SINGAPORE STANDARD

CP 50 i 1997
(rcs 13.220.20)

CODE OF PRACTICE FOR

Safety in welding and cutting

(and other operations
involving the use of heat)

A rtgh6 reseryed, Unless othetwise specified, no patt of this Singapore

Standard nay be rcproduced ot utilised in any fom or by any means,
electfonic or mechanical, including photocopying anal microfilming, without
pennission in wdting from the Singapore Productivitlt and Standards Board at
ahe address below:

Dircctor
Centre for Standardisation
Singapore Productivity and Standards Board
'I Science Park Drive
singapore 118221
Telephone:2786666 Telefax:2786665
Email: cfs@psb.gov.sg

ISBN 9971-67-607-9
CP 50 : 1997

This Singapore Siandard having been approved by the lndustrial Safety Standards commitiee was
endorsed by the Siandards Councilon I September 1997.

First published, 1990.

First revision, '1997.

The lndustrial Safety Stiand€rds Committee appointed by the Standa.ds Council consists of the following
members :

Name Organisation

Chalnnan: Mr Tan Pui Guan standards Council

:
Sec.etary Mr Kiet,v l-lock Thiam Singapore Prcductivity and Standards Board

Members : Mr Cheah ltCheng lnstitutlon of Engineers Singapore

Mr Chovir Yew Seng Singapore Contractors Association Limited
Mr Willbm Goh Singaporc confederation of lndusf ies
Mr Ho Heng Huat Singapore lnstiMion of Safety Oficers
Dr Lee Kim Seng National University of Singapore
Dr Samuel Lim Nanyang Tedmological University
MrTan Cheok KwaE Associaton of Consuning ErEineers, Singapore
Mr Yeo Boey Chua Association of Slngapore Marine lnduslries

The Tedni:al Commifiee appdnbd by the lnduslrial Safety Standards Committee and responsble for
the preparation of this siandard consbts of representatives trorn the follotiring organisalicns :

Name Organi€ation

Chti]man Mr Ho l-l,eng Huat lndurthl Safety Standards Co.nmiitee

Deputy
Chalrman Dr Yeo Swee Hock lndusLial Safety Slandards Committee
Secrrfaay Ms Babara Bok Singapore Prcductivity and Slandards Board

lrembers MrAng l-{ock Eng Nanyang Tednological university

Mr Ho Siong Hin D€partment of lndustrial Safety
Mr Thomas Lee lnstitutjon of Engineers Singapore
Dr Lee Kim S€ng Nalimal University of Singapore
Dr Samuel Lim Nanyang Technological University
Dr Lua Aik Chong Nanyang Technological University
Mr Tan Hot,, Jwat Sngapore lnstiMion of Salety Offcers
 CP 50 : 1997

Tbe Working Group appointed by the Technical Committee on General Safet to assist in the preparation
of this siandard comprises the following members:

Name Organisation

Convenor : Mr Ho Siong Hin Department of lndusfial Safety

Members : Mr Ang Hock Eng
Mr Kwan Koon Seng
Mr Poh Bian Hock
Mr Tan How Jwat
Mr Yeong Chark Sung
Nanyang Technological University
Association of Singapore Marine lndustries
Singapore Oxygen Alr Liquide Pte Ltd
Singapore lnstitution of Safety Officers
Department of Industrial Safety
CP 50 : 1997

CONTENTS
Page

CODE OF PRACTICE

1. Scope -

2. Defrniiions I
3. tuc welding and cutting equipment I
General-
Application of arc welding equipment I
lnstallation of arc welding equipment 10
3.4 Operaton and maintenance 11

Electdc under-water welding and cutting 13

4. Plasma-arc, electron beam, and laserwelding and cutting - 14

4.1 Genelal - Plasma€rc processes - 14
4.2 Hazards and precautions : Plasma-arc processes - 14
4.3 Electon beam welding, laser welding and cutting, and electto
slag welding 15

5. Resistance welding 15
5.1 Hazards and precautions 15
'15
lnsiallation

6. Orygen-tud gas systems for welding and cutting - '16

6.1 General- '16

6.2 Cylinders and coniainers- - 16

6.3 lr4anifolding of cylinders - - 21
6.4 Hose and hose conneclions 24
6.5 Pressure{educingregulalors 25
6.6 Piping and staton oullet prctective equipmentand regulators 25
6.7 Orygen and fuel gas under-water cutting - - 2a
6.8 Cutling Torch - - 28
6.9 Safety Devices - - 29
6.10 lnspection ofequipmenl - '
6.11 Operating Procedures - - 29
6j2 Training and qualmcations ofoperator 30

7. Brazing installations 30
7.1 General- 30
7.2 Manufacture/s instructions 31
7.3 Electrical equipment 31
 CP 50 : 1997

7.4 Soldering 31
7.5 Brazing - 31
Brazing atmospheres -
7.7 Subsequentoperations - 32

8. Themit welding -

9. Protection of personnel -
9.1 General-
9.2 Eye protection - - 33
Protectjve clothing
9.4 work in confned spaces - 36
9.5 Fire prevention and prctection 37
9.6 Precaution for radiography 38
9.7 Hot work authorisation - 39

10. Health prolecjion and venlilation -

10.1 General- 39
1O.2 Venlilatjon for generalweiding and cutling- 40
'10.3 Local exhaust hoods and boolhs - 40
10.4 Ventilation in confined spaces - 41
10.5 Cleaningcompounds 41
'10.6 Arc welding in the vicinity of degreasers - 41
1O.7 Zinc 42
10.8 Fluorinecompounds 42
10.9 Lead. c€dmium and mercury 42
10 10 Beryllium 42
10.11 Plastic coated materials - 43
10.12 Other materials of ioxic signiticance 43
10.13 Cutling of stainless sleel - 43
10.14 Medical control and first aid 43

11. Welding and cutting operations at public exhibitions 43

1'1.1 General- 43
11.2 Procedures 44

APPENDICES

A. Master chartforwelding and allied processes 45

B. Brief descriptions and schematic diagrams of different welding and

allied processes - 47
CP 50 : 1997

TABLES

1. Cable sizes for arc welding machines based on safe operating temperafures,
average cable length 30 m and 60 per cent duty cycle - 10

2. Colourcoding of hoses - - 24

3. Selection of shade numbers 34

4 Air f,owrate 41

FIGURES

1. Schematc anangement of piping and station outlet protective

equiPment 27

2. Protective devices for gas holders, compressors and booster pumps 2a

 CP 50 : 1997

SINGAPORE STANDARD

CODE OF PRACTICE FOR SAFETY IN WELDING AND CUTTING

(AND OTHER OPERATIONS INVOLVING THE USE OF HEAT}

FOREWORD

This Singapore Siandard was prepared by the lechnical Committee on General Safety under
the direction of the Induslrjal Safety Standards Committee. lt is a revision of the code of PEclice which
was first prepared in 1990 by the Technical Committee on Safety in Welding and Cutting (and other
Operations lnvolving the Use of Heat).

ln 1993, a study was made on the use of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) for gas cutting and
some recommendations were made for safety of such work. The Factories (ShiPbuilding and ShiP
repairing) Regulations 1994 also specified some new requirements regarding hot work ln the light of
these developments, a Wo*ing Group was aPpointed by the lechnical Commihee on General Safev to
undertake the task of reviewing this Code of Plactice to revise and include those relevant
recommendatons from the study and provisions fiom the Regulations, particulariy on lhe use of LPG-

The revlsions made werc mainly on 'Orygen fud Gas Syslems for Welding and Cutting'. New
subclauses on 'Cutting Torch', 'Safety Devices', 'lnspection of Equipment', 'Operating Procedures' and
Training and Qualifications of operator'were included in this clause. Anolher new subclause, 'Hot Work
Autho sation' was also included in the clause on 'Protection of Personne!'.

ln revising this Code, references were made lo the following publicaiions:

1. ISO 3821 : 1992 Welding - Rubber hoses for welding, cutting and allied
pro@sses

2. SS 239 : 1 980 Specifcation for liquefied pekoleum gas

3. Accident preventon in the shipbuilding and repaidng indusiry, Vdume ll, a code of
practice published by the l\4inistry of Labour, 1975.

4. The Factories (Shipbuilding and Ship-repairing) Regllations,'1994.

5. Safe use of liquefed petroleum gas for gas cuttng, a study conducted by the
Deparlmenl of lndustrial Safety, '1993.

Acknowledgement is made for the use of the infomation from the above references.

NOTE,

1. Singapore Siandards are subject to periodic rev,ew to keep abreasl of technological changes
and new technical developmenls. The revisions of Singapore Standards are announced
through lhe issue of either amendment slips or revised editjons.

2. Compliancewith a Singapore Standad does not exempt users from legal obligations.
CP 50 : 1997

1. SCOPE

1.1 This Code is for the prctection of persons from injury and illness and the protection of property
(including equipment) from damage by fire and other causes arising fiom welding and cutting equipment,
its installation, operation and mainteoance.

1.2 Specific provisions are included for gas welding, shielded-meial-arc welding, submerged_arc
welding, gas-metalarc welding, gaslungsten-arc welding, brazing, resistance welding, and thermit
welding. However, the requirements of lhis Code are generally applicable 10 ihe olhe. welding processes
shown in Appendix A - 'Master chart for welding and allied processes'. Appendix B gives brief
descriptions and schematic diagrams of different welding and allied processes.

NOTE. The lites of tle publi€lios refen€d tc in t'is Code a€ listed al the end of he sbndard-

2, DEFIN]TIONS

2.1 The word 'Shall' is used to indicate provisions v,/hich are mandatory.

2.2 The words 'Should' or 'it is recommended' are used to indicale provisions which are not
mandatory but which are pointed out here as recommended good p€ctices.

2-3 The words 'approved' or 'approval' as used in this Code mean acceptable to the althority
having ju.isdiction after testing by a nationally recognized testing agency.

2.4 The terms leldei and lvelding operatoi as used herein are intended to designate any
operator of welding equipment which uses electricity or gas.

2.5 The terms 'bumef, 'cutter' and 'cutting operatol as used herein are intended to designate any
operator of cutting or heating equipment which uses electicity or gas.

2.6 All other welding terms used he.ein are in accordance with AWS Standard A3.0 - lwelding
terms and definitions'.

2.7 'Podable outlet headef means any assembly of valves, proteclive devices, and connections
used for servace outlet purposes, which is connecied to the permanent service piping system by means of
hose o. other non-rigid conductors.

llOTE. Devjces of ttis nature are col]1l]Mly lsed al pie6 and dry docls in shipy€.ds thee iile sefli@ piping cannot be localed
do6e eno{4h k! the wrk bo potde a direcl {pply.

2,8 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) means a clear liquid composed of readily liquefiable
hydrocarbon gases which are produced in the course of processing nafural gas or refining crude oil. The
composition of LPG is mainly propane and butane and can vary widely depending on he source and
nature of lhe processes to which it has been subjected.

3. ARC WELDING AND CUTTING EQUIPMENT

3.1 General
3.1.1 Welding equipment shall be carefully chosen fo. safe application to the work to be done as
specified in Subclause 3.2.

3.1.2 Welding equapment shall be installed safely as specified by Subclause 3.3.

 CP 50 : 1997

3.1.3 Operators designated to operate arc welding equipment shall have been properiy instructed
to operate such equipment as specrfied in Subclause 3.4.

3.2 Application of Arc Welding Equipment

3.2.'l General. Equipment and lhe installalion of all electric wiring shall conform to the requirements
of Singapore Standard CP 5 or other local requirements- Evidence of the equipment approval shall
appear on or near the nameplate of the equipment. Special purpose machines not covered by this Code
shall conform in allapplicable respects to Singapore Standard CP 5.

3.2.2 Environmentalconditions

3-22.1 Standad machines for arc welding service shall be designed and construc{ed to carry lheir
rated load with rated temperature rises where the temperature of the coollng air does not exceed 40oC
(104"F). They shall be suitable for operation in atrnospheres contiaining gases, dust, and light rays
produced by the welding arc.

3.2-2-2 Unusual service conditions may exist, and in such oircumstances machines shall be especially
designed to safely meei the requirements of the service. The main @nditons are:

(a) Exposue to unusually conosive furnes;

(b) €xposure to steam or excessive humidity;

(c) Exposuae to abnormal vibmtion or shock;

(d) Exposure to weather;

(e) Exposure to unusualsea coastorshipboad conditions.

No electric welding equipment shall be used in a hazardous location such as would be created
by environments containing excessve oilvapours, fammable gases, orcombustible dust.

