aurentes/1926/ “Albert Einstein Archives ‘http:/Auwowalbert-einstein.org/ General Chemistry Online! http /fantoinefrostburg.e' Cm How do you describe mixture? ‘Complete the concept map below. sdu/chem/senese/101/ ‘Components can be identifiedHow Do You Dissolve Substances Fasterina pathos? ees to drink isa solution. What other solutions do The cold fruit uice you love I orm, But, a solution does not aly You may have Be eT ae Gaseous phase. A solid solution c Se rae oe aly, phase and a solvent in solid phase. Examples of solid sete iid bronze. A liquid solution consists of solute in any phase dissolved solvent. Examples of liquid solutions that have liquid solutes and liquid solvents and alcohol. Liquid solutions with solid solute and liquid solvent are hot coffee, s and sugar solution. Soft drinks are liquid solutions which have gaseous solute Solvent Gaseous solution consists of gas solute and gas solvent. An example of solution is air. Solubility of Substances Solubility is the ability of a solute to dissolve in a gi vent. a h olve in a given ar be classified according to their solubility. Soluble sibel oe ool ee ‘ ina given solvent, Semi-solubl. pee ees Seal salable rabstances are those that dissolve a little. Substthe substances a ‘some mater how fast they dissotve in water. IF ow phan the others. You perfor = eatra 1, some particles did not dissolve immediately, sore Pisappeared and spread evenly it the os by using mechanical force (manually or .e particles are moving, rapidly which ‘d the solvent particles. by? Shaking is similar to idly using mec! ccording Ways to Dissolve Substane In Start Up, you your activity, you observed th: Save to dissolve the solutes string atet When you put the sug but when you stirred the sol water, Stirring is a method of dissolving ising machines) with a stirring red Through stirring, th hastens the contact between the surface of the solute an Have you seen a mother shaking the pottled milk of her baby? ¢ stirring but in this method, the container ‘closed and it is moved rapi Sing ruix and spread the solutes until dissolved another method of dis ‘es faster. In your activity; A Ive faster, in hot or col t move rapidly ‘more frequently wi faster in hot water than they do in cold water in your activity, which dissolved faster, powdered soaP O° bar soap? Why? Powdering or pulverizing is done by making the particles of solids, ‘smaller to make them dissolve faster when mixed with the solvent. Refined sugar dissolves faster than granulated salt dissolves faster than rock salt. affect the amount of sugar. Fine table However, applying heat, stirring, shaking, or pulveri7ing does not solute that dissolves. ‘An insoluble substance remains undissolved no matter how much you apply force in stirring or shaking, pulverizing oF applying heat. id water? Hot wa Heating is th the solute particles. the sugar di and come in contact but donot dissolve in other solvents. The solubility ature of solvent and solute. Table salt, fo: It partially dissolves in alcohol. Table suga dissolve in water but it dissolves i Factors Affecting Solubility ome solutes readily dissolve in wate of one substance in another is affected by the 1 example, dissolves in water but not in kerosene, Giseolves in water but not in kerosene. Oil does not Kerosene. Oil paint dissolves in thinner or kerosene but not in water. Solubility of substances is affected by temperature. Most solid solutes increase solubili ‘vent. This is observed when sugar is put when there is an increase in temperature of the sol hot water. More sugar will dissolve in than in cold water. This happens, too, W_ table salt, coffee, and powdered creamer. hot waterbelow. How do you dissolve substances faster? Complete the tables 1. nature of solvent . stirring, and solute 1, saturated 2: 3. ri -orrect answer. ‘A. Read each item carefully. Circle the letter of the ¢ ‘ing, of liquid solvent and gas 1. Which of the following is a liquid solution consis\ solute? a. air c. soft drinks b. alcohol d. vinegar 2. The two most common solid solutions are ¥ c. copper and steel a. copper and bronze d. copper and gold b. bronze and steel What is formed when the maximum amount of solute is dissolved ina given solven! ata stated temperature? a. saturated solution b. supersaturated solution c. unsaturated solution d. diluted solution .d milk faster? c. by using hot water d. all of these 4, How can you dissolve powdere a. by shaking b. _ by stirring Which solutes dissolve in water but not in kerosene? a. table salt and table sugar c. table salt but not table sugar b. table salt and pepper d. table sugar only boWhy Are Mixtures Important? following pictures. Can you infer from the pictures the different uses of Study the mixtures? ‘Get a partner and discuss together the activities done bY Ws Paes i the picture. Disco cirbiiar uctivities that you undertake daily. Identify the mixtures you ues i= ‘each of the activity. Investigate further by doing the activity on the next page- acologne ee ointment on jiquid antibiotics conditione redo it this tay i 1 of dishwashing liquid, powdered soap, and toilet ith water. Stir. iblespoonful 1. Pataablespoort eye three small jars filled wi cluding the materials in original packag ‘ens. You can have more than thr 2. Group the different materials i ci neatt three groupings oF classificati your classification. terials, Read the ingredients of each 3, Investigate the package of the mat This time, group the materials according to group of mixtures you leay previous lesson. 4, Fillin the table below. Let's write down our observations: Used for personal cosmetics Used for food Preparation Used for medicine————— what are some mixtures 1. Based on the activity, we use in our daily lives? State theiz “Aside from the mixtures you investigated in Your activity, give at least five mixtures % you use at home and give their uses Let’s state our knowledge: Why are mixtures important? s of mixtures. This time, you will investigate the uses of You learned in Lesson 1 the kind: mixtures. In your activity, you were able to identify some ¥5t of mixtures. Mixtures are very useful in our daily living. Some mixtures ok used as food or for foo! sa vet all the food we eat are mixtures, either in solid o liquid form. Fru fruit shakes, halo-halo, ice cream, sandwich fillings, salad, et ingredients are mixtures. Rea¢ bagoong, patis, tomato sau preparation. juices, hot coffee, hot chocolate, bre prepared for snacks or dessert. Most food condiments or ars ares such as vinegar, soy sauce, sinigang mix, breading mix, Treamer and ketchup are added to the food to enhance or improve iis taste or flavor. Sometimes different food condiments are mixed ‘as food additives, i.e. mixture of soy sauce, Pepper, calamansi or lemon juice, and ground garlic is used to marinate pork or chicken before cooking favorite Filipino dishes such as “adobo” and “lechon.” The mixture of vinegar, salt, pepper and ground garlic is also used to preserve fish, pork, or beef fo create the famous Filipino dish called “tapa.” The mixture of flour, sugar, milk, water, yeast, and ingredients is used to make bread. Can you identify some mixtures you use at home for food and food preparation? ‘Dough is a mixture prepared by abin school and in office; re disinfectants used to ‘acid and pow’ juitehen sinks, on-producins microorg’) a u handle these materials? 1d schools; Ink is 8 MIPCtDTS used in many ‘and printing PUurPoses- ‘Medicines that cure dis: Jes, tablets, syrup, and susper mixtures of different substances hich cure certain diseases OF iMPTOUS health condi ople. ia! eee tasow very popular because of the claim of having no sic ide minimal side effects as compared to 8} mthetic medicines. Conti ducted by scientists to discover pot tf ntinuous researches any Iso contain substances Which fect ts How should you .d in offices an riting, drawing, eases are mixtures. Capsul Mixtures are also use like pens and printers for w! tential plants that can cure disease iseases such as ‘ancer,‘one or foods have Moringa Oleifers an 2 seibabancie ects ‘Today, a lot of drink prepar oy ee raive: Moringa juice innow a popular drink. "i 2 He ee aie seme ideas on the preparation of recipas of fulon Sous Sena faa see herbal or edicinen, Download at least ore and National Food Processors Association http/poww.nfpa-food.ors/ Safefood.org http /fwuw. safefood.ors/ Why are mixtures important? Complete the table below. 1. for foods, drinks, and for food preparations ‘A. Read each item carefully. Circle the letter of the correct answer. 1. Which is NOT a solution used for cleaning? water and powdered soap a. water, soap, and chlorox ic b. water and toilet bowl cleaner d. water and sugar 2. Which of the following mixture does NOT belong to the group? a. vinegar c. cologne b. soy sauce d. tomato saucewater, sugar, milk, creamer, = 5 Whi a. water, milk, b water, sugar, milk, yeast water, sugat, milk, yeast, sed for the following: Give two examples of mixtures v 1, Drinks‘other glass with T teaspoon salt Thi vend py side. 1 Place two drinking: glasses side with clean water Ben jase with 1 teaspoon Our This is your set-up A: t sraeed 1s is your set-up B. t through the two liquids: 4 Stirthe 2 _ pass a beam of light from abow' & Tryother solutes (mill fered soap, antacid tablet, po light through them. ina glass of water and pass a beam © Let's write down our observations: 1. inwhich set-up do you see a beam of light? 2 What are the components of the set-up where you had observed the b 3. What do you call the mixture in set-up A? : What do you call the mixture in set-up B? 3. Do you also see the beam of light i 0 I i as ight in the following? b Sugar © Powdered soap d. Antacid tablet © Powdered cofte 6 Which of the mixtures in #5 are colloids? Let's share our knox How ledge: sh ine a colloid?EQsearen You learned in Lesson medium without settling investigated a colloidal property. aeverved the beam of light passing through it, cost has the mixture of salt and water. Set-up A is 6 © flour particles can absorb, reflect, and scatter light: ‘therefore, a beam of light passing through the set-up was visible. This scattering of light is Wi Hed Tyndall Effect. Tyndall Effect is oo ine Spear of light in a colloid because there is 4 scaiten oe Of light when light beams pass and scatter the light. This can through it due to the dispersed particles which absorb, reflect, rev is liquid and the dispersed phase be observed in a colloid in which the dispersing, mediui Pecolid, as you had observed in your activity. This can. ‘also be observed when the dispersing medium is gas (i. air) and the dispersed phase is liquid (i.e. water) ora solid (i.e. suspended Gust), Tyndall Effect cannot be observed in a solution. articles evenly scattered in a dispersing Gown is called colloid. In the sctivity 97% performed, you Ie Svup A that has the mixture of flour and water, you nahile you did not observe such in se+ 4p B yMloid and set-up B is a solution. The 1 that a mixture with Ps Types of Colloids **solisa solid dispersed in either solid or a liquid. Examples of solid sols (solid dispersed in solid) are opal, pearls, and nither colored glass like stained glass. Examples of solids dispersed in liquid are blood, paints, gum, muddy water, and some forms of pigmented ink. Examples of solshome pre 9 Exampos of ers Examples of aerosols aerosols, which consi ist of water d too. Insecticides, perfume spray, Foams are: colloids which consis ipped cream, froth on a st of gas dispersed in Pumice, yeast bread, ant cake icin liquid (liquid foams) or Blass of beer, and soap lather are liquid foams, '8 re Solid foams,eiatin dese _ ote oot arconnint of tiquid diapersed tn gotkd. You" RS A silica get is placed i packs sollescts wii ‘example is silica min pills to keep them d Gels are L Anothe cpio ot gs at to daily lite. Natural colloids are also amy substances sparing 004 medicines and of Colle xj above are importar basic for living things. Ma made © ratter, gelatin, jam. jelly, and other cre re used as food or ingredients for PFC d ointments are used a nections. Styrofoam, INKS, re used in farming, » products