A research proposal on drug as social problem

Subject:

English

Submitted to :

Ma’m Muqaddisa

Submitted by:

Sidra 24 (M.Sc)

Ayesha Fatima 29 (M.Sc)

Afifa Ehsan 21 (M.Sc)

Sadia Azam 28 (M.Sc)

Arfa Abbas 12 (M.Sc)

Date of submittion:

08-11-2016

Title:
 Drug as social problem.

Sidra Abdulqadir, Ayesha Fatima, Afifa Ehsan, Arfa Abbas, Sadia Azam

Government college women university Sialkot.

Introduction:

Natural and synthetic substance which (when taken into living body) affects its
functioning and structure, and is used in diagnosis, mitigation, treatment, or prevention, of
disease or release of discomfort. Also called legal drug or medicine. A legal drug or
medicinal drug, (amphetamines) however be harmful and addictive if misused.
Habit forming stimulant or narcotic substances which produced a state of arousal,
contentment, or euphoria. Continued or excessive use( called drug abuse) of such
substances cause addiction or dependence.

Man’s derived to employed a substances that provide pleasurable stimulation or

narcotic affect upon the central nervous system has been expressed universally in ancient
as well as in modern civilization. In recent years it has been recognized that heroinism and
drug addiction are psychiatric and social problem.
The modern age is the era of industrialization, which besides providing facilities for
modern living, has given a tremendous rise to many social problems like unemployment,
overpopulation, job placement, economic and emotional insecurity, frustration etc. which
in turn increase the severty of problem of drug.
Drug affect the every segment of society. Heroin addiction has become cancerous disease
for which no cure has been found it.  Pakistan the most heroin-addicted country, per capita, in
the world,” 
There are different types of drugs that either depressed or stimulate the central
nervous system;
 Opioids, including opium, morphine, codeine, heroin.
 Sedative including, including alcohol and anti anxienty agents which depressed the
central nervous system (CNS).
 Cocaine and amphetamine like drugs, which stimulates the CNS.
 Cannabinoids including both natural and certain synthetics.
 Nicotine
 Psychedelics or hallucinogen including LSD.
 Arylcyclohery Iamines.
 Inhalant, including nitrous oxide, ether and toluene and miscellaneous group made
up of substance contained tea and coffee, bettle nutt.
Trends in drug use patterns indicate a marked increase in heroin consumption that
emerged during the 1980s. The 1993 National Survey on Drug Abuse, whose results remain
by no means undisputed, estimated the number of drug users at 3 million of which
approximately 50% were addicted to heroin. Other estimates have suggested that the total
number of drug abusers may have reached 4 million by 2000. Recent trends suggest a shift
from inhaling and smoking heroin to injection of drugs, in particular pharmaceutical drugs,
bearing the high risk of an HIV/AIDS epidemic and the spread of other blood borne
diseases. Injecting drug use has been reported from all major cities and some Afghan
refugee camps around Peshawar and Quetta. Results from a study commissioned by
UNDCP/UNAIDS in 1999, indicated that sharing and multiple use of injection needles is
common practice. Some evidence exists that “shooting galleries” have become established
in Lahore and in Karachi. No cases of HIV/AIDS have been detected in that study, but the
high prevalence of Hepatitis-C (180 out of 200 cases) indicates the enormous potential of
an HIV/AIDS epidemic and other transmittable diseases among the injecting drug users.
Women were introduced to heroin at an average age of 22 years mainly through friends,
husbands and relatives. Peer pressure and a stressful life were frequently mentioned as
causes for heroin abuse.
Literature review:
As drugs have been abused for hundreds of years all over the world, their effects have
been felt for just as long. The available evaluative research is very heavily based in the United
States, and is mostly from the last 15 years. This concentration by place and time is a reflection
of two strong social trends in the U.S. during the 1980s and 1990s. One of these is the “war on
drugs,” in the course of which different parts of the political spectrum vied with each other in
funding, among other things, drug prevention demonstrations. The resulting dominance of U.S.-
based research in the drug literature continues today; NIDA press releases proudly note
responsibility for 85% of drug research in the world. The other trend, led by a different part of
the political spectrum, might be described as a “war on tobacco.” Through popular referenda at
the state level, as well as U.S. federal funding, this trend has led to a growing literature on youth
smoking prevention initiatives. U.S. concern about youthful drinking and driving has also
fuelled a smaller boom in alcohol problems prevention programs.
Across the whole spectrum of drug use, youthful drug use had fallen in the U.S. Though in
fact this decline had begun well before the advent of the new drug prevention programs
(Gorman, 1998). We have tried to take advantage of this ongoing reevaluation in the present
review. The concentration of the literature by place and time, however, has greatly constrained
the research, particular in terms of the goals of prevention efforts.
The specific U.S. situation has also resulted in a narrow scope of the literature in terms of
the institutional bases of the interventions. The overwhelming bulk of the prevention research
concentrates on school-based programs, usually directed at children between ages 8 and 17.
There is a secondary cluster of community-based programs, though many of them might better
be described as “school-plus” programs. For the legal drugs -- alcohol and tobacco -- recent
years have seen an increase in legal regulatory programs, usually based on deterring under-age
sales and purchases. What has been notably lacking in the literature has been programs that
address those who are already using the drugs -- programs which aim to shape the drug use into
less risky patterns, or to minimize the harm from the drug use. .
In 1995/96, the Government of Pakistan with assistance from UNDCP prepared a
comprehensive Master Plan for Drug Abuse Control: 1998-2003. In 1998, UNDCP
revitalized this plan and advocated at the highest level for its speedy approval. Following
minor amendments, the Master Plan was approved by the Prime Minister’s Cabinet in
February 1999. The Master Plan is structured around six objectives and related strategies,
outputs and activities. Three of the objectives aim at strengthening law enforcement, two
refer to demand reduction and one to supply reduction. The financial requirements for the
five-year duration of the plan have been estimated at Rs 2,832 million.
Statement of the problem:

Drug abuse is a big problem in the whole world. The questions arise that what is the drug? What
are their impact on human life? How it can be overcome?

Purpose of the research:

The main aim of our study is to identify why the people are addicting to drug?
And other objectives are:
 To know the present status of drug abuse.
 To identify their socio-economic condition.
 To investigate strategies for the prevention of drug abuse.
 To recommend how the problem can be uprooted?
Methodology:
Sampling & Sample size:
Before the main survey, a quick field visit to the selected study areas will give an
idea about the concentration of street-dwelling children and their characteristics. This also
will help to determine the way for approaching the ultimate study samples. Five
enumerators, who will brief about the study and visit the specified areas from mid-day to
mid-night to do a head count and prepare a map with spots indicating different
concentrations of street-dwelling children. From each spot, around 100 respondents will
be drawn through repeated visits within one week. Snow ball technique will be used to
identify the respondents. In the sample, attempts will be made to include all the street
children.
Data Collection:
This study will be based on survey method. Skilled interviewers will be recruited for
data collection. A seven-day intensive training will be given to them which will consist of
lectures, mock interviews, role play, and field practice at the community level. An
instruction manual explaining the key terms in the questionnaire will be developed, and
provided to the enumerators as a guide. Three teams of five members each will be formed.
On the day of interview, the team will identify the first respondent according to criteria for
selection. Secondly, they will apply snow ball technique to identify further respondents
present in the spots for interview. The study will include only those who will be interested.
Verbal consent will be taken before the interview. The field activities will be supervised by
the researchers.
Data Analysis:
The data will be analyzed using both descriptive and Statistical Package for
the Social Sciences (SPSS).
Time shadule:
Selection of interviewers 2 week
Training of the interviewers 2 week
Designing of the questionnaire 1 month
Conduct of interview 2 months
Analysis of data 2 months
Writing of the final report 1 month
Total time consumed 7 months
Limitations of the Study:
The study will be confined to only three specific spots in Dhaka city due to time
limitations.
Scope of the research:
As previously stated, each drug has its side effects; however, it is possible to avoid these
side effects by using the drug in the proper way. They can help in the prevention of the
infection help the body cure infection help to relief pain.
 Part of modern medicine. Prescription drugs serve as complements to medical
procedures (e.g., anti-coagulents with heart valve replacement surgery); substitutes for
surgery and other medical procedures (e.g, drugs for HIV and Parkinson' s).
 Hypertension: About 60 percent of people over age 65 have hypertension.  For a person
over age 55, hypertension increases the risk of a heart attack. Hypertension roughly
doubles the risk of cardiovascular disease and is the leading factor for stroke. According
to one study, treatment results in a one-third reduction in the probability of stroke and a
one-quarter reduction in the probability of a heart attack. ACE inhibitors are commonly
prescribed to control hypertension i.e. a drug.
 Depression: An estimated 1 in 10 to 1 in 20 community-based elderly experience
depression. Depression can lead to institutionalization and other health problems. From
60 to 75 percent of patients respond to drug therapy.

Budget:
The total budget consume in this project was 40000.
Conclusion:
The researcher find the reason to become an addict of drug.
 Poverty For peace of mind
 Stress Depression
 Family matters Curiosity
 Illiteracy To relief body pain
 Availability of drug Social stress
 Unemployment Lack of medicinal facility
 Increased crime Rebellious attitude
 Political issues
Once you've been addicted to a drug, you're at high risk of falling back into a pattern of
addiction. If you do start using the drug, it's likely you'll lose control over its use again — even if
you've had treatment and you haven't used the drug for some time.
 Stick with your treatment plan. Monitor your cravings. It may seem like you've
recovered and you don't need to keep taking steps to stay drug-free. But your chances of
staying drug-free will be much higher if you continue seeing your counselor, going to
support group meetings and taking prescribed medication.
 Avoid high-risk situations. Don't go back to the neighborhood where you used to get
your drugs. And stay away from your old drug crowd.
  Get help immediately if you use the drug again. If you start using the drug again, talk
to your doctor, your mental health provider or someone else who can help you right
away.

Bibliography:
Denise Kandel, "Adolescent marijuana use: Role of parents and peers", Science 181: 1067-
108 1,1973.
United Nations, "Women and drug abuse: a position paper by the United Nations", 11
February 1994.
Drug Abuse In Pakistan “Results from the year 2000 National Assessment Study”
Preventing Substance Use Problems Among Youth: “A Literature Review & Recommendations”
Angela Paglia and Robin Room
A Research Proposal on “The causes of drug addiction”