3.2.3 Vollage, Open circuit (no load) voltages of arc welding and cutting machines shall be as low
as possible. consistent with satisfactory welding or cuttjng being done. The following limits shall not be
exceeded:

(a) Altemating-clnent Machines

(i) Manual arc welding and cutting 80 volts;

(ii) Automatic (machine or mechanised) arc welding and cutting '100 volts;

(b) Direct-cunent Machines

(i) Manual arc welding and cltting 100 volts;

(ii) Automatic (machine or mechanised) arc welding and cutting '100 volts;

(c) \ryhen special welding and cutting processes require values of open circuit voltages
higher than the above, approved means shall be provided to prevent the operator from
making accidental contact with the high voltage such as by adequate insulation or other
means;
CP 50 : 1997

(d) For AC welding under wet conditions, or warm suroundings where perspiraiion is a
facto( the use of approved automatic control means for reducing no load vo,iage shall
be used to reduce the shock hazard.

3,2.4 Equipmentloading

3.2.4.1 Care shallbe taken in applying arcwelding equipmentto ensure lhat the cunent rating
chosen is adequate to handle thejob. Welding machines shall not be operated above lhe cunent r€ting
that conesponds to the rated duty cycle as specified by the manufacturer. Conversely, if the rated duty
cycle is to be exceeded, the allowable cunent output is reduced. Particulady high overcurents are likely
on general purpose (60 per cent duty cycle) welding machines when welding with low arc voliage
processes such as air-carbon arc cutling, orygen-arc cutting, or gas{ungsten arcwelding

The operator shall note that actual weiding currents may be higher than shown by the indicator
of the machine if welding is done with short leads or with low arc voltages.

NOIE. The Eted duv cyde of an arc reldi.g macnine (at rated .!reni) is fle per@ntase oi actual arc time allo$€d based on a
1o{inute pedod. lf a machine is €led al 300 amps at 60 per c€n! duiy cyde, lhe l@d of 300 anps shall not be applied fo( more
tian 6 hinutes out ole€ry lGminuie pedod. lfan arc welding rocnine is to be opeEled aia drent g€ater than its Eiing. the
allor€ble duly cfde shall be reduced ac.o.dingly. Conve6ely, it be raled dlly cyde is !o be exceed€d, he allowable (rldent
outsut is lc! be reduced.

3.24.2 Welding cables shall be of the extm flexible type designed especially for the rigors of welding
service and of size adequate for cunent and duty rycles to be expected. Special attention shall be paid
io insulation of cables used with equipmenl which inctudes high voltage, high frequency oscillators. For
average manual shielded metiaFarc welding duty cycles (60 per cent), Table 1 may be used io select
cable szes based on welding cunents.

Table 1. Cable sizes torarcwelding machines based on safe operating

tempeiatures, average cable length 30 metres and 60 per cenl duty cycle

Recommended cable size (mm2) for total length of electrode

and work cable
Welding drrent (AMPS)
Copper conductors Aluminium conductors

100 25
150 35
200 35 50
25D 50 70
300 50 70
350 70 95
400 70 95
500 70 s5
600 s5

For auiomatic or semi-automatic instiallations duty cycles can be expected to be 1 00 per cent.

3.3 lnstallation Of Arc Welding Equipment

3.3.1 General

3.3. t.t Equipment shall be installed in accordance wfi the manufactureis instructions.

3.3. t.2 The installation of all electric wiring shall conform to the requirements of SS CP 5 or other local
inspection requirements.
't0
 CP 50: 1997

3.3.2 Earthinq

3.3.2i fhe frame or of the welding machine (except engine drjven machines) shall be earthed
C=,se
under the conditions and according to the methods in Singapore Standard CP 5 or other local
requircments.

3.3-22 The work or meial upon which the operator welds, shall be earthed to a good eleclrical ground
This can be done by locating the work on an earthed metal ioor or platen or by connection to earthed
building iiame or other satisfactory earth. Altematively, it may be done by earthing the work lead at or
near the welding machine. Care shall be taken, however, to avoid double earthing, as otheMise welding
dfient may iow through a connecton intended only for safety earfring and may be of a higher
magnitude lhan the eadhing conductor can safety carry. Special mdio fiequency earthing is advisable for
equipment using high f€quencf/ arc slabilizers. Reference could be made to a specialisfs advice on the
subject-

3.3.23 Welding current preferably shall be retumed to the welding machine by a single cable from the
work 10 the welding machine. Connectjon of a cable iom the welding machine to a common conductor
or structure on which the work rcsts, or to which the work is connected, is a Permissible procedure AC
machines io groups of hree connected in delta to a &phase supply circuit and in "\^ on i,le secondary
circuit may use a single work lead from the 3 units to the structure being welded or size suitable for the
cunent rating of one machine.

3.3.24 Pipelines containing gases or fammable liquids or conduils carrying electrical conductors shall
not be used for an earth retum circuit.

3.3.2.5 Cranes, hoists, and elevator sauctures and their wire ropes shall not be used to carry welding
curent.

3.3.2.6 When, during construction or modification, a building or any other open fabricated metal
siructure is used for a welding culrent retum circuit, il shall be checked to ascertain whether proper
electrical contact exists at all joints. Sparking or heating at any point shall cause reiection of the structure
as a refum circuit,

3-3.27 Where a structure, conveyor, or fixfure is regularly employed as a welding cunent rehlm circuit'
joints shall be bonded or prcvided with adequate cunent collectlng devices and appropriate peridic
inspection shall be conducted to ascertain that no condition of electrolysis or shock, or fire hazard exists
by virtue of such use.

3.3.28 Atl eadhing connections shall be checked to delermine lhat they are mechanically strong and
eleclrically adequate for the requircd cunent.

3.3.2.9 Cables shall be located and protected so thal they will not be Physically damaged or present a
safety hazard. Specialcare shallbe taken to see lhatwelding supply cables are not in proximity to power
supply cables or other high-voltage conductors.

3.4 Operalion And Mainlenance

3.4.1 Personnel assigned to operate or maintain arewelding equipment shall be acquainted with
lhe requirements of Claus€is 6,9 and 10.

3.4.2 Before starting operations, all connections to the machine shall be checked to make certain they
are propedy made- The work lead shalt be firmly attached to the work; magnetic work clamPs shall be
freed from adherent metal particles of spatter on contaci surfaces. Coiled welding cables shall be spread
out before use to avoid serious overheating and damage to insulation. Jobs requiring altemately long
and short cables shall be equipped with insulated connectors so that idle long lengths c€n be
disconnected when not needed.

11
CP 50 : 1997

3.4.3 Earthing of the welding machine frame shail be checked. Special attention shall be given to
safety eadhing conneclions of portable machnes.

3.4,4 There shall be no leaks ofcooling water, shielding gas, or engine fueI.

3.4.5 lt shallbe determined that proper switching equipmentfor shutting down the machine is
provided.

3.4.6 P nted rules and instructions covering operation of equipment supplied by the manufacturers
shall be sfictly followed.

3.1.7 When the welder has occasion to leave his work or stop work for any appreciable time, or when
the machine is to be moved, lhe power supply switch in the equipment shall be switched off The
equipment shallbe disconnected from the source of power when not in use.

3.4.8 Metal and carbon electrodes shall be removed fiom holders when not in use to eliminate any
danger of eleclrical contact with persons or conducting objects. Tungsten electrodes shall be removed or
rebacted wilfiin holders. Electrodes in wire form in semi-automatic holders shall be rehacted or cut off to
remove any possibility of contact. Elec&ode holders when not in use shall be so placed that they cannot
make eleclrical contact wi$r persons, conducting objecls, fuel, or compressed gas tanks.

3.4.9 Eleclric shock

3-4,9,7 Avoidance of eleckic shock is largely within the control of the weldec therefore, it is especially
important that he be thoroughly instructed in detail how to avoid shock. Because most contiact requircd
for welding voltages have not caused severe injury o. electic shock, parts having these voltages are
liable to be handled carelessly. These voltages arc nevertheless sufficien{y high that, under some
circumstan@s, they may be dangerous to life. Even mild shocks, not dangerous in themselves fiom
normal working voltages or from high frequency stabilisers, c€n cause involuntary muscular contraction,
leading to injrrious falls from high places. Severity of shock is determined largely by the amount of
cunent iowing through the body and this is determined by voltage and contact resistance of the arca of
skin involved. Clothing damp from perspiration or wet working conditions may so reduce contacl
resistance as to increase an imperceptible oJnent to a value high enough to cause such violent muscular
contraclion as to prevent the welder from disengaging himseff from the live part. Waming signs for High
Voltage should be displayed where appropriate

E.g. "DANGER
HIGH VOLTAGE"

3.4.9.2 The welder shall never permit the live metal parts of an electrode holder to touch his bare skin
or any wet covering of his body. He shall also proiect himself fom eleclrical contact wilh the work or
ground or by dry insulatjng material; particularly, he shall be protected against large area contactrs by
insulation when working in a sitling or prone position. Adequately dry gloves are also recommended. He
shall not use eleclrode holders for manual shielded metal-arc welding without well insulated jaws an good
repair. Electrode holders shall not be cooled by immersion in water. Water-cooled holde6 for gas-
fungsten-arc and gas-metralarc welding shall not be used if any water leak exists. The welding machine
supplying power to the arc shall always be tumed off whenever cfianging electrodes in gas-tungsten-arc
elecbode holders, or whenever threading coiled eleclrodes into gas-metal_arc equipment or submerged-
arc equipment. Special precautjons shall be taken to prevent shock-induced falis when lhe welder is
working above ground level. The welder shalt not coil or looP welding electrode cable around parts of his
body. Cables with repair splices within 3 m (10 feet) of he holder shallnot be used.

12
 CP 50 : 1997

3.4.10 Maintenance

3.4147 Welding equipment shall be maintained in good mechanical and electrical condition io avoid
unnecessary hazards. The oPerator shall reporl any equipment malfunction, defect' or safety hazard to
his supervisor and the use of the equipment shall be discontinued until its safety has been assured
Repairs shall be made only by qualified personnel.

NOTE. Therefore, a prevenbve maintenanc€ slstem of inspedio is shongly rccomntended

3.470.2 Commutators of rotaiing equipmenl shall be kept clean to prevent excessive flashing
Flammable liquids shall not be used for cleaning commutiators; fine sand paper such as No 00 or
commutralor polish shall be used. Rectifiers shall be trequently inspected to detect accumulation of dust
or lint that woutd interfere with ventilation- Electrical coil ventilating ducts shall be similarly inspected and
cleaned.

NOTE. lt is qood DEctjce io pedodically blM out lhe enlire welding mcnine with dean dry cohpE$ed air.

Fuel syslems on engine driven machines shall be inspected and checked for possibl€ leaks and
accumulalions of water that might cause rusting. Rotaijng and moving components shall be kept propedy
lubricated.

3-4.tO3 Welding equipment used in the open shall be protected from inclement weather conditions-
Protective cover shall not obstruct the ventilalion necessary to prevent overheating of the machine'

NoTE. Ai. flleB in the venulaling system of lie eleclrj€l components ae not ecommended lnless prcvjded for bv lire
manLiaclurcr A didy flter syslem will reduc€ air flow dangercuslv, cause ovedeatjng and should be eplaed

3.4.10.4 V'then not in use, the equipment shall be stored in a clean dry place- Machines which have
become wet shall be thoroughly dried and lested before being used.

3.4.10.5 work and electrode lead cables shall be frequently inspected for wear and damage. Cables
with damaged insulation or exposed barc conduclors shall be replaced Joining lengths of work and
electrode cables shall be done by use of connectjng means specifically intended for the pumose. The
connecting means shall have insulatjon adequate for the service conditions.

3.4.706 welding cables shallbe kept dry and liee from grease and oil.

NOTE. To ensure against oveAea[ng, psiodic checks should be made wit\ p6'table ammeG6 to make sure tiat l@d 4rent
has not in@.?sed beyond lile €pacjty of the relding machine, cable, or iorch.

3.5 Electric Underwaler Welding And Cutting

3.5.1 Procedure

3.57.1 Electric underwaler welding and cutting is specialized work requiring extreme caae and intensive
training in both diving and elect c welding and/or cutting. lt shall not be attempted by anyone who
has not received such kaining.

3.51.2 The welding power sources shall be earthed to the attendant vessel.

3.5 7.3 The earthed lead cable shall be securely affxed to the work.

3.5.1.4 No part of the electrode holder or the submerged sections of the power cable shall be leff
uninsulated. The electrode holder shallbe of a specialtype suitable for underwaterwelding

3.5.7.5 A positive operating disconnecting switch (e.g. knife-switch) shall be used in the welding circuit
This is to safeguard the diver-operator.
13
CP 50 : 1997

3.5. t.6 The cunent shall be off at all times except when lhe diver is actually cutting or has ihe electrode
in cutting posiiioo.

3.5.1.7 On inserting the electrode in the holder, the diver shall locate the starting point. hold the
electrode against the work, and when fully poised and ready io cut orweld, signal for 'current on".