at CFCs destroy the Importance The different examp blood, clouds, and fog. pas milk, b ples of colloids mentiones colloids such as eeful,. Numerous colloids such jhas mayonnaise and whipped cream. ‘alloids such as magnesium hydroxide, creams 4 have both protective and decorative 14 printing press. Insecticides a aerosols _ are environment-friendly ns (CECs) which act as propellants. Experts SAY th ‘earth from the ultraviolet rays of th 7 What should you do to help in protecting Some ¢ and cosmetics. Paints are used in offices and contain white glues Artificial not chlorofluorocarbe layer, the layer that protects the aerosols frequently ozone he sun, Are you using artificial the ozone layer? Snes John Tyndall is a British physicist the Tyndall Effect. He investigated the beams threugh solutions and scattering o! passed through a colloid, Another scientist who discovered passage of light f light when named Thomas Graham is known as the Father of Colloid Chemistry. He pioneered the study of colloids using gelatins and glues. He also discovered dialysis during the process of studying gelatins and glues. llinced as‘me-ran6') (pronou home. Show Your and do it at Choose at least one group. Bam renin comexampecolie Jes pri fntandsoul.comap-conten'/uploads/2006/1 jellies PS Write at least one example of colloid in each type and give the importance. FoWhat is Mother doing? How can th, ley Femove the small s How would‘Separating Mixtures e mixtures? find out: How do you separat ating, Let's Let’s use these materials: ‘salt solution, mixture of sand and wares, mixture of sand and pebbles, evaP0r Toho! lamp, tripod. wire gA47¢ ish, small clean glass, piece of cloth al rating dish or a small cat Let's do it this way: 1. Place the 2 tablespoons salt solution’ into an empty evapo! or a small ca Set up the alcohol lamp, tripod, and wire gauze. Place the evaporse dish with Sel sblution. Heat the solution until al Sr water has evaporated. OPservs what happens. (Note: Be careful in handling hot objects.) mall clean glass. Let the sand and water 2. Place the piece of cloth on top of the s oth. Observe what happens: mixture pass through the cl the pebbles from the mixture of sand and pebbles. Separ ions. ate the pebbles. 3. Pick up ‘Answer the following questi Let's write down our observations: 1. What happened to the water in the salt solution? 2, What was left on the evaporating dish or small can? 3, What happened to the sand when the mixture was passed through the piece cloth? 4. What did you do to separate the pebbles from the sand? Let's share our knowledge: How can you separate components of mixtures?Collect the substance that will be left in the 7. answer the questions below bservations: Let's write down our ol was added 1. What happened when water to the mixture of sand and s. 2. What was left on the filter paper when the mixture was poured? 3. What were you able to collect at the bottom of the glass jar? 4. Whe i en the water boils, what did you observe leaving the beaker?’s share our knowledge: Let’ ‘How do you separate salt from sand? Cony ‘ents of some mixtures can be seP: ind pebbles or rice with pieces of alt out of seawater. parate a mixture compos n seawater? mixtures are easy 2 , not all hall stones. YOU arated. Howeve ‘grains and 9 Compon arate like sand a unmilled gannot simply pick s If you were to se] How will you separate salt from Different methods of separating mixture mixtures are done to make substances more Methods to separate the mixtures. ed of two solide, what mathiod esr you use? jes. Separating, orator different being used in fal es, you used 1s are 1 activitis useful, In you Construction workers use manual separation,Filtration when a coarse mixture is for a bigger Volor™ When a Curuction workers use a fine mesh $9 Se eal. The tiny particles of sand pass throug ton the screen. : Se eject cara pa duction class, You need to see toi that the flow SAC fine and free FET partic seit have to use a sieve to remove the lumps from the flour MiXtURS: | icles tt Walle will pass through the fine holes of the sieve Jeaving behind the P: lumped together ‘A mixture of liquid and tiny been dissolved can paper is used to separ: .s tiny pores be u load 0 the stones are let solid which particles of ed through have not be separat filtration. A filter articles from the liquid. It ha: Rquid part of the mixture to pass through" ‘The solid particles that are left behind are called residue, while Fe liquid that passes through the filter paper '® called the filtrate. A clean piece of cloth can also be used if titer paper is not available. A mixture of sand and ae terican be filtered using a clean cloth. Coconut Wilk can be separated from the remains of grated mronut using a strainer. To make water potable, filtration is used. Water purifiers have filters that particles from the separate the dirt and other water. ‘aration5. Sedimentation and Decantation tures with undissolved solutes can be separated by dimentationand decantation. The mixtures leftuntouched time and the solute slowly settles at the bottom. This is sedimentation. After this, the solvent can be slowly poured to another container without disturbing the settled particles to separate them completely. This transfer of liquid is called decantation. The solid that femains is called precipitate. This method can also be ‘sed in oil and water mixture. Since oil does not dissolve water and is less dense, it stays on top. Gently pour oil from the glass and you can separate the oil from the ‘ecantaion forsome Distillation Distillation is a method that may be used to,sepazete tio HaGiaa Baia eas boiling points, An example would be separating alcohol and water. distillation like the one in the diagram below is used to boil the two liquids. ‘Alcohol ‘escapes the liquid mixture faster apparatus boils faster and has a lower boiling point, thus than water. Distiting ‘ask2 its practical use indicate below the steps in this separation technict® include its P* steps in Paper Chromatography: Answer the following: . How can you separate oil from water? a How can you separate soil particles from a jar of water? Can you separate them D without using any instrument? sand. What method can you use to You notice that your water has small particles of make it clean and safe to drink? 4. List down some examples of how the methods of separating mixtures are used in everyday life.A Write True ifthe statement is correct and False if it isi awe 1. Sand and water can be separated by means filtration. Mixtures of two known liquids can be separated by manual eqpexasion it from ‘The magnetic property of iron filings . a ceived by the sense organs? ‘o the stimulus that is rect Tt is absorbed by the cerebrum. ©. gd, It becomes part of the spinal cord. What happens t a. It is changed to impulse. b. It is changed to neurons.Describe how the nervous system works. Draw four boxes. Write the part of the nervous system on top of each box and describe how each part works. Write Your inside the box. Connect one box to the next using an arrow. ‘Complete the concept map showing the parts of the nervous system. has two major divisionsHow DO you pody? healthy person ‘are you healthy? 1s your BS friend healthy? Describe # ‘ waa ati? Legon is FE, the word ™P, below bY WF as We pe a healthy iperson. Ther draw 2 healthy rs ‘on’ in the big circle‘po you do the following practices? Write Yes or No on the blank. 1. Ttake a bath and keep my body clean daily. ~__ 2._eat french fries, hamburger, and take soft drinks every day: 3. My friends and I play outdoor games at the playground. 4. enjoy having picnic with my family. ~ 5, Talways quarrel with my classmates. ~___ 6, _Tlove to eat fruits and vegetables. 7, Itake medicines upon the doctor's advice. 8. Toften sleep late at night. 9. I watch television and play computer games the whole day during weekends. ____10.__ I drink a lot of water and fruit juices. Which of the practices make your body healthy? What benefits can you get by doing, the bad practices? the good health practices? What happens when you continue doing ACTIVITY 19 { With or Without Smoke? ite: This activity should be given ahead of the day before taking this as a lesson: 1. Work in groups of three. Write survey questions to find out if the pupils enrolled in your school are safe and free from cigarette smoke. Do their father or mother an ye? Are there other members of the family like household helpers who smoke? Have they been with a smoker on their way to and from school? >. Interview at least 10 pupils. Make sure that your interviewee should have not been interviewed by your classmates. 3, Tally the results. Show the results through a chart. Describe the results. Are your schoolmates safe and free from cigarette smoke? our findings with the other groups. What can you conclude about how 5, Compare y are the pupils in your school? safe or free from cigarette smoke “Health is wealth” is a favorite line of people who wanted to stay healthy and strong eing healthy means you must practice a healthy lifestyle. You need to make careful decision: n what food to eat, what should be avoided, what activities to engage with, and what to d' shen the body is injured or not feeling well.2. Be physically fit. Have enough rest minutes a day is good for your hee muscles, and gives you more energy and climbing the stairs are examples of exercise. Playing outdoor games is also a good form of exercise. You must take a rest after an exercise or other heavy activities. The best form of rest is sleeping. As growing children, your body needs more hours of sleep for at least 9.5 hours. Rest gives your body time to regain energy and Strength. Aside from sleeping, what other rm of resting can you ially in a and exercise. 2 th. It increases your heart rate, Moves yg and stamina. Walking, running, biking.4 stay away from illegal drugs. You ‘ Seccription. Mlegal drugs can lead Frerin (Caffeine in coffee and soft drinks is « kind of drug that can ales RSE=ai7wS teu. Children should avoid these drinks | Refrain from smoking and stay away from « smoker, Toner’ smoke contains z ean ten om te mer tl of which have harmful Ua riaiand circulatory systems. When Earbon monoxide, nicotine, tars, her Cigarette smoke that You Sects on the body oh see someone smoking, stay away Jahale can harm you Control your weight. If youare overweight, »0" hypertension, and diabetes mellitus may de in the food you eat. Your poor nutritional hat health problemstikeheart diseases, sp. Be watchful of the saturated tots ead to overweight or obesity. ‘ental sanitation. Proper hygiene Tments, A healthy person mal went. Frequent proper hand Observe proper hygiene and maintain environms {rives away microbes and keeps you away from ai his/her body clean and maintains a clean enviro washing is recommended to everyone to prevent communicable di NITINI and diarrhea. Cleaning the surroundings and destroying, breeding places of mosquitoes are best practices to avoid the dreaded dengue fever, Can you give ‘ther practices that show proper hygiene and sanitation? Learn to manage stress. Have you ever experienced being sad and feeling too tired of doing things? You are experiencing, stress. Your stress may: be caused by many Ss which may include your studies, games, and problems with the members scope with stress, you should prepare & acti of your family or conflict with friends. To oy things to be done first. Proper scheduling of activities will give you assure thar everything will be done. Cramming, which is very stressful, should be avoided. Tatking with parents and friends and sharing problems and worries will be & great help, too. You will be relieved of the emotional burden when someoné listens to your problems. Engaging in relaxing, activities after 4 stressful one is healthy. Find time to relax and enjoy with your family and friends to cope with stress. What activities can you do to relax? Consult the doctor when not feeling well. Simple ailments can lead to serious ‘Sjeeases if not treated immediately and properly. If you are not feeling well or if you experience some signs of a certain disease, see the doctor for a medical checkup. Fever is a common sign of having an infection. If fever does not subside after taking medicine for at least a day or two, it is safe to consult the doctor. Self-medication is not advisable. Today's highly technological wo diseases. Medical researches help prol more powerful than before. Make a research on the latest trend on medical treatment of the dreadful diseases such as AIDS. Share this to your classmates. Fra Id offers a lot of prevention and cure for long life. They help make the human bodychow? fooa pram the does ., What P yramid food PY study the ihe food pyramid showshow much {he number of servings per day n the food pyramid, 1 How many servings of You should eat in each group of foods, Ttrec in each food Sroup. Answer the following q water should you drink? 