3.5.1.8 On having consumed lhe electrcde, the diver shall not attempt to remove the stub until he has
signalled for "cunent off', and had the requesi confinned by the attendant vessel, who does not confifm
the request until the circuit has been broken by him, i.e., afler lhe cunenl has been switched-off.

3.51.9 The diver shall never hold ihe electrode holder in such a manner that the electrode is pointing
towards hirn.

3.5t.70 The diver shall not place himself in such a position as to make himself a part of lhe secondary
circuit by puting himself between the electrode and lhe work with "curent on".

3.5.2 Precautions. Precautions shall be laken lo ensure againsl explosions of entrapped gas. lt is
therefore mandatory that prior to cutting in a closed clmpartment or a comer, a means be provided for
venting the gases generaled to rernove any possibility of explosion. Provisions shall also be made so
lhat explosive gases do not become entrapped in lhe adjoining compartmenl.

4 PLASUA-ARC, ELECTRON BEAM, AND LASERWELOINGAND CUTTING

4.1 General : Plasma{rc Processes

4.1.1 Plasma-arc power sources and relaled equjpmenl operale at high energy levels and high
temperatures. Therefore, lhe operator shall be adequately lrained in the operation of the equipment.

4,1,2 The manufaclure/s instructions shall be followed for lhe installation, operation, and
maintenance of equipment.

4.1.3 Equipment and the installation of all electric wiring shall conform to the requirements of
Singapore Standard CP 5 or other loc€l requirements. Evidence of the equipment approval shall appear
on or near lhe nameplate of lhe equipment. Special purpose machines not covered by this Code shall
conform in allapplicable respects to Singapore Standad CP 5.

4.'1,4 Equipment shall be installed in an arca s€regated and sunounded by partitions or iame
resistant curtains (see also Subclause 9.2.3).

4.1.5 The operator shall have ready access to the primary electrical disconnect switch, the stariing
equipment of the exhaust system, and the gas cylinder vakes and regulaiors.

4-1.6 The equipment shall be provided with a loc€l exhaust system (see Subclause 10.3), in such a
manner lhai the operator will not be between lhe jet and the exhausl openings- Wtere it is not p€c{ic€l
to provide local exhaust, air supplied respkators shall be used. Notwilhstanding provision of local
exhausE air supplied respirators shall also be used where toxic material in excess of TLV' may be
paesent.

4.2 Hazards And Precautlons : Plasma.arc Paocesses

4.2-1 Although some hazads and precautions have been listed in this clause, a carefuljob analysis
shall be made to deternine the safeguards and personal protective equipftent required for the specmc
operation. Reference is made to the appropriate clauses of lhis Code.

' TLv , Th€shold lilllit v"lues ae as defned by he Amedcan Conference ot lndustiat Hygientsts.
14

J
 CP 50: 1997

1.2.2 ln plasma-arc cutling, open-circuit voltages may be as high as 400 V or mc're. Hence, welders,
operalors and mainteflance personnel should be aware that the plasma-arc cuttlng equipment due to the
highervoltages, p@sents a qreater hazard than Vpicalwelding equipment.

4.2,3 Proteclion of the body from high inlensity light rays is required. Protective clo8ring (see
Subclause 9.3), cape or shoulder cover, and high bools or leggings shall be used as protection from
these rays.

4-2.4 Eye protection shall be used (see Subclause 9.2). The operator shall ensurc that the proper
shade of lens (see Subclause 9.2.3) is used.

4.2,5 The noise generated by plasma-arc welding may impair hearing. Hearing proteclion shall be
wom where noise level exceeds limits as specified by the regulatory authority.

4-2-G Good housekeeping shall be maintained at all times (see Slbc'ause 9. 1 .3).

4-2.7 Gas cylinders shall be handled in a safe manner and they shallbe prevented ftom falling (see
Srlbclause 6.2). Hoses and cables shall be located and prctected so that lhey will not be physically
damaged or present a safety hazard.

4-2.4 Special shielding shall be provided lo prolect the operator ftom high operating voltages (see
Subclause 3-2.3(c)).

4.2.9 The operator shallobserve the requirements ofSubclause 3.4.

4.2.10 The seleclion of cable size and tlpe shall be as per Subclauses 3.2.4.1 and 3.2.4-2. Special
attention shall be paid to insulation of cables used with these processes tecause of the high voltrages
en@unterd.

4.2.11 The operator shall be familiar vri{h the hazards created by lhe welding or cutting of materials
during which toxic vapours are emitted (see Subclauses 10.5 to '10.14) and by the hazards created by the
plasma gases.

4-3 Elec{ron Beam Welding, Laser Welding And Cu$ihg, And Electro Slag Welding. This
Electron Beam rule is intended for specialized operations not elsewhere covered in lhis Code, or for new
processes under developmeni. Health, ventilating, and other requirements shall be obtained from
competent aulhoities and equipment manufacturers. Examples of these types of processes are;
Electron Beam Welding, and Electro Slag Welding.

5. RESISTANCE WELDING

5.1 Hazads And Precautions

5.1.1 A careful job analysis shall be made of the operations to be performed on each welding
machine to deiermine the safeguards and personal proteclive equipment that shall be used for each job.

5.1.2 For eye protection refer to Subclause 9.2.

5.1.3 For protective clothing refer to Subclause 9.3.

5.2 lnslallation

5.2.1 Resistance welding equipment shall be supplied and installed in accodance wilh the
manufaclurers requircments and the requirements of BS 5924.

15
CP 50 : 1997

6. OXYGEN.FUEL GAS SYSTEMS FOR WELDING AND CUTNNG

6.1 General

6.1,1 Fuel gases commonly used in ox)fud gas welding and cutting are acetylene, methytacetylene-
propadience, LPG, natural gas, propane and propylene- Hydrogen is used blt in a limited application.

6.'1.2 Acelylene and rnethylacetylene-propadience should never be used in contact with silver,
mercury, or alloys containing 70olo or more of copper. These gases react wiih these metals 10 form
unstab'e compounds that may detonate under shock or heat-

6.'t.3 Special attenlion must be given when using hydrogen, as names of hydrogen are essentially
mlourless, and parts of body, clothes, combustibles may come in contact with hydrogen flames.

6.1.4 Mixtures of fuel gases and ak or oxygen may be very explosive and shall be carefully guarded
against. No device or attaciment facilitating or permitting mixtures of air or orygen wilh combustible
gases prior lo consumption, except in a standard torch or blow pipe, shallbe allowed unless approved for
the purpose.

6.1.5 Under no condfuon shall acelylene be generated, piped (except in approved cylinder manifolds),
or utjlized at a pressuae in excess of 103 kPa (15 psi) gauge pressure or 206 kPa (30 psi) absolute
pressure'. This requkement is not intended to apply to storage or acetylene dissolved in a suitable
solvent (such as acelone), in cylinders manutactured in accordance with appropriale standards and
maintained according io Singapore Standard CP 12 : Part 2 or lo acetylene for chemical use. The use of
liquid acetylene shall be prohibiied.

6.1.6 Only acc€ptiable apparatus such as torches, regulators or pressure reducing valves, acetylene
generators, and manifolds shall be used.

6.'1.7 Personnel in charge of the oxygen or fuel gas supply equipment, including generaiors, and
orygen or fuel gas distribution pjping systems shall be carefully instructed and judged competent by their
enployers for this important work before being left in charge. Rules and inskuctions covering the
operalion and maintenance of orygen or fuel gas supply equipment, including generators, and oxygen or
tuelgas dislribution piping systems shallbe readily available.

6.2 Cylinders And Containers

6,2.1 Approvalandmarking

6.2.1.1 A,ll portable cylinders used for the storage and shipment of comprcssed gases shall be
constructed in accordance with lhe appropriate standards and maintained in accordance wilh the
requirementrs of Singapore Standard CP I 2.

6.2-1.2 Comryessed gas rylinders shall be legibly marked, for lhe purpose of ideniifying the gas
content, with either th€ chemical or the trade name of lhe gas. Such marking shall be by means of
stencilling. slamping or labelling, and shall not be read y removable. Whenever practical, ihe marking
shall be located on the shoulder of the cylinder. This melhod conforms to Singapore Standard 152.

6.2.1.3 fhe colour coding of all portable compressed gas cylinders shalL be in accodance with
Singapore Standard 1 52.

The 206 kPa (30 p{i) absolure tre.s!.e limii is intended io prevent unsrfe us€ of acetyle.e in pessrirized chambers sudr as
caissons, !.derqdnd exca€lids, or tlnnel consbuclion.

16
 CP 50: 1997

6.2.2 Storage of cylinders and liquefied gas conlainers

6.2.2-1 Cylinde.s shall be kept away from radiators and other sources of heat. ln the case of LPG
cylinders, they should not be stored within 1 mefe of an electic Power point unless the electric power
point is of the iame-proof type.

42.22 lnside of buildings, cylinders shall be stored in a well-protected, welFventilated, dry location, at
least 6 m (20 fee0 i_om highly combustibte matefials such as oil or excelsior. cylinders shall be Stored in
definitely assigned places away fom elevators. stairs. or gangways, Assigned storage spaces shall be
located where cylinders will not be knocked over or damaged by passing or falling objects, or subject to
lampering by unauthorised persons. Cylinde6 shall not be kepl in unvenlilaled enclosures such as
lockers and cupboards,

6.223 Empty gas cylindeE shall have their vatves closed. They should be marked to sh()w thal lhey
are empty.

NOTE. Full cylinders of oxygen and tuel gas shodd b€ used in rciatoi as €ceived from be $pd€r. i.e frsl_corne fi.sl-us€

6.224 Valves shallbe protecled from damage by proteclion caps or olher effective means- Protection
caps shall be in place, hand-tight, whenever the cylinders are not in use or not connected for use.

6.2-25 Liquefied gas and acetylene cylinders should be kept and used in a vertical position

6.2.2.6 The use of liquefed gas containers such as bullets shallbe sLibjected lo the requirements ofthe
relevant authorities.

6.2.3 Fuel gas cylinder storage

623 t lnside a building, cylinders, except lhose in actual use or attached ready for use, shall be limited
to a lotal qas c€pacity of 55 m3 (2.000 cubic fee0 of acetylene or nonliquefied gas, or 170 kg (375
pounds) of liquelied peholeum gas (LPG) or methylacetylene+ropadiene (MAP), or other stabilised gas.

6.2-3.2 slorage in excess of a total gas capacity of cylinders of 55 m3 (2,OOo cubic feet) of aceyene or
non-liqlefied gas, or 170 kg (375 pounds) of LPG or methylacevene-propadiene (MAP), slabilised, shall
be:

(a) in a separate room or comparlment;

(b) olrtside;or

(c) in a special building.

NOTE. 334 kg ol Mter €pacity is equivalenl lo about '140 kg of

Plopan€, 167 kg ol relhy'a.€\4ene-prc@daeE, sbbilized, o.

623.3 Acevene rylinders shallbe stored valve end up.

6,2.4 Oxygon cylinder slorage

6.2.4.1 Qrygen cylinders shall not be stored near highly combustible material, especially oil and
grease; or near reserve slocks or carbide and acetylene or other fuel gas cylinders, or near any other
substance likely lo cause or accelerate fire; or in an acetylene generator comparbnent.

6.2.4.2 Orygen cylinders shall be separated from rooms housing acetylene gener-ators, natural gas
compressors,or booster pumps, or carbide siorage, by a non-combustible parlition having a fire-
resistrance rating of at leasl I hour. This partitions shall be without openings and shall be gas right.

17
CP 50 : 1997

624.3 Orygen cylinders in storage shall be separated from fuel gas cylinders or oombustible materials
(especially oil or grease), a minimum distance of 6.0 m (20 feet) or by a non combuslible banier at leasi
1.5 m (5 feet)high having a fire-resistance raiing ofal least % hour.

624.4 r,Aftere liquid orygen is stored, the @nlainer or containers shall comply with the provisions of
NFPA Pamphlet No.50.

6.2.5 Operatingprocedures

6.2.5.1 oxwencylinders
(a) Orygen shall always be refened to by its prcper name 'orygen' and not for example, by
the word "aif'. The following waming shall be incorporated: 'WARNING - OXYGEN
wlLL NOT BURN, BUT SUPPORTS AND ACCELERATES COMBUSTION, AND WLL
CAUSE OIL AND OTHER SIMILAR MATERIALS TO BURN WITH GREAT INTENSITY,
OIL OR GREASE IN THE PRESENCE OF OXYGEN UNDER PRESSURE MAY BE
IGNITED AND BURN VIOLENTLY'.

NoIE. A sedous aeident nay easily lesull il otysen is us€d as a subsiituie ror compressed air.

Oxygen shalt never be used in pneumatic tools, in oil prehealing bumers to slart inlemal-
combustion engines, to blow out pipelines, to dust clothing or woCK, to create pressure or
for ventilation.

(b) Cylinders, cylinder valves, couplings, regulators, hoses, flashback ar,estors, and
apparatus shall be kept free from oily or greasy substances. Oxygen cylinders or
apparatus shall not be handled with o y hands or gloves. A jet of oxygen shall never be
permitted to strike an oil surface, greasy clolhes, or enter a fuel oil or other storage tank.

6.2.5.2 Fuel gas cylindets. Fud gases shall be called by lheir proper names and nol by the word
"gas".

6.2.5.3 Handling

(a) When fansporting cylinders by a crane or denick, a cradle, boat, or suitable platfom
shall be used. Slings or electric magnets shall not be used for lhis purpose. Valve
protection caps, where the cylinder is designed to accepl a cap, shall always be in place.

(b) Cylinders shall be moved by tilting or rollang lhem on their bottom edges- Draggang and
sliding shall be avoided. When cylinders are transported by a vehicle they shall be
secured in a vedical position. Cylinders shall not be dropped, or struck, or permitted to
strike each olher violendy.

(c) Valve-protection caps shall not be used for mechanical lifting of cylinders. Bals shall not
be used under valves or valveprotection caps to pry cylinders loose when Fozen to the
ground or othe ise fxed; lhe use of warm (not boiling) water is recommended. Valve
protecton caps are designed lo protect cylinder valves from damage. Before raising
rylinders provided with valve-protection caps from a horizontal to a vertic€l position, the
cap shall be propedy in place, the cap shall be tumed clockwise to see lhat it is hand-
tight, then the rylinder shall be .aised by grasping the cap.

(d) A suitable fuck, chain, or steadying device shall be used to keep cylinders fiom being
knocked over while in use.

(e) Unless cylinders are secured on a specialtuck, regulalors shall be removed and valve-
protecijon caps, when provided for, shallbe put in place before cylinders are moved.

18
 cP s0 : 1997

(f) Cylinders not having fixed hand wheels shall have keys, handles, or non-adjusiable
l|Jrenches on valve stems while these cylinders are in service. ln mulliple cylinder
installalions, only one key or handle is required for each manifold.

(S) cylinder valves shall be closed before moving cylinders.

(h) Cylindervalves shallbe closed when work is frnished.

(i) Valves ofempty cylinders shallbe closed.

0) Cylinders shall be kept far enough away iiorn the actuat welding or cutting operation so
thal sparks, hot slag, or flafie will nol reach them, or fire-resistant shields shall be
provided-

(k) Cylinders shall not be placed where they might become part of an electric circuit.
Contacts wilh third rails, trolley wires, etc., shall be avoided. Cylinders shall be kept
away from welding, layout tables, or other sbuctures thal may be used for earthing
eleclric circuits as for arc welding machines. Any practice such as tapping of an
electrode against a rylinderlo strike 6n arc shall be prohibited.

(l) Cylinders, whether tutl or empty, shall not be used as rcllers or supports.

(m) Th6 numbers and marking stamped into cylinders shall not be altered.

(n) Empty cylinders shall be marked 'EMPfY' or 'MT, segregated from tull cylinders, and
promptly retumed io the supplier with valve-prctection caps in place [see Subclause
6-2.5.3(a)1. All valves shall be closed.

(o) No person other than the gas supplier shall attempt to mix gases in a cylindet No one
except the owner oflhe cylinder or person authorised by him shallrefilla cylinder.

(p) No one shalltanperwith safety devic€s in cylinders or valves.

6.2.5.4 Use of oxwen cylinders

(a) orygen cylinders shall not be dropped or otherwise roughly handled.

(b) Unless connected to a manifold. oxygen from a cylinder shall not be used without first
atlaching an orygen regulalor to the cylinder valve. Before connecting lhe regulator to
lhe cylinder valve, the valve shall be opened slightly for an instant and then closed.

NoTE. Th s action is generally temed cracking and is inlended to dear the valv€ ot dust or dirt lhal
odleM* mqnt enter tle requbL,

The operator shall atways sland to one side of the outlet when opening lhe cylinder
valve.

(c) A hammer or wrench shall not be used to open oxygen cylinder valves. lf valves cannot
be opened by hand, the supplier shallbe notfied.

(d) Oxygen cylinder valves shall not be tampered with nor shall any attempt be made to
repair them. lf trcuble is experienced, lhe supplier shall be notified promptly indicating
lhe character of the trouble and the cylindeis serial number. Supplie/s instruc{ions as
to ils disposition shallbe followed.

19
CP 50 : 1S97

(e) After a regulaior is attached, an oxygen cllinder valve shall be opened sligh{y at first so
that the regulator rylinder-pressure{auge hand moves up slowly; then the valve shall
be opened all the way. lf ihe high pressure is suddenly released, it is liable to damaqe
the regulator and pressurc gauges. The operator shall stand to one side of the regulator
and noi in fiont of the glass'covered gauge faces when opening the cylindervalve_

(f) \/hen the orygen cylinder is in use, the valve shalt be opened fully in order to prevent
leakage around the valve stem- Complete removal of the stem fiom a diaphragm-type
rylinder valve shall be avoided.

6.2.5.5 Use of tuel gas cylindes

(a) Fuelgas cylinders shallbe placed wilh valve end up whenever they are in use.

(b) Fuel gas cylinders shall be handled carctully.

NOTE. RoJgh handling, knoclcs, or lalls a@ liaHe to damaqe he cylinder, vatve. d saiery dev6 and

(c) Before connectng a regulator to a rylinder valve, the vaJve shall be opened slightly and
closed immediately.

NOTE. This acto.' is generally tern€d cracking and is intended ro dear tire €lve of dust or dirt d,Et
othe ise might enter t'e rcgulalor.

The valve shall be opened lvhile standing to one side of the outlet, never in ftont of it. A
fuel gas cylinder valve shall never be cracked near olher welding work or near sparks,
fame, or other possible sources ofignition.

(d) Before a regulator is removed from a cylinder valve, the rylinder valve shall always be
closed and the gas released from the regulatoa.

(e) Nolhing shall be placed on top ofan acetylene cllinder when in use which may damage
lhe safety device or interfere with the quick closing of the valve.

(f) ll when lhe valve on a fuelgas cylinder is opened, lhere is found to be a leak around the
valve stem, the valve shall be closed and the gland nut tightened. lt this does noi stop
the leak, the use of the cylinder shall be discontinued, i{ shall be removed to the out-of-
doors, propedy tagged, and the supplier notified. ln case the fuel gas shall leak from lhe
cylinder valve, and cannot be shut off with the valve siem, be cylinder shall be removed
to the outdoors, properly tagged and the supplier notified. A regulator may be attached
to a cylinder valve to temporarily stop a leak through the valve seat.

(s) lf a leak should develop at a fuse plug or other safety device, the cylinder shall be
removed to the outdoors well away from any source of ignition, the rylinder valve shall
be opened slighdy and lhe tuel gas allowed to escape slowly.

(h) A waming not to approach with a lighted cigarette or oiher source of ignition shall be
placed 6 metre (20 feet) from rylinders having leaking fuse plugs or olher leaking safety
devices. Such cylinde.s shall be plainly tagged, the supplier shall be promp{y notmed
and his instructions followed as to their retum. Prop€r vigilance shall be maintained until
lhe contents are completely dissipated.

0 Safety devices shall not be tampered wilh.

20
 Cp 50 : {997

(j) Fuel gas shall not be withdrawn from cylinders through torches, or other devices wilhout
reducing the pressure through a suit€ble rcgulator attached to the cylinder valve or
manifold.

(k) The cylinder valve shall always be opened slowly.

(l) An acetylene cylinder valve shall not be opened more than 1% tums of the spindle, and
preferably no more than % ofa tum.

(m) Where a special wrenci is required, il shall be lefl in position on the stem of the valve
while lhe cylinder is in use so flal the fuel gas fow can be quickly tumed off in case of
emergency. ln the case of manifolded or coupled cylinders, at least one such wrench
shallalways be available for immediate use.

6.3 Manifolding Of Cylind.rs

6.3.1 General

6,3, t.7Cylinders shall be manifolded to provide gas at a rate in excess of that which rnay be obiained
from a single cylinder. Cylinders are also manifolded to centralise the gas supply, or to provide a
continuous supply of gas. Such manifolds shall be of substantial construction and of a design and
materials for the particular gas and seNice for which they aro to be used. Care shall be employed in the
consbuclion, installalion, and maintenance of manifolds'.

6.3 t.2 Manifolds shoLrld be clearly ma*ed lo show lhe substances they coniain.

6-3- t.3 Gas manifolds should only be placed in safe and accessible locations. They shall not be placed
in lanks or confined spaces-

6.3.7.4 Gas manifold hose conneclions, including inlet and outel conneclions, should be such that the
hose cannot be interchanged beiween fuel gases, oxygen and compressed air. Such connections shall
be kept free from grease and oil. Adaptors shall not be used 10 permit the interchange oI hose.

6.3-7.5 Nothing shall be placed that may cause damage to the manifold or irnpede quick closing ofthe
vaives.

6.3,2 Requircmentsfortuelgasmanitolds

6.3-2 7Every manifold shall be approved by a competent person either separately Ior each componenl
parl oras an assembled unit.

6.3,2,2 Except as provided in Subdause 6.3.2-3, fuel gas rylinders connected lo one manifold inside a
manufactunng area or building, shall be limited lo a tolalcapacity not exceeding 136 kg (300 pounds) of
LPG or 85 mr (3,000 cubic feet) of acetylene or other lighter-than-air fuel gas. More than on€ such
manifold with connected cylinders may be located in the same area or room provided the manifolds are at
least 1 5 m (5O feet) apart or are separated by a non-combustible banier at least 1 .5 m (5 fuet) high
having a frre-resistance rating of al least % hour.

6323 Fuel gas rylinders connected to one manitold having an aggr€ate capacity exceeding 136 kg
(300 pounds) of LPG or 85 m' (3,000 cubic feet) of olher fuel gas shall be located outdoors, or in a
separate building or room.

' vMde Enge ol p€ssu€s, compalibilily ol gases wilh meEls, and spedal design ol he Equired connecloF, and Elves
rer!$ilate carc in tre (rroiructd, instalhton. and mdnienrc of ma.ilolds.

21
CP 50 : 1997

6.3.24 LPG cylinde.s forming part of temporariiy manifolded systems shall be removed to an approved
storage area when lheiob has been completed

63.2.5 Separate manifold buildings or rooms may also be used for the storage of drums of czlcium
carbide and cylinders containing fuel gases as provided in Subclause 6.2.3 subiect io the approval of the
rclevant aulhodv. Such buildings or rooms shall have no open iames for heating or lighting and shall be
wellventilated.

6-3-26 High-pressure fuel gas manifolds shallbe provided with approved pressure regulaiing devices'

6.3.3 Requirements tor high-pressure orygen manifolds (tor use with cylinders having a
service pressure above 1.38MN/m'(200 psi)

63.3.1 Every manifold shall be approved by a compeient person either sepa€lely for each component
part or as an assembled unit.

6-3.3,2 Oxygen manifolds shail be separated from fuel gas cylinders, gas booster pumps, or
combustible materials (especially oil or grease), a minimum distance of 6 m (20 feet) or by a non-
combustible banier oI ai least '1.5 m (5 feet) high having a fire-resisiance rating of at least % hour'

6.3.3.3 Except as provided in Subclause 6.3 3.4. oxygen cylinders connected to one manifold shall be
limiled lo a totat gas capacity of 170 mi (6,000 cubic feet)_ lvlore than one such manifold wiih connected
cllinders may be located in the same room, provided the manifolds are at least 15 m (5O feel) apart

6.3.3.4 An orygen manifold, to which cylinders having an aggregate capacity of more than 170 m3
(6,000 cubic feet)of orygen are mnnected, shallbe located:

(a) outdoors;

(b) in a separate non-combustible building; or

(c) inside a buiHing having olher occupancy, provided it is located in a separate room of
non-combustible construction having a fireresistance of at least % hour oI in an area
with no combuslible materialwithin 6 m (20 feet) ofthe manifold

NoTE, A building havng oher ocarpancy refe6 lic a building olher than thal directly assooated with a
pr.duclion of acetylene, he slo€g€ of calcium carbide. ol he stoEg€ and manifoldinq o{ sases usd in
welding and @tling.

63.3.5 An oxygen manifold or oxygen bulk supply system which has storage capacity of:

(a) more than 370 m3 (13,000 cubic feet) of orygen Imeasured at 0.1 ftrN/m'? (14.7 psi) and
21" C (70' FI connected in service or ready for service, or

(b) more than 700 m3 (25,000 cubic feet) of oxygen [measured at 0.1 MN/m'? (14.7 psi) and
21" C (70' F) including unconnected reserves on hand at the site,

shallcomply wilh the prdvisions ofNFPA No. 50.