2 What food group should be taken for six Servings? © —_erat food group should be taken in very minimal amount? How much fruits should you ea " ‘ask your mother if she follows the ‘ 0 food ring food for your family you can show Oe aati eee frre gat Pa for the week. You Sa ee Breast ear 1 OE continue learning more about vitami ‘bo research in the Wbrary about the ces Ok Ee ea Seiteeeeapegs hody and their SoUrCES: Je below. ic D E K Bi (Thiamine) B2 (Riboflavin) BS (Niacin)Have adea} Be phys’Feo ancl analyze the tert tea Gendell. rsa the eter of the correct answer Rew rat does adequate nutrition mean? vi ating the right amount and kind of foods tL Eating too much meat and fats in a meal Eating delicious food in fast food centers Eating a great amount of vitamin-rich food in one meal 4. muscles? Which is the proper way to maintain healthy bones and Eating fat-rich food sleeping for 10-12 hours on weekends b. ¢._ Drinking a lot of milk 4. Taking medicines daily Mark's father is suffering from a liver disease. Which of the following should his father avoid? a, alcohol ¢, medicines b, carbohydrates-rich food d. water tshould you take to build When you get sick, your body tissues become weak. What and repair the worn-out tissues? a. alcohol c. proteins b. drugs d. fats Which of the following can provide energy to the body? Carrots, leafy vegetables, fish b. Meat, eggs, fish c. Cabbage, eggplant, tomatoes d. Bread, rice, corn in foods that nourish the body? What are substances c. nutrients a. proteins b. minerals d._ vitamins Which of the following is needed to transport the different nutrients and regulate body temperature? a. carbohydrates c. vitamins d. water b. proteins Which of the following can help you cope with stress? 8. | a. Hurrying up when doing activities b. Eating too many foods ¢. Sharing problems with family d. Drinking alcohol with friends bsLesson 13) How Do Groups of Vertebrates Differ? jown the ou notice? Up and Jom Ted to reach and feel the bones at your back. What do y‘ column. These veal Try ef back are bones th: adie of YOU. that make up your vertebral ©: ide’ ‘rae are joined together by cartilage to farm a flexible but su br Htcpone or vertebral column. pportive Backbones of Vertebrates ook at the pictures. What animals are shown in here? What is common to all of then hing that is common ‘The animals in the picture have differences but what is one tl m? Did you say it is the presence ‘of a backbone? Clearly, the animals whose skeletc ebrates can be classified into { shown belong to the group of vertebrates. The vert aan neses, They are fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Let's see if you fentify the group of vertebrates with the given characteristics. {Class Am I? Identify the class of vertebrates given the descriptions below. 1. Have a two-chambered heart and aquatic Have scaly skin to absorb heat ee 3. Lay hard-shelled eggs 4. Possess gills first, and then lungs develop 5. Lay eggs in water to avoid drying up ~ 6. Give live birth to their young 7. Have gills for breathing in the water 8. Lay leathery-shelled eggs on land 9. Nourish their young with milk Survived the ice age because they were able to stay warn my Smany gil beat ae ai he fish mal pats the of gill bea the nur 4 Compare ie fish? Let's share our knowledge: anges tect = » temperature cha 1 How dot group the fish, warm-blooded you gro vould 1s, how wo r observations, 2 Based on you! blooded? Why do you say $0’ Id-blooded orgé between warm-blooded and col 3. What is the difference betwee Phylum Chordata Phylum Chordata includes the we l-known tebrates such as isha a regis birds, and mammals. Vertebrates share a lot of similarities. All vertel ates: backbones. They have skin c sonaigs that protect them and help them adapt with changing environment, They reproduce sexually They have large bodies, They, also have di The fishes, amphibians, and reptiles are ectotherms, They are animals. Their body temperatures depend on the temperature of theii bodies receive heat from the Outside. Birds internal and mammals are endott parm-blooded animals. The when the temperature chan, y temperatures. They are th lies warm even Class Pisces - Fishy = ajon, and habits. are namely! ebrates that present a great variet sarance, adaptati reat variety in appearances Mfahes are most numerous, both in individuals and in Trumbers of SPectes: +1000 different species of fishes known, Fishes are tivided into three BroUPs ‘Ov ch, the cartilaginous fish, and the bony fish. fish are believed to have first appeared on Barth over tr only two surviving groups, which include the haeich and haracterized as long, $a) ariave a suction mouth with teeth which on, lack central 2S fee of pores for gas exchange jaw! jawless Jay, there Hay. cin freshwater and salt water, They are c ey IX the name suggests, jaws are absent. They have es Ze to hold their prey. They have a cartilaginous sk » ‘Thins, They have no gill sits instead they possess 2 se" Jeton made of either bone or cartilage Most of pony internal skeletons, Bony ins, y fish, also known ‘as Osteichthyes ‘Vishes have a gas-filled $3¢ enables them je of the body. Fishes are the vertebrates that have a ske siyls fishes are bony fish, which means they have re with teeth, gill plate, and scales on their skin. Bon: diggs marlin, tuna, tilapia, goldfish, and salmon. The bony sy she swim bladder that can inflate and deflate. This struc ture en not swimming, the other kind of fishes is the cartilaginous fish, named because instead of bony skeleton, their inte They are heavier than bony fish« flexible cartilage. es charks, skates, and chimaeras are examples of cartilagino' sid dja nondrichthyes. They a7 ts entirely of tough keep afloat. also called C ‘nal skeleton consis ‘es so they have to swim to us fishes. ‘Spiny Dorsal Fin ‘Sof Dorsal Fin ‘operculum (Git cover) ares (Nostnis) Caveat (Ta Fin a Mouth Pectoralfine “#f Peduncte Pelvic Fins Scales ee ‘Anal Fin External Anatomy kes, seas, and oceans. They are ectothermic anima Fishes live in rivers, streams, lal ich mean their body temperature is or water around them. fishes are streamlined which alloy If you look closely at the diagram, the bodies of to move easily through the water. They are equipped with several kinds of fins. M move about in the water using a tail fin which helps them to move sideways as wa Pe oe ward while the fish propels forward. Other fins help the fish change direct stop. The pectoral fins on the side help them swim UP and down. Dorsal and anal! the top and bottom keep the fish upright. wifected with the changes in the temperature of tltnat the frog is slimy now M involve gills, IANS, see A ir OO ans ma) shibii uched a frog? If as vreathing ore piratOry gases are ct jes ofa skin a hy they aT cool to touch. wi “ jude toads, salamanders, and fi i in the case of the brightly Class Amp! ‘ Have you ever 10 spending on the speci Depend mouth. 3s through, Hike the fishes, they are cold Eee Other members of this groUP ater an ‘They spend part oftheir lives in Wo tree frogs, they spend their entire lives heir en! a ‘salamander common frog Amphibians are four-legged vertebrates. They can adapt to a land environment. However, they remain dependent upon water, which means they need moist environments. ‘They may live in or near bodies of water or stay in moist burrows. Most amphibians can b walk on land or swim in water. Amphibians also depend on water for reproduction. They eggs that have no shells in a pond, swamp, or stream to avoid drying, ; Class Reptilia ~ Reptiles ‘00 turtle‘ during, geptiles have inhabited Earth for more than 250 million years a8” pee as, jussaur age. The members of the reptile group ~ Class Reptilia are ‘turtles, tortoiser inp, and crocodiles. Snakes and lizards are also reptiles. They are air-breathing 21 ple to live both on land and in water. They breathe through their lUns® Reptiles like fishes and amphibians are ectothermic vertebrates: They have So terproof bodies covered with scales. Their body covering helps the terrestrial species ei? too much loss of water from their bodies. It also allows the exchange of oxyse™ snigioxide across the skin. Reptiles produce eggs that have tough leathery shells. Fertilization takes sie’s body. They have a three-chambered heart like the amphibians. 4 Lizards have four legs, while snakes don’t have legs. They move about by Cis utes, Snakes, however, have very poor hearing and eyesight. They are equipped with conse of smell and taste. They use their tongues to locate their prey to gather information jot the environment. ‘jurtles and tortoises have shells as an important structural adaptation. They ds, legs, and tails into their shell in the face of danger. A large skin responsil jor pattern and markings on the shell covers their shells. How do turtles and tortoises differ? Turtles have flat, streamlined shells. Most turtles aquatic. They thrive in ponds, lakes, rivers, or oceans and return only t land to lay eggs- Drtoises on the other hand are terrestrial. tonoise turtle Alligators and crocodiles are very similar to each other in appearance. They are shape: like lizards, can grow as long as a small boat and have large deep scales on their backs. They also have differences. Crocodiles have a narrow, triangle-shaped head. Alligato! have a broad head with a rounded snout. These reptiles can be found in tropical areas an fare mostly aquatic. Alligators abound in North America and Asia. Crocodiles thrive in tl tropical parts of America, Africa, Asia, and Australia. It’s no surprise you'll see crocodiles the Philippines or hear of people being attacked by these reptiles. crocodile alligator 123 place inside the pull their le for theheir ability £0 Gang! yh male and ew -s are alligators hot! jites and are ching ® about Croom and after her eB jorthy guards whats notewor stspring. The Fema protect the babies Class Aves ~ Birds s? They are presently + of your school field trip: are | Have you seen these birds in one oa similar? How are they re Mertberis cerural all Lids have feathers. They have beske napa ie - nd WR ene tae a can fy, They have soles on thal legs. They also lay eggs wi wings, though not all can fly. They just like reptiles. ey are grouped into four main kinds: ere are about 9,000 species of birds. They are groupe r birds ater birds, flightless birds, and birds of prey. Birds have an amazing variety of and sizes. Each kind of bird is adapted to ting a certain kind of food and living ina Kind of habitat. There is a significant relationship between a bird’s lifestyle and its wings, and feet. Most birds c: cover vast area: places when cli an fly which enable them to escape enemies and 5 when they look for food. They can migrate to other ‘matic conditions seem not favorable for them, ‘The bodies of birds are streamlin, d to facilit eamlined at flight, They have lightw. cies eight bones. Their bodies release energy stored in foot quickly and efficiently,ys» Mammalia ~ Mammals jous Mammals igor How are mammals alike and different? How are they distinct from the other vertebrate oups? Mammals are the most complex of all vertebrates. Being mammals, humans have a cial interest in this group. There are many characteristics which humans share with other ammals. They have efficient four-chambered hearts. Distinct to them is