63.3.6 High-p.essure orygen manifolds shall be provided with approved pressurc-regulaling devices.

6.3.4 Requkements for low-pressure oxygen manifolds [or use with cylinders having a
seryice pressure not exceeding 1.35 MN/m'?(200 psi)l

6.3.4.1 Manifolds shall be of sLrbstantial conslruclion suitable for use with orygen at a pressure of 1.7
ft,,lNim'?(250 psi). They shall have a minimum bursling pressure ot 6.9 MNim'?(1,000 psi) and shall be
protected by a safety relief device which willrelieve at a maximum pressure of3.45 MN/m'(500 psi).

22
 CP 50 : 1997

6.3.4.2 Hose and hose connections subjecl to cylinder pressurc shall have a minimum bursting
pressurc of 7 MN/m'? (1,OOO psi).

6.3.4.3 The assembled manifold includinq leads shall be tesied and proven gas tighl at a pressure of
2.1 l\4N/m3 (300 psD. The fluid osed for testing oxygen manifolds shallbe oil-free and non iammable.

6.3.4.4 The location of manifolds shall comply with Subclauses 6.3.3.2, 6.3.3.3, 6.3.3.4 and 6.3.3.5.

6.3.45 The following sign shall be conspicuously displayed at each manifold:

LOW-PRESSURE MANIFOLD
I\4AX1I\4UI\4 PRESSURE - 1.7 MN/M,
(250 PSI)
DO NOT CONNECT HIGH.PRESSURE CYLINDERS

6.3.5 Requirements for portable oullet headers

6.3-51 Portable outlet headers shall not be used indoorc except for tempomry seNice where the
conditions prcclude a direct supply ftom outlels located on the service piping system

6.3.5.2 Each outlet on the service piping from which orygen or fuet gas is withdrawn to supply a
portable outlet header shall be equipped with a readily accessible shut-ofivalve.

6.3.53 Hose and hose c,onnections used for connecilng the portable outet header to the service piping
shall complywith Subclause 6.4.

63-54 Master shut-off vatves for both oxygen and fuel gas shall be provided at the entry end of the
portable ouUet header.

6.3.55 To prevent a fashback, portable outlet headers for tuel gas service shall be provided with an
approved ffashback arrester installed at each service inlel. To prevent backflow, each service outlet shall
be equipped with an approved pressurc regulalor, an approved check valve or an approved hydraulic
seal.

43.56 Outlets provided on headers for orygen service may be fitted for use with pressure reducing
regulators for dkect hose connection.

6.3.5.7 Each service outlet on portable outlet headers shall be provided with a valve assembly that
includes a detachable outlet sealcap, chained or otheMise attached to the body of the valve.

6.3.58 componenls and fabrication procedures for porlable outlet headers shall be of the approved
type.

6.3-5.9 Portable outtet headers shall be provided with frames which will support the equipment securely
in ihe correct operating position, protect them ftom damage during handling and operation.

6.3.570 Portable oudet headers shall be painted in accordance wiih the colour coding of Singapore
Standard 152.

6.3.6 Manifoldoperatingproceclures

6.3.6-t Cylinder manifolds shalt be installed under the supervision of someone familiar wdi the proper
practices with reference to their construction and use.

23
CP 50 :'1997

6.3.62 All manifolds and parts used in methods of manifolding shall be used only for the gas or gases
for which they are intended to carry.

6.3.6-3 Each fuelgas cylinder lead should be provided wilh a non_return valve-

6-3.6.4 The rcquirements of Subclauses 6.3 2.2 and 6.3 2 4 shall apply to restrict the amount of fuel
gas that can be stored in any one area

6-3.6'5 Fuel gas cylinders shall be manifolded with the cylinders a vertical position.
'n
6.3.6.6 The pressure in the gas cylinders connected lo and discharged simultaneously through a
common manifold shall be approximately equal.

6.3.? Manifolding cylinders for direct supply to consuming devices

63.21 ln one type of manifolding, the gas passes from lhe cylinders lhrough individual cylinder leads
lo a single, common coupler block and from there through a single common pressure reducing regulator
to the consuming devjce.

6-3.7.2 All component parts used in the methods of manifolding shall be approved as to materials
design, and consltuctjon either separately or as an assembled unit.

6-3.23 The requkements of Subclauses 6-3.2 2 and 6.3.2.4 shall apply to restrict the amount of fud
gas that can be stored in any one area.

6,-4 Hose And Hose Connections

6.4.1 Hose and hose connections shall comply with BS 1 389 or olher equivalent standards.

6.4.2 Only hose specially designed for cutting operations and for the gas being canied in lhe hose'
shall be used to connect the cutting torch to the gas outlets Hoses for LPG should have nitrile rubber
inner lining. Hose which is likely to be used under low temperafurc conditions shall be capable of
withstanding low lemperatures wilhout embrituement and cracking.

6.4.3 ln order to identiry the gas for which the hose is to be used, the hose cover shall be coloured as
given in Table 2.

Table 2. Colour coding of hoses

Ges colour of cover

Acetylene Red

Oxygen Blue

Black

LPG Orange

6.4.4 When parallel lengths of orygen and acetylene hose are taped together for convenience and to
prcvent tangling, not more than 100 mm (4 inches) out of 300 mm (12 inches) shall be covered by tape.

24
 CP 50: 1907

6.4.5 Metalclad or armoured hose is not recommended since it could becofie an electrical
conductor.

6.4.6 Hose conneclions shall be ctamp€d or otherwise securely fastened in a manner lhat will
withstand, without leakage, twice the pressure to which lhey are normalty subjected in service, but in no
case less lhan a pressuro of 2.1 MN/m' (300 psi). Oil-free air or an oil-free inert-gas shall be used for the
test. Jubilee clip shall not be used as a hose clamping device.

6.4.7 Hoses shall be located and protected so that lhey will not be physically damaged or presenl a
safety hazard.

5.4.8 Hoses should be regularly inspected aM tested for leaks, extemal bums, wom places, or olher
detects rcndering it unfit for service. Such detective hoses shallbe repaired or replaced.

6.4.9 Should a iashback occur and bum the hose on lhe inside, the hose shall be replaced.

6-,L10 Hose shall not be crimped or kinked. Hose shall not b€ bent or otherwise deformed io confol
the pressurc. Only lorch, regirlator, or cylinder valves shall be used to @ntrol lhe fow of gas.

6,4.11 Hose connections for gas cutting or welding should not be oompatible with connections for
compressed ak or breathing air.

6.5 Pressure{educingRegulalors

6.5.'1 Pressure-reducing regulatorc shall be used only for the gas and at pressures for which lhey are
intended. The regulalor inlet connectons shall be of the approved type.

6.5.2 Pressureadjusting sctews on regulators shallalways be fully released before the regulaior is
attached to a cylinder and lhe cylinder valve opened. when regulalors are not in use lhe pressure-
adjusting screw shall be fully released.

6.5.3 cauges on orygen regulators shall be marked 'USE NO OlL".

6.5.4 R€ulators shall not be used if they leak extemally or intemally. lntemal leakage is indicated
whefl tlle g6uge poinier sho^/s a dse in pressure at no gas fow.

6.5.5 Mainlenance work on regulators or gauges shall only be perfomed by skilled peasonnel who
have been propedy insbucted. Discharge gauges attadled to regulators shall be perbdically tested to
ensure their accuracy. Oxygen gauges shall not be tested with oil. ln the absence of skilled personnel
Irained in regulator repair, the equipment shall be retumed to lhe supplier lor repairs, calibr"ations. or
adjustments.

6.5.6 Union nuls and connections on regulators shall be inspected before use to detect faulty seats
which may cause l€akage of gas when lhe regulators are €ttached to lhe cylinder valves- Damaged nuls
or connedions shall be destoyed.

6-5.7 Gas should not be used directy ftorn rylinder or olher gas supplies for welding or @tling
operation unless through an approved pressure-reducing regulator.

6.6 Piping And Station Olllet Protective Equlprnent And Regulators

6.6.1 General. Equipment shall be installed and us€d only in the service for which it is approved and
as recommended by the manufacturer.

25
CP 50 : 1997

6.6.2 Pressure relief for setuice piping syslems. Setuice piping syslems shall be protected by
pressure relief devices set to function at not more than the design pressure of Ihe systems and
discharging to a safe loc€tion.

6.6.3 Piping protective equipment

66.3.1 The fuelgas and oxygen piping systems, including portable oullet headers shall incorporate the
protective equipment shown in Figure 1.

663.2 V\fien only a portion of a fuel gas system is to be used with orygen, only lhat porlion need
comply wilh Subclause 6.6.3.1.

6-6.3-3 Approved protective equipment (designated PF and Po) shall be installed in the tuel gas pipino to
prevent:

(a) backflow of oxygen into the tuelgas supply system (check valvetunction);

(b) passage ofiashback in the fuel gas supply system (flame-anesting tunction).

The two functions of lhe protective equipment may be combined in one device commonly
known as the frashback anestor or may be provided by separate devi;es.

6.6.3.4 Backfow protection shall be provided by an approved device lhat will prevent orygen fiom
iowing into the fuel gas system.

6,63.5 Flashback protection shall be provided by an approved device that will prevent flame from
passing into the fuel gas and oxygen systems.

66,3.6 Fuelgas for use with equipment not requking orygen shallbe withdrawn upstream of the piping
devices. This is not intended to refer to single hose torches.

6,63.7 Where a compressor or booster pump is used in a fuel gas system requiring oxygen and where
this fud gas is wiihdrawn from a source lhat also supplies a system nol requiring oxygen, the latter
syslem shorld incorporate a check valve lo prevent possible backflow (see Figu.e 2).

6.6.4 Station outlet prolec{ive equipment

6,6,4.t Backffow protection shall be provided at the station cr.{let including those on portable outlel
headers. This backflow protection will be provided by a pressure regulator, a check valve, or a
combination of lhese devices.

6,44.2 A shut-of valve (designated VF and Vo) shall be installed at each statjon outlet and shall be
located on the upstream side of olher station outlet equipmenl.

6.6.4.3 If the station ouuet is equipped with a deiachable regulator. the outlet shall lerminate in a union
connection that is of the app.oved type.

6.6.4.4 lt lhe station outlet is connected directly to a hose, the outlet shall terminate in a union
conneclion that is of lhe approved type.

664.5 Station outets may teminate in pipe threads lo which permanenl conneclions are to be made,
such as to a machine.

664.6 Station oullets shall be equipped wilh a detachable outlet seal cap secured in ptace. This cap
shallbe used to sealthe outlet except when a hose. a regulator, or pipinq is attached.

26
 CP 50 : 1997

6- 6.4.7 Mechanised equipment, such as for brazing or culting,

may have more than four torches supplied
trom a station outlet. There shal' be a main shuloff valve at the machine. The combined maxim!; gas
frow shall not exceed lhe rating ofthe protective devices.

Fuel Gas Oxygen

Main Piping

To Torch
or Machine

PF = protective equipment in fuel gas piping (flashback arreslor);

Po = prctectve equipment in orygen piping (flashback an€stor);

VF = fuel gas stiation outlet valve:

Vo = oxygen station outlet valve.

Figure 1. Schematic arangement of piping and station ouflet protective equipment

27
 CP 50 : 1997

Low-press1lre
protective d€vices

Holder

Acetylene compaessor
or booster pump

Medium-pressure
piping protective devices

Figure 2. Protective devices for gas holders, compressors and booster pumps

6.7 Orygen And Fuel Gas Underwater Cutting

6.7-'l Only oxy-fuel gas equipment specifically designed for undeMater use shall be employed. This
is specialised work and shallonly be attempted by properly t.ained peNonnel.

6.7.2 Precaulions shall be taken lo ensure against explosions of enlEpped gases. lt is lherefore
mandatory that, prior to cutting in a closed comparbnent or a comer, a means be provided for ventang the
gases geneGted to remove any possibility of explosion. Provisions shall also be made so that explosive
gases do not become entrapped in the adjoining @mpartment.

6.7.3 The orygen line and the torch shall be kept free of oil since oil in the presence of orygen is
combustible. The hose used for the orygen line shall not be used for the compressed air since
compressed air offen contiains oil.

6.8 Cutting Torch

6.8.1 Only approved torches should be used.

6.8.2 Clogged cufting torch tip openings should be cleaned with suitable appliances designed for the
purpose.

6.8,3 The operating \€lves of cutting torches should be constructed or protected such that they
cannot be opened accidentally.

2A

I
 CP 50 : 1997

6.9 Safeq Devices

6.9.1 A suiiable flashback anestor or any similar device which prevents fame iashbacks should be
fitted at the pressure regulator olilet oi each gas cylinder and manifold which supplies air, oxygen ot fuel
qas io the cutting torch, in accordance with the manufaclure/s instructions.

6,9.2 A suitable check valve, non-retum valve or any similar device which prevents the backflow of
gas into the hose, should be fitted between eac+r gas lorch inlet and gas hose, in accordance with the
manufacturer's instructions.

6.9,3 A suitable anli-leakage device or any similar device which detects gas leaks and cuts off the
gas supply upon such detection, should be fitted on every LPG line used in a @nfined space, in
accordance with the manufucturer's insltuctions.

6.9.4 No person shall tamper with or attempt to repair safety devices and valves on gas cylinders
unless he is a competent Person.

6.10 lnspection Of Equipment

6.10.1 Gas hoses, gas torches, pressure rcgulatols and equipment for gas cutting should be inspected
and lested by a competent person at least once in every fourteen day period to ensure that they are {iee
from defects and leaks

6.10.2 Safety devices for gas cutting should be inspected and tested by a comPetent person at least
once in twelve months to ensure they are efiective.

6.10.3 Only oiFftee water or soap solution should be used for testing hoses for leal's.

6.'10.4 On successful complelion of lhe inspection and test, the equipment should be tagged 'Fit For
Use" or marked or coded in such a way to inform the user ihat it is fit for use. Such tag, marking or code
should state the date of the inspection and the identity of the competent person who canied out the
inspection and test.

6.1'l OperatingProcedures

6.11.1 All equipment should be visually examined at the beginning of the day, before being used All
hoses must be checked to ensure they are fiee ftom cuts, dacks and other defects. Defective hose and
apparatus must not be used. Ihe gas supply must be shut off at the regulators before any changing of
torches, hoses orother parts is done-

6.11.2 Before starting work, workers should wear the necessary personal protective equipment such
as protective clothing, fire resistant leather gloves, high boots, safety glasses or goggles. Safety helmets,
shoes and safety belts should also bewom ifthe work is to be done on board ships

6.11.3 Before startinq the burning operation, checks must be made to ensure that there is no
fammable or combustible material nearby-
CP 50 : 1997

6.11.4 Before the torch is litatthe beginning oflhe day, the hoses should be purged individually. This
consists ofallowing each gas lo now through its respective hose separately for long enough lo purqe out
any iammable gas mixlure in the hose. The hoses should not be purged into any confined spaces or
near any ignition source,

6.11.5 Good housekeeping is essential for safe operation. Hoses should be laid outpropedysoas noi
to obstruct passageways or geneml movement. They should be ananged so that they are not likely to be
cut, tripped over or damaged. Gas cylinders should be secured to some form of ra ings lo prevent them
from being knocked down.

6,'t{.6 Adequate venijlalion must be provided, especially in conftned spaces.

6.11.7 Only iini guns or spark lighters should be used lo light the cutting torch.

6.11.8 The manufacturer's procedures should be followed with respect to ihe sequence of ope.ations
in lighting a torch and in adjlsting and extnguishing the flame.

6.11.9 cas cltting operations on containers which contain explosive or fammable substances should
be prohibited.

6.11.10 Gas cutting operations on any containerthat has contained explosive orflammable substances,
or in which ffammable gases may have been generated, should only be undertiaken after:

(a) lhe container has been thoroughly cleansed by steam or olher efiectrve means; and
found by airlests to be completely tree from combustible gases and vapours;or

(b) the air in the mntainer has been replaced by an inert gas, which after filling the containet
wilh the gas, it should be allowed to continue to flow slowly into the container throughout
the cilling operation.

6.1'l.l I Under no circumstrances should orygen be used to ventilate, cool or blow dust ofi clolhing.

6.11.12 A suitable fire extinguisher should be kept ready for immediate use near lhe place where gas
crlttjng is done.

6.11.13 Vvhen the welding and cutling operations ceases for lhe day or for a substantial period or during
a meal break, the gas valves at the cylinder or manifold should be securcly shut off and the hoses
disconnected ftom the supply at the gas cylinders or manifold.

6.'12 Training And Qualifications Of Operator

6. 2.1
1 No person should carry out any gas cutting unless he has received sL.ffcient lraining in hot work
and is mmpetent, and has been fully instructed as to {he danger likely to arise in conneclion with the

7. BRAZINGINSTALLATIONS

7-'l General. ln addition to the applicable requiremenis of Clauses 5, 9 and 10, all soldering and
brazing operations shall comply wilh the requiremenis of Subclalses 7.2. to 7.7.

30

,l
 GP 50 : 1997

7.2 Manufacture/s lnstructiohs

7.2.1 Fot the instaljation, opelation, and maintenance of soldering and brazing equipment, the
manufacturefs instructions shall be followed.

7..2,2 .lf f,ammable brazing alrnospheres are used and manufactureds instructions are not available,
the puBing procedures given in Subclause 7.6 shall be followed. Other factors pedajning to
operating
conditions may be involved such as atnospheric conditions, heat generated, a;d presence of volatile
solvents' in which case ventilation or respiratory protective devices shall be provided as needed
to meet
the requirements of Clause 9.

7-3 Electrical Equipment. The installation of all electric wiring shall conform to the approved
standards.

7.4 Soldering

7.4.1 Parls to be soldered shall be completely free of moisture.

NOTE. Water or b_aces of moisturc when intodud b€tow the sudae of rcren solder cbang* inb steam wnich €uses a
violent explcion wiih fte resullant spattering ol hot sotder.

7.4.2 soldering instarrations sharr be shierded from any polentiar water source such as sprinkrers.

7 .4.3 Small solder pots shall be firmty secured to prevent them from being upset.

7.4.4 Permanently installed soider pots sha be equipped with effective exhaust system.

7.4.5 Maintenanceofsolderingequipment

2451 Only dry pitch wood shall be used as a paddle for slinjng.

245 2 vvhen skimming off dross from merting pots and dumping drcss into containers, the work
sha
be done under a hood.

7.5 Brazing

7.5.1 Brazing shall not be done on or over any closed container which may have contained
flammable or toxic materials unless the hazards have been eliminated. There s;a be no emPty
containers of a similar nature in the vicjnily of the operation (see also Subclause 9.5.3..1).

7.5.2 when brazing is performed in confined areas, adequate ventiration shal be proMded or suit€bre
respirators shall be worn.

7.5.3 No combustible materjals forejgn to the brazing operation shall be allowed in the a@a where
brazing is being peformed. Brazing may be performed at least 10 m (35 feet) ftom combustible
matedals provided the necessary precautions are taken.

7.6 Brazing Atmospheres. A fumace or retort to be used as a container foa a tammable brazing
atmosphere (such as AWS Brazing Atmosphere No. 2 through Z - see Tabte El of ANS|/AWS
82.2:'1991) shall be purged to remove orygen and air, by one of the following melhods:

(a) Below 760oC (1,4OOoF) purgjng shall reduce the oxygen betow the exptosive level by
one of the foilowing methods:

(i) Evacuate to a prcssure below 5 mm (0.2 in.) merc.lry and backfill to working
p.essure with the flammable atmosphere;
CP 50 : 1997

(ii) Purge with a neutral or inert atrnosphere for 4 to 6 volumes and subsequenty
wilh 4 to 6 volumes ofthe fammable almosphere;

NOTE l. T}is is us!:lly dqle al a tempeBtu€ ot not over 93'C (200'F).

NOTE 2. Argon b€ing heavier t'an air or Mro€€n or hydrog€n conbining atrnospieres should b€ piped inlo tle conlainer at ge
bottom and he er"lraust pla@d at the toP. Similady, hydrcgen and hydrcg€n conbifing alrdosPhe€s, being lighter rhan argon,
should be piped inlo lie ontainer al 6e 6op wiLh he a€on exhaust at the botlom-

(b) Above 760oC (1,400oF) heated fumaces or retorts inay be plrged with ffammabte gas
atmosphere with the atnosphere entering the 760"C (1,400oF) chamber area. Under
these conditions, the air will be progressively consumed, thus eliminating any explosive
conditioni

NOTE. tn att cases, a(bq@teacl ventlalton shdl be prdited lo erhaust and dischaqe to the out-of{oors all exprosive o.
roxac gass wiricn rEy emanaE frDn such tumace pursinq and brazing op€ra!o6. wherc $e nammable at'nosphe€ is
compleiely bumed in or at he tumac€ dudng the heaiin! cyde, lhe exhausling reqol€ment may diminish,

(c) Recognisino advancements in fumaces and atrnospheres, deviations from lhe

requiremeflls in (a) and (b) above shall be permissible if it is demonstrated that such
techniques are safe operalions.

7.7 Subs€queni Operations. Parts which have been soldered or brazed shall be washed to
prevent skn iritatjon fiom flux materials by contact of workers involved in subsequent operalions.

8. THERMIT WELDING

ln thermil \r€lding, the mould shall be thoroughly dried before the cfiarge is lighted. Ihe
crucible shall always be provided with a cover. When lhe charge has been ignited, the operator shall
stand a few steps away and shallwear goggles.

iIOIE Paintul bums aEy (,@r nm me dptal splashhg. by up6€tlirq lt'e dloble, by tle bEaking of llle l]dld, d by
all@ving he fiioten flEbl io @m inlc coitact wilh mdstle in tlc mdrld, or o the lloor or d rhe ground.

9_ PROTECTION OF PERSONNEL

9.1 General

9.1.1 A welder or helper working on platforms, scaffolds or runaways shall be protected tiom falling
and from elecirb shock. This may be accomplished by the use of railings. safety bell,s, lifelines, or some
equally efiec{ive saf€uard. Life bells and similar devices shall be of a type that will permit quick escape

9.1.2 Welders shall place welding cable and other equipment so that it is clear of passageM/ays.
ladders ard sbirways-

9.1,3 Good housekeeping shall be maintained in all work areas.

9.1-4 Plastic cigarette lighters may explode when in conlact w(h hot metal, molten metal etc. and
shall not be cadied into the wolk area.

32
 CP 50 : 1997

9.2 Eye Protection

9.2.1 Selection

9.2 7.t Heimets or hand shields shall be used du ng all arc welding or arc cutting operalions, excluding
submerged arc welding. Goggles shall also be wom during arc welding or cutting operations to prcvide
prctection from injurious rays from adjacent work, and fiom flying objects. The goggles may have eilher
clear or coloured glass , depending upon the amounl of exposure to adjacent welding opeEtjons. Helpers
or attendants shallbe prcvided wiih prcper eye proteciion.

9-21-2 Goggles or olher suitable eye protec{on shall be used during all gas welding or oxygen cutting
operalions. Spectiacles without side shields, wilh suilable filter lenses are pemitted for use during gas
welding operations on light work, for torch brazing or for inspection. Spectacles with side shields and
cup-type and cover-lype goggles may be used for allgas welding and oxygen cutting operations-

9.21.3 All operators and attendants of resistance welding or resistance brazing equipment shall use
transparent shields orgoggles, depending on the particularjob, to protect iheirfuces or eyes, as required.

9.2.1.4 Eye protection in the fom of suitable goggles shall be provided for brazing operations not
covered in the preceding clauses.

9.2.2 Specificationsfotprotectors

9-2.2.1 Helmels and hand shields shall be made of a material which is an insulalor for heat and
electricity. Helmets, shields, and goggles shall be not readily flammab,e and shall be capable of
withslanding sterilisation-

9.2.2.2 Helmets and hand shields shall be ananged to protect t,)e face, n€lck and ears from direct
|adiant energy fom the arc.

9.223 Helmets shall be provided wilh window lenses and ilter cover plates designed for easy removal.

9.224 All parts shall be construcled of a material which will not readily conode or discolour the skin.

9.225 Goggles shall be ventjlated to paevent fogging of the lenses as much as practicable.

9.226 cover lenses or plates shall be provided to proiect each helmet, hand shield, or goggle filter
lens or plate.

9.2.2.7 All glass for lenses and cDver plates shall be tempered, substiantially free from striae, air,
bubbles, waves and other faws. Except when a lens is ground to provide proper optical conection for
defeclie vision, the faont and rear surfaces of lenses and windows shall be smooth and parallel.

9.228 Lenses shall bear some permanenl disiinctive marking by which the source and shade may be
readily identmed.

9.229 Table 3 is a guide for the selection ot the proper shade numbers. These recommendations may
be varied to suit the individual needs.

Goggles witn a shade No. 2 is rccommended as a minimum proteclton.