the presence of hair / mammary glands. The mammary glands, which produce milk to feed their young, are itive only in females. This accounts for the name mammals. As to their manner of reproduction, mammals are born alive rather than hatched from 1g. There are a few exceptions of course. Of all the animals, mammals are able to give the jost care and protection to their young. This may be because they have more developed ins than any other animals. Humans, however, have the most developed brains, which is hy they are referred to as the “thinking animals.” Mammals, like birds, are warm-blooded, Their body temperature is not affected by shanges in temperature of the surroundings. They maintain a constant body temperature hhus, they are endothermic animals. Mammals also have teeth of different sizes and shapes, vhich perform various functions. For example, humans have flat incisors for cutting and lars for chewing and grinding. Lions and tigers have sharp canine teeth for tearing flesh. Hair or fur keeps the body warm by preventing loss of heat. In the absence of hair on ammals, a layer of fat under the skin keeps the body heat. The skin also keeps the bodies f animals in cold regions warm, In warm regions, however, the ability to sweat enables animals to keep them cool. They also possess three different kinds of teeth, which are \dapted to the food they eat. Locomotion is an adaptation to find food and to escape from ir enemies. They have limbs, which are adapted for varied movements such as running, wimming, climbing, flying, gliding, or sand hopping. Three Major Groups of Mammals . The Egg-laying Mammals platypus $< 78 spiny anteatert only one 86 a oan its spines aPP ‘ain food is ant ‘The spiny anteater lays ched, itremains in the Per pes about one year old itisal ‘The Pouched Mammals B. Marsupials ~ kangaroo ai koala . Marsupials are popularly known as the pouched mammals. They differ from mammals because they have an abdominal pouch used to carry their young. marsupials are the opossums, koalas, kangaroos, wombats, and Tasmanian devils. gives birth while the babies are still not fully developed, so they complete their d while feeding. The young marsupial called joey stays in the mother’s pouch for months. The pouch has a strong muscle around the opening to prevent the develop from falling out. In the case of the kangaroo babies, they are urel month after fertilization, a aati hi . mammals are nourish nger period organ called the Tee mother’s uterae eenancy. The young innatet's body. Most placentar ya? POM alive when th bach a specialized inhabit both on land arage ae include the rodent aay, developed bats. Placental nof Placental Mammals Insectivores or insect-eating mammals. The insect-eating mammals include the mole, shrew, and hedgehog. The mole is blind but is able to dig long in the dirt. It is a burrower that eats grubs and worms. The hedgehog looks like a porcupine since it has spiky hair. It eats insects only, nd 1 ‘gant antoator 2 Rodents. The largest family of mammals is the rodents. Rodents are found to abit on all continents except in the very cold Antarctica. A rodent simply means gnawing animal.” Rodents have large incisor teeth and they gnaw on their food. Most non-flying mammals are the rodents. We are most familiar with mice, rats, hamsters, and guinea pigs which are commonly kept as pets. Other examples of rodents include beavers, porcupines, chipmunks, and squirrels. They show a wide range of lifestyles. Some are burrowers, tree dwellers, desert inhabitants, living, solitary lives, while others are social organisms living in colonies. Some rodents are economically important as sources of food or fur in some parts of the world. Others are used in biomedical research. However, rodents don't have a good record when it comes to crops. They are pests and farmers have lost billions of dollars in lost crops each year. Add to this, some rodents are carriers of human diseases such as bubonic plague, leptospirosis, and typhus. hamster squirrel porcupine 3. Flying mammals. So far, bats are the only mammals that fly. A bat’s wings are like hands with skin which stretches between its very long fingers. Most bats are nocturnal animals. They feed at night and rest during the day. They rely on echolocation instead of their eyes for locating and capturing food at night though they are not blind. Bats are most closely related to primates than to rodents. They have rather slow reproductive rates with only one offspring cycle. Like all other mammals, their young are fed with milk from the mother’s mammary glands. Batis the only flying mammal i 7> to this group as animals belonS"E ch, Their main enivores ATUPS ‘for tearin th . am e he ma re scavenge Om Tig Flesh-eating ee, ie marine Mary inch defined sharP ne Tr mammals include the rtring food tting “They may lt 4 js. OF nammals ‘me SOME. 5, tonal lions. of i skunks, nd sea ses, seals, whales, aa wate gers ears FCC - tion rs a mals is divided into two SUbBTOUPS, the further classified into eg rea feranonianlas) Uhis| TOC Race ee aay 5. Hoofed mammal, TT imals, The even-toed BTOUP 12 Seating and non-cud chewing animals ‘even-toed cud chewing mammals are the cow, sheep, goat arts. After swallowing large Examples of the camel, giraffe, and deer. Their stomachs have four pi firat stomach. Afterwards, it is brought back up be amounts of food, it passes to the arnt eel It fe then passed to the second stomach where 1f Eelam thoroughly digested. The even-toed non-cud chewing mammals are the pig and the hippopotamus, carabao Some hoofed Roneithat they care eve hon "y neve ns. The c . horns that they shed so eaeaihe deer, elle caricn 0% and bison have hollow | ie in their lives. i moose have soli + solid, | hippopotamus Sy Neroups. More fall into three § e Te eg to life in the of smell f touch, and |. Aquatic oF semicaquatic mammals. Marine mammals f ors Aalmon members are the groups of cetaceans like the whal a eiphins which spend their entire life in water. They are well-adapted to Tif seean. Sense is quite good for many of the members. They have a poor sens nse of taste to detect chemicals on the water currents and sens® ans both produce but ust for bonding or to maintain order within the pod. Most cetace detect sound: Other aquatic mammals include the seals, sea lions, and walrus : heir life cycle in a terrestrial habitat. They feed mainly on fish and S410 iatacaans, mollusks, and zouplasden: "os weakens coor eateat® Js and polar bears: mammals. They aquatic es which spend part of t with ¢ benthic animals. Their predators include sharks, killer whales, es and dugong belong to the third group of marine entire life cycle in water. They are the only herbivorous Mana\ spend the: mammals. ugong 7. Primates. Humans belong to the primate family. Other members of this group include the monkey, baboon, orangutan, chimpanzee, and gorilla. Primates have some distinct features which distinguish them from other groups of mammals. They have large, highly developed brains with intelligence that enables them to develop language, communicate, and work effectively in their environment. They have well-developed hands and feet with fingers and toes. The opposable thumb makes it easy for them to hold things. They have a highly developed visual center 0 recognize colors. Their eyes are forward in the head that is why they are able t allowing them to judge distance. YA 4 . “ a’ monkeys “aa 129“one of the bi ‘waters. It is in Donsol, SOrs “athe largest rays are know! weight of about 1,500 ky eG once they are laid. They are I they are hatched. horses take charge of the eggs on ch they are kept ti some members that have “tortoises often live long, There have been than 100 years. snake venoms are not all harmful. Some snake venoms are known to h used as painkillers in cases of arthritis and cancer. eee largest living lizard is the komodo dragon weighing about 135 kg. _ ~-sthe largest of all frogs is the African gi ee fom the Aan gan fog, I can grow a8 Tong as 6Varley Vila HR) OD GE& Their body temP 4. Their body temper® Which of the following Pe° ‘They live on land only: b. They lay eggs without shells. _ c. They are water dwellers all their liv me d. They have scales and lay €B8° jh sb i ome animals may live both on land ro a enirnals usually lay their eggs in water DU! land? amphibians c. fishes d. reptiles ter. Which of end most of b. birds parts which are distinct to them. Animals possess body ? following distinguishes amphibians from reptiles? a. moist slimy skin c. scaly skin b. rough slimy skin d. soft dry scales How are the body coverings of reptiles helpful to them? c. They promote reprod: a. They sense danger. d. They are able to live in b. They help catch food. How do we call an animal whose bod: temperature of the environment? a. aquatic ¢. endothermic b. ectothermic d. terrestrial What characteristic best distingui: c other tinguishes bi 4. They have bones, c a a They lay eggs with shells, ich of these animals i ; ae is NOT warm-blooded? ly temperatureP cteristics of e the om q a ‘ at Ar ee Ge Inve’ mals above? What is the characteristic common to them? In the previous lesson, you studied the different vertebrate groups and theig i y er big group of animals — the inv characteristics. Now, you are about to study the other big group ¢ ; What characteristics do they have in common? How are they similar to vertebrates? How are Can you identify the a they different? Get a sponge. Examine it closely. What do you see on it? Did you observe that it has. small holes or pores all over? Dip the sponge in a cup of water. What happens to the s} What are the tiny openings for? These tiny openings enable the sponge to absorb and hold much water. People use sponges for varied purposes like bathing and cleaning because sponges have the ability to hold so much water. How about you, have you used a 2 pea ¢youused a sponge? What do you use: ACTIVITY 22 (Naming the Simp Invertebrates Right i ‘ the clues to identify the simple invertebrate Choose from the Words in the Pajellyfish sea anemone or brain coral organ pipe coral ascaris This animal has sting but the clown fish is not affected by its poisom- {tooks like a human body part and is a permanent resident of the reef. tis roundworm that has a tube-like digestive system and is parasite Ithas tentacles with stinging cells and its body is filled with a ge! of salt, protein, and water. It is a flatworm that lives in fresh water such as a pond. 5 It is a parasitic flatworm that possesses both male and female reproductive parts. ot? 7. It lives in water and is usually attached to one place. It has a thicl sack of cells with pores, canals, and chambers. ae — How do invertebrates differ from vertebrates? y atit i mal while all the other animals that have a backbone are vertebrates, the groups of ani without a backbone are invertebrates. phylum Porifera - Sponges (Pore-bearing animals) The simplest of all the invertebrates are the sponges. Living panes is a Bes Ea openings or pores. These pores give sponges their scientific name p¥ ore bearers.Most sponges) oe pright colors of pir fe in lakes and rivers, environment ¢ animals, whic re sessile animals, tr we ene ges living in warn oceans. Sarg are sometimes att rom its een ane co i ov nav through its pores and ml body: Tiaves the sponges ; oes en filter etting food is Fe asexually WI Aigee, tiny animals, protoze dog the larger hole. This Poet of ge reproduce both sexually and breaks off and forma new spe" ‘away by water curren anothe Prexually. They reprodue a a " ani reproduction, the SP releases Spermat elie ame vitized Mlagellated cell called a choay asi {transformations occur ‘sponge. Fertilization ane that is carried or collar cell, captures it i iponge is formed. Phylum Cnidaria - Animals with stinging cells A 4 Many thousands of cnidarian species live in the oceans — from the tropics to the from the eurface to the bottom, Some even live in burrows. A smaller number of are found in rivers and fresh water lakes. ‘Animals belonging to this group: look like p because they are attached to the ocean floor. The jellyfishes, corals, sea pens, hydras, anemones are some familiar members of this grouP- Jellyfishes swim freely in the oc ; that are lined with s tnd catch food. When the prey is s Cnidarians exhibit radial symmetry. They have tentacl the food to the mouth. cells. Their stinging cells help defend themselves or killed by the stinging cells, the tentacles carry Corals Corals are tiny anit secrete lime whic] ty animals that live in th Pay.y come in many differe =nt'shapes and beautiful colors of orange, yellow, Be va These give the coral reefs urh: and hard corals, "al reefs their colorful appearanc There are two types of coral val 2 plumes are soft corals while brain corals are hard coral re the orgy organ pipe coral, el Pi 1, elkhorn coral, elephant’s ear, and the sea fan. Pues Brain Comte are very important to the ocean ecosystem. They serve as shelter and sources Coral ree ny types of organisms qiood to numerous plantsand animals. Since coral reefs are home to ma they are often called the “tropical rainforests of the ocean.” in the wate phylum Platyhelminthes ~ Flatworms planaria They have flat bodies with bilateral symmetry and. a digestive cavity with only one opening. They are either free living or parasitic. Planaria, a ‘worm that lives in fresh water, is an example of a free-living type of flatworm. f the head of the planaria do not form images. They sense light the head form a simple brain. Food enters through the mouth and Flatworms are the simplest of worms. common fla The e; espots on top of instead. The nerve cells in t! undigested food leaves through the same opening. A planaria is a hermaphroditic animal. ‘Ahermaphrodite is an animal that has the mali and female sex organs. Two planaria have to exchange sexcells reproduce. They reproduc sxexually by dividing their bodies into two. Each half then grow! back the missing part. you cut a planarian into several pieces each piece will regenerate into a newborn. eT , 137» the flukes a0 asitic flatworms 3 ii pa ‘some in human secre sina lg a rms have NO full of fertilized exs® y in that 3 will grow in that a digested food of th inthes - Roundworms smathelminthes Phylum Ne! a mo pore roundworm Worms with round tiny bodies belong to the roundworm group called nematodes. havea one-way digestive tube with two openings. Food enters through the mouth. locat the head. Undigested food leaves the tube through the anus. Roundworms reproduce sexually. Some females can produce over 100,000 eggs a Roundworms attack the roots of the plants grown by humans. Other roundworms are ht Parasites, Hookworms enter a human host by boring thro the bloodstream, and then move to the lungs. From the lus swallowed into the digestive tract. In the intestines, walls and feed on digested food. When it cle tissues that causes trichinosis, abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, Nausea, and itching, fever, chills, and jo ® chills, and joint paing eat raw or undercooked ae aes aoe Mollusks ~The Soft-bodied AnimalsMollusks are invertebrates that have soft bo ve dies and may be covered wi lls. non mollusks are snails, clare, peoties and may be covered with hard she oysters, squids, and oct i kes &Foup of aquatic animals, Bends ane octopus: heen large: Fer. JAhick susecules fool, Bomsctinies the smsciles foot ts eit. open and close the 1 1 others use it for movement or to bury themselves in the sand or mud. The head region of a mollusk usually containsa mouth and-enes organs such as the eyes. The Teed to ithe ra theteoSeanith die area ralleci visceral een ithenei eaten roar De a tle covers each ot ene emo tictionadireniation, eure tan and direstionsA. Be oe car cect OE lee Dieter fla eel eel ie up the hard shell. As the mollusk grows, the mantle enlarges the shell. rest of its body conta Echinoderms - The Spiny-skinned Animals The groups of animals wi ‘ith spiny skin are called echinoderms. They live in the ocean. Many echinoderms have hard spines or bumps extending from the endoskeleton. They have radial symmetry. At the center of their rounded body or disk isa mouth that faces downward. Some echinoderms have arms radiating out from the disk while others do not have. They are the only animals with tube feet, thin-walled tubes or tentacles used for movement and feeding, There are about 6,000 or more species of echinoderms. Starfish, brittle stars, sea lilies, sea urchins, sand dollars, and sea cucumbers are some examples of echinoderms. Starfishes feed on bivalves such as mussels and clams. They can regenerate lost body parts. One starfish arm, including just part of the central disk, can regenerate into an entire new organism. Britle fish looks like a starfish but they have long whip-like arms. If you try to pick up a brittle star, its arms break off. Brittle stars eat dead or decaying matter. Sea lilies look like flowers with their cup-shaped bodies attached to the ocean floor by stalks. Their branched arms are used to catch food. Sea urchins and sand dollars have no arms. Instead, their bodies are covered with spines. The spines are for protection and locomotion. They have sharp teeth for scarping and chewing. Sea cucumbers do not look very much like other echinoderms. They have long flexible bodies with a reduced endoskeleton and no arms. Using their feet, they burrow into the sand in the bottom of the sea. They move more freely than other echinoderms.SEEmove on Do You Know That... 4 ‘made of corals? a alia is ... the Great Barrier Reef off the coast of Austr ane Oni 1,900 km long. It is considered the largest structure built by ie chaeiads it to cure cancer al . the chemicals that the sponges produced are being used other diseases? . a new sponge is being found each year? . the Po: Man-of- ajelly- c fonctl is a small colony of various creatures working together and animal, in some places such as the Caribbean Sea, sponges can actually ae water in one day? if flatworm is starved, it is capable of shrinking to hatching size and whe ithas the ability to grow back to original size? What Are the Characteristics of Some Invertebrates? Complete the concept map below. are animals with pores in their bodies. They are filter feeders that have no definite body shape, Invertebrates - ccna animals without and one-way digestive tract wn back two a beckboneHow do sponges get their food? a. Food is absorbed by suckers. b. They have big mouths to engulf food. ¢. Tentacles push the food into their bodies. ; The pores serve as entry and exit of food materials. Why are some worms harmful? a. They grow very long. b. They make children grow healthy. ©. They eat dead plants and animals. d. They take nutrients from the bodies of other orga How are flatworms and roundworms different from one a1 a. They are free living. b. They have a digestive tract with two body openings. ©. They live as parasites of other animals. d. They have one body opening. Which group of invertebrates has shells? a. echinoderms ©. sponges b. mollusks d. _ coelenterates How can parasitic worms enter your body? a. Eating well-cooked food Walking barefooted b. ¢- Proper disposal of human and animals waste a Washing your. h ‘They have spiny skin, ‘They live inside the body of anism, another o; i They have tentacles which release a pase ‘i Answer the following questions; Be YY re coral reets important?tect and How Do You Pro Animals? ‘Start Up 4 uestions below: Read the comic strip and answer the 4 Have you heard about J ~ 4% can) (~ Reoaty Tet me someting yy Z stowtnem Weour > | sssgnment J What are they talking about? Do y Ea ACTIVITY 23 ( Name the Study the pictures of the animals and i eres i write their names on the blank. You can uu know some rare animals, too? Can yousearch In Philippines is a tropical c ti ante esa al country since itis located in the Southeastern part of Asia. 1 hie vorable to many plants. The country’s tropical rainforests have plants where plenty of animal species dwell “Tropical rainforestis @ home to diverse animals coastline and is surrounded by vast recognized as the global center for ® biodiversity. According to the 4th National Report © the Convention on Biological Ssity, the Philippines is the ‘center of vhe center’ of marine biodiversity because it is Y. ‘ch not only coral reefs but seagrass beds, mangroves; beach forests, fisheries, febrates, seaweeds, marine mammals and many others. country is also rich in freshwater areas and wetlands where a number of unique of fish, plants, and birds thrive. the country has an extensive ned seas, It is located in the Coral Triangle,Rare Animals in the Philippines The animals you identified in your activity are rare animals in 2 eee called rare animals because their species are Leeroy hina dual endangered or threatened. An endangered species is one having so few it a that te certain spectes Ge timlaneril soar kecuic etic. an ectinct anti lieved no one has seen it in the forest for the last 50 years. A threatened eee num but is declining in numbers and is likely to become endangered. The at al pelow are classified as endangered and are among those listed in the annexes of the Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES), pints Tamara is found only in the Philippines, particularly in Mindoro. It is known for its V shaped-horn and usually smaller than its cousin, the water buffalo or carabao. Its Population is estimated at less than 200, making it as one of = the rarest mammals in the world nea Ahe Philippine Flying Lemur is also found in Mindoro. It is locally known as or Colugo with a head similar to that of a dog. This is a fascinating mammal and ug, Mrereaben Se a Bird because it is somewhat flying but it is actually gliding in the air distance of 100 meters or more to escape its predavor, Prippine Flying Lemur Phitppine Sea Turlo The Philippine Se. that eats small fishes, crustaceans, sea turtle species in th Balabac Island andok. It has a broCalamian Deer is another creature which is found Jlamian, Northern only inthe Philippines, particularly inCal palaipare Taps are ‘and darker than its other hog, - Sl lovely animal can reach up to 115 in length and 65 ct ei nd can weil 35 1050 kg ‘min height, and can weigh up t ‘Coiamian Door Palawan Bearcat is local locally known as Binturong. This is another unique animal which ‘mal can measure up to fe expectancy ‘The her a bear nor a cat. It is found in the forest of Palawan. This anit Tt hasa tail that is as long as its bos 120 years. 1 as its body and can weigh up to 14 kg. Ithas a lif ‘nate Shark e Philippine Cockatoo is locally known as Kalangay. This is a wonderful bird that gs to the family of parrots. It has snowy white feathers throughout its body. It can ire up to 33 cm in length and can weigh up to 0.39 kg. ‘e whale shark or Butanding is the largest fish in the sea, measuring P to 40 ft or more. dangered animal is filter-feeder, feeding on phytoplanktory macro-algae, plankton, find small squids. About 40 whale sharks visit Donsol, Soreoget) from November to making the place a tourist destination. Because of these friendly creatures, Donsol rates the “Butanding Festival” yearly Palawan Bearcat Pulippine Cockatoo e Crocodile, another endemic animal in the Philippines, is also classified as critically endangered animal by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, The very few species of this crocodile, only a hundred, is found in some freshwater aioe ar northern Philippines. These freshwater crocodiles are smaller than other crocodile species. They Brow upto three meters. They feed on fishy shrimps, snails, birds, and small mammals. ‘The Philippin Philippine Crocodile Beveral animal species in other parts of the world are also classified as endangered and rened, The white rhinoceros in Africa and giant panda in Central China are endangered the African elephant, the bald eagle and grizzly bear in America are threatened animal — um * 147are other endangered oF species js in the Philipping ther end: re ies of animals in t rh or threatened species of an} her parts of the world. Search the Internet and make other parts o} Endangered Animals in the Philippines | htoi/animaletime com/endangered-animals species/ Endangered Animals http//animalstime.com/endangered/ Protecting Wildlife Animals, together with plants, are very important. Animalsand plants are vital components of maintaining biodiversity in the ecosystem. They are sources of food and medicines. Wildlife is a source of beauty, wonder, jey, and recreational pleasure for people. Wildlife fourism is an instrument to improve the economy. Protected areas preserve biodiversity. Before it’s too late, something must be done to protect wildlife Environmenta Piologists pursued programs to conserve biological diversity, Biodiversity coy involves two forms: the Preservation of a certain number of species of animals or certain designated areas such as zoos and botanical gardens, and the Preservation , and fauna in their natural settings, for example, in Parks or other protected areas, Environmental laws and policies have be: government in protecting the environment Some of these laws Mt Apo National Park of 1999 (R.A. 8749), What are biodiversity? 