CP 50 : 1997

Table 3. Selection of shade numbers

Wddinq operalion Shade number

Solderinq 2

Torch brazing 3or4

Orygen cuttlng:
Up to 25 mm 3ot4
25 mm to 150 mm 4ot5
i50 mm and over 5or6

Gas welding:
lJp to 3 mm 4or5
3mmto12mm 5or6
12 mm and over 6or8

Shielded metaFarc welding:

'10
1-6 mm to 4 mm Eiectrodes
5 mm to 6 mrn Electrodes 12
8 mm to 10 mm Electrodes 14

Gas tungsten-arc welding:

11

Non-fenous 12

Gas metal-arc welding:

Fenous 11

Non-ferous 12

Plasma-arc welding and cutting 12

Atomic hydrogen welding 1010 14

Carbon-arc welding 14

Air carbon-arc cutting 14

NOTE. ln gas relding d oxylen .llning {tere the torch pmdu@s a high vellw light, ii is dsi€ble to use a flter or lens u.lat
absorbs rhe yellM or sodium line in the visible liqht of the operalion.

9.22.10 Helmets and goggles shallbe wellmaintained.

NoTE. They should not be t_aBfetred from one employee to another wilhoLit being drsinfected.

9.2.3 Protection from arcwelding rays

9-23-7 Where arc welding is regularly carried on in a building, the walls of the welding bay should be
painted a non-reieciing colourlo prcveni arc renections.

34
 CP 50 : 1997

9.23.2 Where the work permii, the weldefs work area shall be enclosed in an individual booth painted
wilh a linish of low reneciivity such as zinc oxide (an important factor for absorbing ullraviolet radiations)
and lamp blacK or shall be enclosed with non-combuslible screens similarly pa:nled. Booths and
screens shall permit circulation of ajr at floor level. Workers or other persons adjacent to the welding
area shall be protected fiom the rays by non-combustjble or flameprcof scrcens or shields or shall be
required lo wear appropriate goggles.

9.3 ProtectiveClothlng

9,3.1 Appropriate protective clolhing required for any welding operation willvarywith the size,
nature, and location of the work to be performed.

S.3.2 Welders working in a confined space subject to heat or in an enclosure being preheated for lhe
welding process shall wear protective insulated clolhing cooled by a suitable medium and an assistant
shall stand in atlendance-

9.3.3 Prolective means shall be employed. Examples of recommended means arc as follows:

(a) Except when engaged in lighl wo*, allwelders shallwear nameproof gauntlet gloves;

(b) Flameproof aprons made of lealher or other suitiable material are also desi€ble as
prolection against radiated heat and sparks; and

(c) l\raterials' which do not melt when heated or which are efiective baniers to radiated
heat.

EEtrB€s ol olher r€.omnrend€d means elrich may also be us€d a.e:

{a) Spafts may lodge in roll€d-up sleeves or pockels ol cloting. or oib ol oveElls o. tous€B. Sleeves and
@llars should be kepl boiloned and poctels should b€ eliminaGd from he tront of overalls and aprons,
Trcus€rs o. @e-alb sndrd nol be lrl'rr€d up oi irp oulside;

(b) For heavy Mtt, f€-€sist nt lesgings, high boots, o. oiher equivalenl me.ns should tE usedi

(c) ln prcductjo wqk. a sheet nelal scr€en h lrol of he glod<eis legs can povide nrher protlrlion agaimt
sparks and molten melrl in clitng ope.alionsi

(d) Capes d st$kbr @€rs nrad€ ol leaher q olh6 suilable mal€rial should be sDo dudng @,nead welding
or drtting operalions. Lea$er slull caps may be wm lndei belmets b p€wnl held buns;

(e) For overhead relding, o. welding in ulrenlety confned spacss, ed plll€cton is sonEiimes desirable. Th's
rruy b€ accomplished by placing wool o. tubber plugs in tp eaF 6 by covenng tl€m wih wire screen

(t Whee lhe€ is expcle to shalp d neavy lalling objecls. or a hazad ot bumpinq in conrned spac€s, had
hals or head prot€ctors should be v/om. Refer to Singapo€ Standad 98 'lnduslial Sal€ly lbln€b';

(s) Wh€le tlere is dpcue io shae o. heavy falling objecls, d a hazard or bumping in @n6ned spae, *ret
sh€ should be rcm. Reler lo Singalo.e Slandad 105'Sal€ly Foolweaa: and

(h) W€re trere is exposure lo high sound levels, adequale headng plotecljm should be provided.

' Ouler dohing of dosFwoven maEnal should be chehically teaisd lo reduc€ its iammability. it should be Basonably tre fiun
dlo. qr€se. lnnd clolhing should be do6€-el@ wool.
CP 50 : 1997

9.4 Work ln Confined Spaces

9.4.1 Confined space means an enclosed space with little natural ventilation and no easy means of
esc€pe for personnel; where there may be danger

(a) from:

(i) oxcessive concentration of certain gases, such as oxygen, that supports

combustion;

(ii) the accumulation offlammable or explosive air-gas mixtures;

(iii) gases harmtulto heallh;or

(b) from a combination ofsuch gases; or

(c) fom deficienry of orygen

9-4-2 Before any welding or cutting is done and before a man enters a confined space, the space
shall be purged of all iamrnable or toxic liquids, gas vapours, or dust. Suitable tests shall be performed
by properiy trained designated persons to ensurc that no such hazadous substances are present and
that the oxygen content of lhe space is adequate but not excessive.

9.4.3 Venijlation is supplied for two putposes:

(a) To provide clean fresh air for breathing;and

(b) To c€rry away harmtul gases and dusl before enlry and while space is occlpied.
Analysis.of the atmosphere must be carried out before enlry and while space is
occupied .

9-1.4 when welding or cutting is being performed in any confned spaces, the gas cyiinders and
welding machines shall be left on the outside- Before operations are started, portable equipment shall be
securely fastened or blocked lo prevent accidental movemen|

9.,1.5 When a welder must enter a confined space thrcugh a manhole or other small opening, means
shall be provided for quickly removing him in c€se of an emergency. When safety belts and lifelines are
used for this purpose they shall be so attiached to the welder's body that his body cannol be jammed in a
small exit opening. An attendant wilh a preplanned rescue procedure shall be stationed ouiside to
observe the wdder at all tirnes and be capable of putling rescue operations into immediate effect.

9.4.6 lty'hen arc-welding to be suspended for any substantial period of time. such as during lunch or
ovemight, all elecirodes shall be removed from the holders and the holders carefully located so that
's
accidental contact c€nnot occur. The machine shall be disconnecled ftom the electrical power source, or
the key shall be removed hom the prime rnover-

9.4,7 ln order to eliminate the possibility of gas escaping ihrough leaks or improperly closed valves
during gas welding or cutting, the torch valves shall be closed and the gas supply to lhe torch positively
shuboff at some point outside the conflned area whenever the torch is not to be used for a subslantial
period of line, such as during luna$ hour or ovemight. where practicable, lhe torch and hose shall also
be removed kom the confined space.

9.4.8 After welding operations are completed, the weider shall mark the hol metal or provide some
other means of waming otherworkers,

'Cronsult a reputable teting agency.

36
 CP 50 : 1997

9.5 Fire Prevention And Proteclion

9.5.1 Basic precautions. For elaboralion of these basic precaulions and of lhe special precautions
of Subclause 9.5.2 as well as a delineation of the fire protection and prevention responsibilities of cutters
and welderc, their supervisors (including outside conlractors) and those in management of lhe property
cutting and welding is to be performed, see NFPA No. 51 B. The basic precautions for fire prevention in
welding and cut{ng work arei

(a) Where praciicable, move the object to be welded or cut to a designated safe location;

(b) lf ihe object to be welded or cut cannol be readily moved, all movable fire hazards in the
vicinityshall be taken !o a safe place;

(c) lf the objecl lo be welded or cut cannot be moved and if all the fire hazards cannot be
removed, then guards shall be used to confine the heat, sparks and slag, and to protect
the immovable fire hazards: and

(d) lf the rules stated in (a), (b) and (c) above cannot be followed, then welding and cutting
shall not be performed-

9.5.2 Special precautions. When the nature of the work lo be performed fulls within the scope of
Subclause 9.5.1 (c). certain addilional precautions shallbe necessary:

(a) After combustible floors have been swept clean, lhey shall be protected by means such
as thoroughly wetting with waler. covering with damp sand, sheet metal or equivalent.
Provisions shall be made to protect welders from the hazard of shock when floors ale

(b) Whenever there are foor openings or crack in lhe iooring that cannol be closed,
precautions shall be taken so that no rcadily combustible materials on the foor below
will be exposed to sparks which might drop through lhe floor. The same precautions
shall be observed wit,) regard to cracks or holes in walls, open doorways and open or
broken windows;

(c) Suitable fire extinguishing equipment shall be maintained in a state of readiness for
instant use. Such equipmeni may consist of pails of water, buckets of sand, hose or
portable extinguishers depending upon lhe nafure and quantity of lhe combustible
material exposed;

(d) Fire watchers shall be rcquircd whenever cutting or welding is performed in locations
where a significant fire might develop or any of the following conditions exist:

(i) Appreciable combustible material, in buiding conslruction or contents, closer

than 10 m to the point of operation;

(ii) Appreciable combustbles are mo.e than 10 m away but are easiry ignited by
sparks;

(iii) Wa'l or foor openings within a 10 m radius expose combustible material in

adjacent areas, including concealed spaces in walls orfloorc;

(iu) Combuslible maledals are adjacent to the opposite side of metal partitions,
walls, ceilings, or roofs and are likely to be ignited by conduction or radiation.

37
CP 50 : 1997

Fire watchers shall have extinguishing equipment readily available and be trained jn its
use- They shall be familiar with facilities for sounding an ala[n in the event of a fire.
They shall watch for fires in all exposed areas, lry to extinguish them only when
obviously within the capacity of the equipment available, or otheMise sound the alarm.
A fire watch shall be maintained for at leasl 1/2 hour afler completion of cuttng or
welding opemlions to delect and extinguish possible smouldering fires;

(e) When welding or cutting must be done in a location nol designated for such pulposes,
inspection and authorisalaon by a responsible person shall be required in writing before
such operations begin;

(0 lhe above precautions shall be applied where direct penetraiion of sparks or heat
tmnsfer in welding or cuffing may inkoduce a tire hazard lo an adjacenl compartment or
afea:.

(S) lf weiding or cutting is {o be done quite close to automatic sprinkler heads, damp cloth
guards may be positioned to shield the individualheads temporariv.

9.5.3 Weldlngorcuttingcontainers

9.53.'t No welding, cutting, or olher hot work shall be performed on used drums, banels, tanks or other
conlainers until they have been cleaned so thoroughly as to make absolulely certain that lhere are no
flammable fiaterials present or any substances such as greases, tars, acids or other malerials which,
when subjected to heat might produce nammable (or toxic vapours)-

9.53.2 Any pipelines or connections to the drum or vessel shall be disconnected or blanked (see also
Subclause 9.4.4).

9.53.3 ln some cases, purging with an inerl{as, nihogen or carbon dioxide may be necessary after
cleaning.

9.5.3.4 All hollow spac€s, caviljes, or containers shall be vented to permit ihe escape of air or gases
before preheating, cutting, or welding. Purging with inert gas is rccommended.

9.6 Precautions For Radiography

9.6.1 \rthere radiographic equipment must be taken lo the weldments to be inspecled, safe distances
shall be determined and he work performed by a qualified radiographic technician in accodance with the
requirements of the relevant authority.

9.6.2 Hazardous areas, as indicated by the proteciion suruey, must be baricaded or roped oft to form
a reslriG{ed section which must not be entered. Overhead crane drivers shall be instructed to follow
precaulions as dictated by the lechnician. Signs bearjng the radiation waming symbol'with eilher
"WARNING", or"KEEP OUT imprinted on them, shallbe placed atthe boundaries ofthe resticted area.

9.6.3 Blinking or rotating amber lights shall be strategically placed at lhe boundary lines. The lights
shall be tumed on to allow fora waming period before the radiation producing device is used and shall be
left on during the operation.

The Ediatjon Mming syrnlolis dEabed n Singapoe Stand.d 217 1ndsr'd Salely S,gns'

38
 CP 50 : l9!t7

9.7 Hot Work Authorisation

9.7.1 Hot work including gas cutting should be monilored closely and all safety moasures should bo
strictly maintained throughout lhe period of such work.

9.7 .2 Hot work including gas cutting should not be cari,ed out without the authorisation of the relevant
project manager or ship rcpair manager in the case of work on board ships or olher similar person who is
solely responsible for coordinating and planning allwork activities in lhe area.

9.7.3 A suilable permit-to-work system should be implemented for the authodsation ot hot work:

(a) to ensure that such work can be canied od wilh due regErd tO safety, health, and
welfare of workers;

(b) to prevent any incompatible work activities from being caried out and

(c) to ensure lhat lhe necessaay safety precaulioos are taken and enlir@d.

5.7,4 Before a hot work permit is issued, the person issuing the permit must ensure that the place of
work and its sunounding area are free from flammable and hazardous substances.