'Wspapers about Out of these, 1428) _to Save our Planet Earth How tp/gencrallocitzer hubpages.com/ub/How-to-Save-our-Planet-Earth ways to Save Mother Barth hump gencralhowitzer-hubpages.com/uh/Ways-to-Save-Mother-Eartl ( How Do You Protect and Care for Animals? Complete the following chart: |A. Read the questions carefully. Circle 1. Which of the following does NOT cause species extinction? a. hunting wildlife for food b. planting trees ¢. killing animals for profit from sale of their parts d. ing of forests the carabao and is found only in Mindoro? c. Goat a. Tamaraw are animal is NOT endemic in the Philippines? a. Bald eagle c. Philippine Crocodile b. Philippine Flying Lemur d, Whale Shark Which of the following rare animal attracts tourists in Donsol, Sorsogon? a. Butanding cc. Kalangay b. Binturong d. Pilandok the letter of the the correct answer. cutting of trees and clear! What rare animal is similar to a. Cow b. Philippine Deer Which of the following ¥Why should! you protect wildlife? L It contributes to the economy. IL It is a source of foods and medicines. HL It is a source of beauty, joy, and recreational pleasure, It assures sustainable environment. LL Mlonly Nv a Land Ionly © da LIL OLIV b Mand Mt only Answer the following questions. , ‘How can you contribute in the biodiversity conservation’ B 1 Give examples of activities or i ples of a Programs in your community that conserve biodiversity. Describe at least one of the aclvities 2a nDLet's write down our observations: : a 1. Descrltg ta, Ferm leat andithe sonfeu Seat itferentiste theth characteristics, Fem leat if. Describe what you observed underneath the fern lea leaf. Describe what you observed underneath the satan le " mn 2 What can you see around or near the fern plant’ Do you see the same thing around or near the santan? Let's share our knowledge: How do fern leaf and santan leaf differ? When you were in Grade 5, you learned that Plants have Parts used f ure plants’ survival. Most flowering plants reprod plants have cones and spores for reproduction,The Spore-bearing Plants igo, mosses, and ferns are spore. i reproductive cells that shore-bearing plants, They do not produce seeds hut spor . to ensure their survival. S| ‘© mature plants. These spores are released in mace }Pores are very tiny and are formed inside the sporansia sic matter in 8 ric Hk like fine powder. Each spore cont dere tains a small quantity of vital gene! pact are the simp Mer ed Sepia Ce spore-bearing plants that thrive in water. Algae #6 usually Te eee TE ee a ae ‘the water that hat | bv ther J Se Sama teal multicelled plants with root-like omP mitas a aoa piel dr ae a some grow a bit larger. They often grow inc or ae iarsh conditions because the “parent” moss is Mise habitat for its own spores when conditions return in Meee Ferns are the most popular spore-bearing plants. Most fama simply have psule a - led on certain ey even on every leaf. There are 15,000 species of pe nclude cinnamon stick, staghorn, horsetails, whisk ferns, maiden’s hait Bre club mosses 8 setails, whisk ferns, maiden’s hair, ool, Moist a rich and a spore-bearing ferns. Common bird’s nest 'Mosses are found on plain land, ‘Many fers grow in cool, dry places ‘Algae thrive in moist or ‘on rocks, and on other plants "wet environment Life Cycle of Ferns a Fe aa Life Cycle of Forns a> |;eerms are vascular plants. Their life cycle exhibits sporic ieiosisand alternation of generations. Alternation of generations in ferns involves the dominant or large sporophyte and the very sporophytes. Sporophytes produce the spores by meiosis. The spores are e1 sporangia. The sporangiaarefoundinclusterecelled cone (plural: sori) whichare und the fronds of ferns. These are the structures that you saw underneath the fern leaf in your Young sori are green in color but turn black when they mature. _ Spores undergo mitosis and develop to form gametophytes, which bear two reproductive organs: male sperm-producing part and female egg cell-producing part. With the aid of moisture or water, fertilization takes place. The fertilized egg divides by mitosis that will give rise to the young fern sporophyte. This young fern sporophyte rem attached to the prothallus until the leaves and roots mature. Eventually, the gai shrink. Life Cycle of Mosses Mosses are non-vascular plants. Like the ferns, their life cycle also undergo all of generations. However, unlike the fern, the dominant or larger generation in is the gametophyte generation. The gametophyte generation is leafy and uprij reproductive organs are formed at the tip of the gametophyte. Just like ferns, water is for fertilization to take place. The embryo formed from the gametophyte generation consists of a foot that is embedded in the tissues of the gametophyte stalk that holds the capsule which contains the spores. The sporophyte is dependent on the green gametophyte for food. The sporophyte dries off once the spores are released by meiosis. Spores develop by mitosis to form gametophytes which are the common green, leafy, and upright.__cone-bearing Plants Fave you seen a pine tree and crowering seed plants called eee eee vo they are ao called gymnos ing plants or rife ceeds.” The seeds are not enclosed eae Kos ‘ering plants. Conifers are easily reco Brave rotedle-like leaves and their cones. Oth oo cM bearing plants are cypress and ae How do cone-bearing plants reproduce? Cone-bearing plants do not produce fi oy do er have reo iT tec a ‘ use moduce gametes. ‘Pine wees nave cones. ion that will give rise ‘the woody and leafy pine tree is the diploid sporophyte generat trees have two types the cones which are the reproductive gamet ‘i ue es: female cone and male cone, econetop iia rome in the fernale cone, meiosis results into four haploid spores, which wl e microscopic female gametophyte. This gametophyte produces the fet hich the egg develops. Inthe male cone, mitosis produces male gameto} hyte, which will roduce pollen. ains. w pollen grains will be dispersed by wind to Salale ‘fa tere cone ikon the pollen he Peomes in contact with the tip of the female sporangium, a tube will form. This pollen be penetrates the female gametophyte that will lead to the fertilization of the egg, forming aygote. The zygote undergoes cell division to form embryo. The embryo will remain ithin the sporangium of the female gametophyte. The gametophyte, the sporangium, and ieravering make up the ovulle, The ovule will eventually shed ' become a seed with a seed {stored food, and embryo. These winged seeds are scattered by the wind and will soon vminate into young Pine trees. Can you identify the difference in the life II give rise to only male sex organ in cycle of cone-bearing and spore-bearing plants? you know that on Earth today is the giant sequoia . 4 conifer? It is growing, in California It has been named eral Sherman. It stands about 85 meters tall and has a girth about 30 meters. It is estimated to weigh about 3,000 tons. called the living fossil? It seems hanged from those that grew about 200 million years ago, ing the Jurassic Period. It appears to be almost extinct in the Fowever, today it grows wild only in a remote region in the largest living thing Giant sequoia tree 155& by searching the websites below. Download pi '8 Plants. Be able to identify the name of the plants an & Plants lantspages.com/sporebearingplants.htm ‘Cone-bearing Plants httpY/plantspages.com/conebearingplants htm www.greatplantescape.com __ The following are reproductive parts of non-flowering plants. Identify if the Part is present in the spore-bearing and/or cone-bearing plants by putting a cross (X) mark. The first item is done for you.read te questions carefully, Circle the letter ofthe correct answer 1 which ofthe following does NOT belong to the ee a algae c. ferns b. gingkoes d. mosses What characteristic is distinct among plants like pine trees and cycads? a. produce seeds not enclosed in a fruit b. produce seeds enclosed in a fruit <._ bear many colorful flowers produce spores Which of the following do not need water for fertilization to take place? a. algae cc. mosses b. ferns d. pine trees Which is the diploid sporophyte generation of a cone-bearing plant? a. the woody and leafy part c. the seeds b. the cones d. the roots What is produced in the cones of gymnosperms? a, seeds c. ovary b. spores d. pollen tubes ants below. Write the missing word in the box. Complete the life cycle of the specified pl 1. Ferns female and male adult sporophyte gametophyteyoung pperiphye | ¢ oes rep Work: Make a PowerPoint p: ion on how parts of the repro of spore-bearing and cone-bearing plants ensure their survival.Budding Grafting Tissue Culture Hydrophonics A. Write the artificial vegetative propagation described below. 1. A part of the stem is stripped and is covered wit sphagnum moss, coconut husk, or cloth. 2. Plants are grown in mineral nutrient solutions, i without soil. 3. A mature bud called scion is inserted to the piece of the stock plant that the exposed tissues of both s are brought into contact with each other.In which part have the green CO five Name at least to be able to locate green color in the wor! ne of the countries with How do you feel that the Philippines is ee When we talk of the relationship of living things with the environment, to an ecosystem. You learned in the previous grade that an ecosystem community of organisms interacting with one another and with the phys factors of their environment. a necosystem contains not only bigger plants and animals but also smaller animals, insects, earthworms, and other small organisms in the soil such a fungi, ie ‘organisms constitute biotic community of an ecosystem, gs d on nonliving thin; mais up the iets components oo i \perat light, water or Moisture, wit Hi eh ; wind) and location affect the plants ai ‘ecosystem. The physi ina certain ecosysters tv "onment determines the kind of plant andStudy the follo ge s cae aoe cosystem. Describe the biotic community and the abiotic nents of each ecosystem. Is it a natural or a man-made ecosystem? Rainforest Ecosystem ical Rainforest Ecosystem .d by a thick, lush carpet of vegetation with diverse animal svorla’s most diverse natural ecosystems. According to than 600 species of trees and a number of animal ; attributed to the high rainfall and the high Rainforest is characteri jes, Tropical rainforests are the tists, a hectare of rainforest has more ies, The diversity of plants and animals i jperature throughout the year In your activity, you were able to study the Id. The green color indicates the location of the ical rain forests located? ‘a, Australia, the Philippines, India, ests. countries with tropical rainforest because of its tropical over 200 cm a year). Diverse plant and animal fos abound in this ecosystem. Numerous largs, 8 such as acacia, Inuan, narra, giho, ilang, and many more which are éndlemic in the country thrive in this ecosystem. Sane chide, ferns, palm plants, rattan, giant bamboo, bromeliad and other small and plants are also found in this ecosystem Mnimals such as crocodiles, species of snakes, ct wild pigs, wild cats, antelopes, Orangsie and other big and small animals also live is place. Many species of birds such a8 hombill pigeon, parrot and eagle also abound in tropical rainforest ecosystem + eucwands of insects such as ants and butterflies are also in the rainforest. distribution of tropical rainforest in the rainforests. In what particular area are the South Americ Pakistan, Kenya, Ecuador are among places that have tropical rainfor ‘The Philippines is one of the c tion and the amount of rainfall it receivesFood Chain and Food Rainforest Ecosystem: Feeding Relationships in the Study the illustration below > peoace (grass) first-order consumer (capybara) In every ecosystem, organisms interact with one another in order to surv producer, consumer, or decomposer has its role so that the ecosystem continues to Inthe rainforest ecosystem, countless species of animals depend on plants and other animals for food. Feeding relationships exists in the ecosystem so that organisms survive. The illustration above shows a food chain in the rainforest ecosystem of the Amazon in South America. What is the first link in the food chain? Where does the grass get energy? Grasses capture the sun’s energy and make their food through the process called photosynthesis. Like all other green plants, pretosyatsi grasses are producers. They produce food in their leaves inthe form sa:=ung6y of glucose. The capybara, the largest rodent in the world which is found in Amazon, South America, is a herbivore and feed on leaves of grasses or fruit, the jaguar, a predator, eats the capybara. The capybara and the jaguar are consumers, is passed on from the producers to the consumers during the feeding process? Energy flows from the producers to the consumers. Plants trap the energy of the make their own food. This is the first link of energy flow—from the sun sothe pl Plants use energy to live and grow. The unused energy is stored in their leav roots. The stored energy is passed to the consumer when the plant is eat nm ) herbivore, is the second link. It is the first-order consumer. Some of the energy t the plant is used for growing; the restis stored in its body. An amount of the energy is. in the environment. The third link is a meat-eater, cars; ji i the second-order consumer in the food chain, The stored ene pent ats the cap passed to the jaguar. gy in the capybara’s,cqudy the illustration below, ‘AFood Web In an ecosystem, the food chains are often interconnected. This happens because sore organisms eat several kinds of food. Food chains that are interconnected in a community ME rnod web. Notice that the food web consists of several food chains: In food web, thore is an interconnected path of energy- Can you name the food chains in the food web? With the diverse species of plants and animals in the of food chains and food webs found in them. Can you i webs in the ecosystem? tropical rainforests, there are plenty dentify other food chains and food ‘ , tems Importance of Tropical Rainfores! ae pecause they serve as shelter and habitat for are important not i roles for man’s existence also bei Pay regulation, ‘and production. Tropical rainforests plant and animal species but and survival. They can be utilized oe Protection wind, cold, and radiation. ‘They ainst drought ils, and fumes. Rainforests shelter agriculturalietah cn ggsinet Tole sights, smells . again nst wo Coren ait and waters andl ec |These natural ecosystems play a very crucial role in the regulation of the y climate, They improve atmospheric conditions and tempsratut= regimes in caemvational areas. The trees and other plants absorb carbon dioxide, the reais known to be the primary cause of global warming, Plants also absorb, release oxygen, water, and mineral elements. Regulation Production ‘The rainforests ecosystems supply a wide array of raw materials such’as hemical compounds (resins, alkaloids, and other food products, and numerous cl Gils, latex, pharmaceuticals, etc.). They are sources of employment and creation of They help in the improvement of the economy not only because of the products but also because of wildlife tourism. Products from the rainforest SeMove On z regulation. This is balance of nature. However, ri saved fo explore te environment and the eoaystoms were distal shoe ec, mv isturbed. i opie i WONG is facing one of the most serious environmental problema Bee eae deforestation. In the Philippines, thi ae aa at the rate of 30,000 hy y ne Tate OF foray ‘experts say that in 10 rer yi cares annually. Tf i i years, the country will lose i y. If illegal logging will se its remaining rainforest rests, Bi 170re at eid _ pat deforestation accounts FSF a otal sris why itis a major fe % of the exif world’, Vecrease and extinction of pl 8lobal warm: ‘S anni pe done? lant and animal specter siesta Eeeetichon A gow can Tropical Rainforest Epo < peforestation Program Protected and : planting tees tO vacant I canting of land sbaneBted bya fompanies OF settlers is a strategy that sen provide wood and other products for an Fit and future generations. This could Wemnatically reduce the pressure on primary ies. The program “1 Billion Trees” of the Philippine Government is under the National Greening, Program. It is being Niniemented by the different government agencies to help mitigate the effects of the te Niza and El Nifio phenomena, Reforestation n denuded mourns planting trees helps prevent more serious problems such assail erosion, flood, and loss of lives and properties brought “bout by La Nifia and El Nifio phenomena. ‘Advocacy Campaigns to Fight Deforestation Because of the urgent call to help conserve the environmen various government and non-government gTOUps /Hevebesiiai iia ‘advocacy campaigns to fight aworestation. These groups hold forum, debates, symposium, film viewing and other a vities to campaign for and informn/atiiers SEs the importance of forests and how to protect and conserve these ecosystems, "The Youth for Environment in Schools (YES-0) tran organization in schools that help. protect the environment and fight deforestation. i i jhich advocates ‘Are you a member of iis leila iy other groups Ww! environmental protection? What are your activities in ‘choo! that protect and conserve forests? Ecosystem Approach This is an approach which establishes legally protected wilderness areas a wildife leserves. Republic Act Zama National Integrated Protected Aza pee (NIPAS) Law has been’ enacted to maine and protect areas. This law prohibits 2) form of human disrupting aUY Protected areas. The Mount oe in Mindanao, Taal olema indscape in Batangas, and No! are Madre Natural Park in Palanan Isabela among the protected rain inforests- 7 eae Norra sia moore nana! aE4, Strict Implementation ‘The government through th (DENR) is taking its lead to pro! Several laws have been ena\ jinforests. PD. No. 1152, “The that the government shall pursue a 5 resources, Other laws such as PD. 389, PD. 705, emphasizes the sustainable utilization of forest es Oe 953 prohibit illegal cutting of trees; P-D. 953 and PD. 1153 institutionz a ealeD. 231 requires all public forests to be developed cm SE takes a strong political will to implement the laws. Government 0 lead in protecting and conserving the rainforests. There are more to learn about rainforests. Search the Internet and do any of 1. Download information and pictures of five animal species and five p any of the tropical rainforests in the world. Print and make a compi Illustrate at least five food chains found in the Philippine rainforests. P the food chains and illustrate a food web out of these food chains. Us materials such as used cardboard. Make a list of laws (international and national) enacted to protect and natural ecosystems. Make a short description of the law and how itis bei e as Tropical Rainforest in the Philippines wwe philippines.hou.ni/forest1 htm a What Are the Components of a Tropical Rainforest Complete the concept map below. Tropical Rainforest Ecosystem consists ofB. Answer the following questions. Why are tropical rainforests important? 2. How can you help protect and conserve the rainforests? 3. Whatare the activities or programs in your community that help sol Describe the activities and your participation in the activities. 4. Ifyou were one of the congressmen or senators, what bill will ‘sure that there will still be rainforests for the next generationssearch in In the previous lesson, you studi of other diverse ecosystems: the coral diverse ecosystem. This time, you, ‘ied about a angrove ecosystem, I reef ecosystem and m: Coral Reef Ecosystem ; Ecologists say that the coral reef is the are ra diverse and productive ecosystem. Coral reef ecosyi0it made up of numerous ae aa tee ieee is an underwater habitat for essential species . aa organisms. Marine animals such as species of small a ‘ane rtles, marine snakes, and sharks live in this habitat. Invertebrates 6uch ne I, squids, octopuses, sea anemones, sea urchins, Sate a coon a worms, and many more abound in this place. Most of these a pend a plants in the area for food. Marine plants in the coral reefs include more 03 | : of seaweeds and numerous species of algae. Competition for iene aa ood and sunlight are some of the primary factors in determining the abun ans ani organisms on a reef. Each component of a coral reef is dependent upon and interconne with countless other plants, animals, and organisms. This means that fluctuations abundance of one species can drastically alter both the diversity and abundance of oth The largest reefs of the world are found in the warmer portions of the Pacific and Indian Ocean. The largest of all is the Great Barrier Reef located along the coast of Australia. There are also coral reefs in the Caribbean and in the Gulf of Mexico. The highest diversity ecosystem in the world is the coral reef found in the tropical Indo-Western Pacific Ocean, together with tropical rainforests. In the Philippines, Verde Island Passage found between the islands of Luzon, south of Batangas, and Mindoro is where plenty of coral species can be found Coral reefs are the homes of thousands of marine plant and animal species. They breeding places for almost all marine animals, Corals are also used by certain sp as a refuge from predators. Thus, they help maintain marine life. These marine of provide plenty of food and other marine products for human's food cons income. Corals act as an immense natural recy. living inside the cells of the coral anim: and oxygen to the coral and process so: ‘cling system. The minute photosynthetic als (calied polyps) provide supplemental me of the coral’s waste. Corals help reduce the greenhouse effect or global warming. How do this Reefs are an integral part of the planet's carbon cycle. The coral reef skeleton is act fe up of calcium carbonate. The calcium carbonate precipitated by the polyps and comes from calcium ions and carbon dioxide dissolved in sea water. The carbon up from the water is then replenished by carbon from the atmosphere,Swamps ove swamps are found in seashores. They are smaller aquatic ecosystems where trees abound. There are thousands of adaptive species in these areas which are the open seas and oceans. These areas are very important because they prevent arine pollution. They trap the particulates brought by water before these finally . They also recycle waste matter into nutrients and often serve as breeding es slationships in the Coral Reef Ecosystem relationships exist in any ecosystem. In the coral reef ecosystem, plenty of food ince there are thousand species of organisms which co-exist with one another. plants and animals make sure that the flow of energy continues. the following illustrations: ~ a ~S small fish sea turtle starfish igae —= 6 ga - “aa! t igae small fish big fish | shrimp whale shark ner food chains in the coral reef ecosystem? er—— These food chains and other uma ¢ first food chain, & smal Le ae ae nm by urtle, Algae ahi eaten te : ers, Different He i bee sto te ma , oral reef ecosyst 1s food el ; ih is. a herbivore, ‘ ange ood web inthe ems. ‘A Food Web in the Coral Reef Ecosystem What happens when more animals compete for the same food? How do animals protect themselves from their predator? Gumees Protection and Conservation of the Coral Reef and Mangrove According to studies, only 29% of the 4.4 million hectares of coral reefs condition. About 70% are severely damaged because of natural and Destructive activities of men include blast fishing (use of dynamite, electrical devices), muro-ami fishing, and over collection of fick and trade. Dredging, nuclear testing, oil spill and chemical pollution have the destruction of corals. Coral bleaching which is thought to be Z(04 spi can damage ma like the topical rainforests, the coral reef ecosystem and mangrove ecosystem must and conserved. Rehabilitation programs must be implemented in damaged which include clean up, replanting of i », repla nan trees, | of ) ane transplantation. F a—_i i) ae ablishment of an integrated protected areas system conserves the remaining 29% Batanes Seascape, Masinloc and Oyon Bays Marine Reserve in Zambales, Palaui ‘ine Reserve in Sta. Ana, Cagayan, Guiuan Protected Seascape in Eastern Samar, gani Bay Protected Seascape are proclaimed protected areas under the NIPAS Law. ntrol of marine pollution must be a priority program of the government. Reusing, and safely collecting and treating waste can reduce problems on pollution. Waste- rograms should be developed and implemented. Pollution problems can only be solved coordination among local governments, businesses, non-governmental organizations groups. Presidential Decree (P.D.) 984, “The Pollution Control Law,” as amended sutive Order 192 must be fully implemented to solve the pollution problems. have been enacted to protect and conserve the marine ecosystems. P:D.704 declared P onal policy the preservation of optimum productivity of fishery resources through tion and protection. P.D. 1015 bans the operation of commercial fishing within a ‘of 7 km from the shoreline. P.D. 1058 increases the penalty for illegal fishing. P-D. jides protection of coral ecosystems. PD. 8550, “Fisheries Code of the Philippines,” policies of the state in the protection, conservation and effective management of tock as well as identifying allowable fishing methods in the Philippine coastal waters. you do something to help protect and conserve the coral reefs and mangrove Do any of the following activities: Write a letter to authorities about how you feel about coral reef destruction and cutting of mangrove trees and suggest for the proper implementation of the laws fon the protection and conservation of these ecosystems. Let your teacher check. I jctures or videos of activities that protect and conserve the coral Dal re tues A an Sow rotecting and conserving the coral reef and mangrove ecosystems. er on ; t Fait teacher Teck. Display this on your bulletin board. 7is the correct food chain found in the coral reefs? ~ small fish + shrimp > sea turtle — shrimp ee sea turtle > small fish = alge is the most important structure in the coral reef used by marine ecosystem used by as refuge from predators? seaweed coral reef coral d. algae Practice causes destruction of coral reef ecosystems? excessive fishing cc. dynamite fishing, pollution and oil spill d.allof these the following questions. t animals are found in the coral reef ecosystems? (Give at least 10.) yy are coral reefs important? Why are mangrove swamps important? How does the government help in the protection and conservation of coral reefs? w Oo7. Allof the following describe ve! ic a. Vertebrates are further classi animals with backbone. ., z ree be grouped as cold-blooded and warny lood d. They live on both land and in water. 8. Which of the following belongs to the whale, dolphin, sea lion, seal a. crocodile b. elephant 9. Allof the following reproduce through spores EXCEPT a. algae b. mosses 10. Which of the following characterizes a tropical rainforest ecosystem? _ I. Its located at the polar zones. Il. Ithas diverse plant and animal species. IIL. Itis situated in tropical places. IV. It caters to few plants and animals. a. Tand IT b. Mand I "dentify the following, Write the correct word or group of words on the 1. 2, es) eS Se ee stebrates EXCEPT ———————= ied into five classes. group of animals in the ©. octopus d. shark c. pine trees d. ferns © land iI d. Mand Iv fom the ange punted i aie through the left ventricle of the heart Consists of the brain and the spinal cord Feed their young with their milk from the Groups of animals with no backboneLook at the picture. Is there force and motion? What causes the movement? Is energy present? What forms of energy can you observe in the picture? Can you see simple machines? This unit deals with force, motion, and energy. You learned in Grade 3 that people, animals, wind, and water cause motion. In Grade 4, you also learned that if force is applied on an object, its motion, size, or shape can be changed. You learned how to measure accurately the amount of change in the movement of an object or the speed of a moving object in Grade 5. This time, you will learn other factors that affect the movement of objects. You will observe the effects of gravitational and frictional force on people and objects. You are now expected to devise ways on how to overcome the effects of friction and gravity in performing tasks or daily activities. You will also learn about energy, energy forms, and how it can be transformed from one form to anothe r. You will have lessons on simple ed using them. In the end, you willson 20 H @ ee Affton oe Gra You? Get a partner and discuss your answers. you will learn more about force and motion. Do the following, activity, In this lesson, ACTIVITY 28 Going Up and Down sa falling object? 1, coin, cru Let's find out: What force pull: sheet of bond paper Let’s use these materials: small rubber bal eee ee ympled paper 4this way: Lat ty cin Pune. cnn aE "the objects. Fa ee aheet of paper nd a cue ee a Let’s write down our observations: in? 1. What happens when you throw the ball and the coin’ 2, Which of them reached the floor first? Why do you think so? 3. What happened when you dropped the crumpled paper and the flat 4. Which of the papers reached the floor first? Why? Let’s share our knowledge: What makes an object fall down? €Qsearcnin Anything that is thrown upward falls down. force that pulls objects toward the ground. When towards the ground, Falling objects are examples gravity. This is because of gravity. an object falls, it moves of accelerated motion due /vur activity, the ball and the gy you nd the cj in pe ground at the same time, recs you have woth cceleration on all objects, He ling to Gai in the same way, .c sheet of paper similar to the parach achutes important? Why? rater This concept is simil: slowly weaitiae arene UR eee The parachute alls wa assurance that the person ae a will land safely. Its umbrella-shaped canopy reduces the speed i falling object or person. This is why parachutes are used as lifesaving, devices by skydivers, balloonists, pilots, and passengers of aircrafts. What happens when a falling person does not use parachute? Without a parachute, the skydiver will move downward at 32 feet (9.75 meters) per second. That is, with each second of fall, the skydiver br any falling object is moving at a velocity of 32 feet per second! and at the end of two seconds, 64 feet (19.5 meters) per second, and so on, av nich is very dangerous. At this rate, do you think he will survive te fall? Therefore, he needs the force of air resistance to drop more slowly, so, he needs a parachute to save his life, faoute slows down Feealinihe a Have you ever iddenalstayele meses mountain? * Dexribe how you pedal. Why do you find difficulty a when you go up? Compare the accelerslion Wns 7 cee ou find it difficult to go upward because Ye ape olen ‘gunst gravity. Gravity is pulling you dows yey great force tO eater force for you to accelerate. YOu need to aun Be to BOUP. fedal the bicycle for you to overcome gravity ant te because ut when you go downhill, teil Be ag: OSE eEs eras) gavity is pulling you down. You don’t eave tO eat & down, Gravi ulls you downwards matically 70! Gravity makes: tore to move Coes Se wheels of the Beye se acceso 2358" ‘ecause it is pulled by the gravity:Sore On ection between gravity on Earth Space exploration illustrates the conn You reaned that if you throw something upward, it falls because of gravity, scientists able to launch spacecraft that escape Earth's gravity?Have you ever watched a marathon? How are the athl c lete: cto run without sliding or slipping over? ee ag | Have you ever danced ballet? How are the ballet dancers able to move smoothly? What indof floor do ballet dancers usually perform on? When you do activities, force and motion are always involved. The kind of force that the runners and the ballet dancer is called friction. Perform the activities in the different stations below to lear more about friction. Station 1 ACTIVITY 29 Moving on Different ‘Surfaces objects? Let's find out: How does friction affect the motion o! bj wooden Let’s use these materials: d with a string f wood wi apes, masking !@P° ang to hook the spring balance, spring balance, block of board for your ramp, Wax PaPe™Let's do it this way: ; : Set the ramp with one side MEME isis Cover one side of the ramp with wa f your smooth Cover the other side of the ramp with eee ne your roug Set the block of wood at the lower end ¢ an smooth | Hook the spring balance to the block oa aang ee Pull the spring balance slowly. Take note ding before the block moves. Record your reading- Repeat numbers 4-6 on the rough surface, Compare the data gathered. ae eenen 2 Let's write down our observations: 1. Whats the reading on the spring balance on the smooth surface? _____— rough surface? 2. Which surface registered a greater force in pulling the block? 3. In which surface does the block of wood move easily or fast? Let’s share our knowledge: How does friction affect the motion of an object? Station 2 Note: This activity should be done in a wider area than the classroom. ACTIVITY 30 Measuring Distance of a Moving Object 4 7 Let's find out: How does friction affect the distance travelled by a mov Let's use these materials: ball, meter stick, stopwatch Let's do it this way: 1. Look for a smooth floor (i.e. school gymnasium). Draw a startiz 2. From the starting li object while hig” 7! tre ball gently. Make sure that theSS Com dista ypare the average 5 4 Goes the ball travel farther? why Let’s share our knowledge: How does friction affect 1 he distance travelled by # avin object? | eee (Qsearenin jects on two In your first activity, you observed the mercies “i aa eae the smooth surface, less force is registered in the sPrin 08 SN. ea, a gag wed med ao an home how eto al mo is needed to pull the - h mom reer evcton slows down the movement of objects; ‘The rough surface possesses great frictional force. The ee Si haa that produce friction when in contact with the wood that cavs must be a greater force applied to move the object. In the second activity, you observed how friction affects the movement of a moving object The rolling ball eventually slowed down and stopped. Why? What is present between the ball and the floor or ground? ‘The ball is in contact with the floor so there is friction. Friction is the force that causes the slowing down of the ball’s movement. It is also the force that stops the ball after some time. You also observed in the activity that friction affects the distance travelled by the rolling ball. The ball travelled farther on the smooth on the rough ground. Friction is greater on the rough surface so it prevents farther. What is the implication of the concepts you learned in the activities you p Why do drivers usually prefer a cemented road than a rough road? advantages and disadvantages of friction? Overcoming Friction Is friction useful? You learned that if there is les ‘ictis »bjects mov is more friction, objects move slower, If there is = uaa aa touching each other, objects will smoot Coat is applied on it, Reducing or increasin, instances, too much friction prevents other instances, too little fricti ae le friction also prevents movement and so there is a nt