10. HEALTH PROTECTION ANO VENTII.ATION

10.1 General

10.1.1 The requirements in this clause have been established on the basis of the following l.actors in
welding and cufiing which govem the d€ree of heallh hazard to whidr r,,,elders may be expos€d:

(a) The amounl ot existing venlilation;

(b) Number of welders;

(c) The welding process;

(d) Possible health hazards according to the.netals or rnaterials invoh/ed; and

(e) Radiation (ultra-violet or infra-red).

10.1.2 lt is recognzed thal in some instances, odslde factors may be involved ln which case
ventilalion, respiratory protective devices, or other prcteclive measures shatl be provided as needed to
meet lhe equjvalent requiremenls of this clause. Such faclors would includo:

(a) Alrnosphericconditions:

(b) Heat generated;

(c) The prcsence ofvolatile sofuents;

(d) Radiation (X-rays, gamma rays):and

(e) Noise.

39
CP 50: 1997

'10.1.3 Vvllen health hazards are likely to be preseni, sufflcient ventilaiion and individual heallh
protection shallbe provided in accordancewith the requirements of ihis clause.

10.1,4 When welding must be performed in a space entirely screened on allsides, the screens shallbe
so arranged that no serioLrs restriciion of ventilalbn exisls. lt is desirable to have the screens so
mounted lhat they are about 0-6 m (2 feet) above the floor unless the work is performed at so low a level
that the screen must be extended nearer to the floor lo protect nearby workers from the glare of welding
(see also Slbclause 10.2.3).

'10.1.5 Local exhaust or general ventibling systems shall be provided and ananged to keep the
amount of toxic fumes, gases, or dusls below the maximum allowable concenlration as defined by the
latesi lhreshold limit values of the American Conference of Govemment lnduslrial Hygienists.

10.1.6 Where welding operations a.e incidentalto general operations, it is considercd good industrial
praciice to apply local exhaust ventilation to prevent contamination of the general work area.

10.1.7 lndividual respiratory equipment shall be well mainiained. lt shall not be hansfened hom one
employee to another wit'rout being disinfected.

'10.'1.8 The manufacturer or supplier of welding materials shall indicate the hazard, if any, associated
with lheir use by means of suitablewaming labels.

10.1.9 Manufacturers' cautions perlaining to healih hazards and venlilation requircments for fluxes,
coatings, coverings and filler metals shall be carefully followed (see also Subclauses 10-7 and 10.9).

1O.2 Ventilaton For GeneralWelding And Cutting

'10.2.1 Mechanical ventilation shall be provided v,/hen welding or cutting is done on metals not covered
in subclauses 10-7 to 10.13 inclusive and in lhe following :

(a) ln a space of less than 280 m3 (1O,OOO cubic feet) per welder;

(b) ln a room having a ceiling heighl of less than 5 m (16 feet)i

(c) ln confined spaces or where the welding space contains partltjons, balmnies, or other
structural baniers to lhe extent that they significantly obstruct cross ventilaiion.

'10.2.2 Such ventilation shall be at the minimum raie of 60 m3 (2,OOO cubic feet) per minute per welding
arc, except where local exhausl hoods and booths (see Subclause 10.3) or constanliow air line
respirators approved for such purposes are provided- The minimum general ventilation rate for lhe
submerqed arcwelding processes shallbe 20 m3 O5O cubicfeel) per minute per arc.

10.2.3 Natural ventjlation may be sufficient for welding or cutting ope€tions where the space
restrictions listed in Subclauses 10-2.1 (a) (b) and (c) are not present.

10,3 Local Exhaust Hoods And Booths

10.3.1 Exhaust air from malerials covered in Subclauses 1 0.7 to 1 0.1 3 inclusive, shall be discharged lo
the outdoors only. Wherever practicable, exhaust from all oiher operalions shall be discharged to the
outdoors. Mechanical local exhaust ventilation may be by means of a freely movable hood or a fixed
enclosure as descrjbed in Subclauses 10.3.2 and 10.3.3 respectively.

40
 CP 50 : 1997

'10.3.2 Freely movable hoods if used, shall be placed by the welder as near as praciicable to the work
being welded, and provided wilh a rate of air flow sufficient to maintain a capture velocity (velocily in the
direction of ihe hood in the zone of welding) of 30 nvmin when the hood is at its most remote dislance
from the point of welding. The rate of air iow ihat may create the required capture velocities are listed in
Table 4 for suction openings that are provided with a 75 mm wide flange_

Table 4. Air flowrate

Distance fom face Minimum air fow Suggested duct diameler

of exhaust inlet (based on 'l5 n/s)
to weldino zone ducl velocity

mm mm
'150 7 100
11 125
300 2A 200

l,linimum an iows should be increased by at least 20 per @nt ior op€nings not prcvided wih nanges. -rhe face-€nry vetodty (ar
lhe plane oi the ducl openings) shall be 7 rts.

10.3.3 A fixed enclosure wilh a lop and not less than two sides which sunound the welding or c{rtting
operations should have a rate of ajr iow suificient to maintain a velocity away fom the welder of not less
lhan 30 m/min.

'1O.4 Ventilation ln Contined Spaces

10.4.'l AII welding and cutting operations canied on in confined spaces shall be adequately ventilated
to prevent the accumulation of loxic materials or possible orygen deficiency. This applies not only to the
welder but also to helpers and other personnel in the immediate vicinity. All air, replacing that wh;ch is
withdawn, shall be clean and respirable.

10.4.2 ln such circumstances where it is impossible to provide such ventilation, approved air ljne
respirators, hose masks or other suitable respiratory protection may be used.

't 0.4.3 ln areas immediately hazardous to life or containing toxic fumes or dust; approved constanl flow
air supplied respiralors shall be used.

10.4.4 Where welding operations are caried on in confined spaces and where welders and hetpers
are provided with hose masks, hose masks with blowers, or self-contained breathing equipment, a
worker shall be stationed on the outside of such confined spaces to ensure the safety of those working
within.

10.4.5 Orygen fom a rylinder or torch shall never be used for ventilation.

10.5 Cleaning Compounds. ln the use of cleaning materials, if lhey are toxjc or iammable,
appropriate precautions such as rnanufacturers' instirctions shall befollowed.

10.6 Arc Welding ln The Vicinity Of Degrcasers. Degreasing or other cleaning or dispensing
operation, involving chlorinated hydrocarbons shall be so located that no vapours fiom these operation;
will reach or be drawn into the atmosphere sunounding any welding operation. The decomposition of
lrichloroethylene and perchloroethylene vapour, caused by radiation from the welding arc (rather than by
direct contact with the arc) occurs €ther rapidly. Dangerous concentratjons of phosgene can be

41
CP 50 : 1997

produced fiom rather small amounts of vapour- This decomposition is accompanied by an extremely
disagreeable odour which may serve as a waming. The gas shielded arc welding processes provide
greater light radiation intensity than the flux-shielded weldrng processes-

10-T Zinc

10.7.1 Welding or cutting indoors involving zinc-coated metals (galvanized) or with zinc-bearinq base
orfiller meials shallbe contained in accodance wiih Subclause 10.3.

10.7.2 ln confined spaces, such welding or cutting shallbe done in accordance with Subclause 10-4.

'10.8 FluorineCompounds

10.8.1 Welding or crrtting involving nuxas, coverings or oher materials which contain fluorine
compounds shall be done in ihe following manner:

(a) For intermittent operations in accordance with Subclause 10.2; and

(b) For fixed locations, and production operations in accordance wilh Subclause 10.3.

10.8.2 ln confined spaces, operations involving these materials shall be done in accodance with
Subclause l0-4.

'10.8.3 Fluxes, electrode coverings and fusible granular materials containing fuorine compounds shall
have a cautionary wording to indicate that they contain fluorine compounds. One such cautionary
wording recommended for brazing and gas welding fluxes reads as follows:

CAUTION
CONTAINS FLUORIDES
THIS FLUX WHEN HEATED GIVES OFF FUMES WHICH MAY
IRRITATE EYES, NOSE, AND THROAT.

(a) AVOID FUMES - USE ONLY lN WELL VENTILATED SPACES|

(b) AVOID CONTACT OF FLUX WjTH EYES OR SK|N;

(c) DO NOTTAKE INTERNALLY.

'10.9 Lead, Cadmium And Mercury

10.9.1 Welding or culting indoors, involving lead, cadmium, or mercury bearing materiats including
paints, shall be done using Jocal exhaust ventilation and conslani flow air supplied respirators. For
operations caried on oulofioors, constantiow air supplied respirators shallbe used.

10.92 ln confined spaces, such welding or qrtting shallbe done in accordance with Subclause 10.4.

10.9.3 ln all cases, workers in the immediate vicinity of ihe welding or cutting operations shall be
protecled as necessary by localexhausl ventihtbn or constantiow air supplied aespirators.

10.9.4 Brazing with cadmium bearing filler metals in normalwell ventilated alea willgenerally require
no additional ventilation. ln a confined space, the requhements outlined in Subclause 10.4 shallbe used.

10.10 Beryllium. Due to the severe health hazards associaied wilh berylljum bearing metials; wetding,
cutling or brazing shall nol be performed unless the proper authorilies have been consulted.

42
 CP 50 : 1997

10.11 Plastic Coated Materials

10.11.1 Welding or cutting indoorc, involving maiehals coaied with poly vinyl chloride (PVC), shall be
done using general ventilation in accodance with Subclause '10.2.

10.1t.2 Welding or cutting maierials covered wilh plastic materials, such as polychlorotrifuorethylene,
poly,letrafluoroethylene can only be canied oul after stripping suffcienl coating from the welding area so
that the iempeEture of the adjacent coating will not exceed 260'C. After stripping, these welding and
cLrtting operations shall be done using local exhausl ventilatbn in accordance wiih Subclause 10.3 1. ln
confined spaces, such welding or cutting shall be done in accordance with Subclause 10 4

'10.12 Other Materials OfToxic Significance

'10.12.1 Subclauses 10.7 to 10.12 oulline precautions to be followed when using specific malerials
which may be contained in fluxes, maiings, or base metals. Oiher materials may be of toxic significanc€
as well, such as anlimony, arsenic, bismuth, chromium, cobalt, nickel, manganese, molybdenum,
thorium. and vanadium ortheir compollnds.

10.12.2 When welding or cutting involves fluxes, coating, or metals containing such other matedals,
ventila{on shall be provided as necessary to reduce the concentration below the TLV

10.12-3 Skin lnitants. Skin contact with fllxes likely to contain known skin initants shall be avoided.

NoTE. Examples of skin iritants are hydr@hbnc acjd, zjnc d onde, stannic chlodde, hvdrazne hydbbrcmide and hydlazne

10.13 Cutting Of Stainless Steels. Orygen cuttng, using either a chemicalflux or iron powder, or
gas-shielded arc cutttng ofstainless steel, shall be done using mechanical ventilation adequate to remove
the fumes generated.

10.'14 Medical Control And First Aid

'lO.'14,1 As with many occLlpations, preplacement physical examinalions, including chest X_ray is
recommended for all personnel engaged in welding operations. Periodic physical examinations which
may include one or more specialtests, (e.9. blood, urine, X-ray) are recommended or may be required if
lhere rs a potentral exposure to toxc material.

10.14.2 First aid equipment shall be available at all times. First aid shall be rendered until medical
attention can be provided. All iniuries shall be reported as soon as possible for medical attention

NoTE- Personnel lrained io tender f6t aid sholld be aEilable.

11. WELDING AND CUTTING OPERATIONS AT PUBLIC EXHIBITIONS

'11.1 General

11.1.1 This clause is intended io promote the safe usage of compressed gases in welding and cutting
operations at public exhibitions, demonstrations, displa!€ and lrade shows refened to hereinafier as ihe
'site'.

11.1.2 The Fire Department shall be notified in advance of any intended welding or cutting operation
required to either preparc this site or io demonstrate any process. Welding or cutting shall not be canjed
out until approval has been obtained.
CP 50 ; 1997

'11.'t.3 lnstallation aod operational welding, cuiting and related equipment shall be done by, or under
the supervision of, a competent opetator to ensure ihe perconal protection of viewers and demonstEtors
as wellas the protection from fire of malerials in and around the siie and the building itseti

11.2 Procedures

'11.2.1 The siie shall be constructed, equipped and ope€ied an such a manner that the demonstration
will be car ed out so as to minimise the possibility of injury to viewerc.

11.2,2 Sites involving the use of compressed gases shall be located so as not to interfere with the
egress ofpeople during an emergenry.

11.2.3 Each site shall be provided with apprcpriate and approved fire extinguishers.

11.2.4 All persons and combustible materials at lhe site shall be protected from flames, sparks and
molten metal.

11.2,5 Cylinders containing compressed gases for use at lhe site shall not be charged in excess of half
their maximum permissible content. Cylinders of nonliquefied gases and acetylene shall be charged to
not more than half their maximum permissible charged pressurc. Cylinders of tiquefied gases sha be
charged to not more than halfthe maximum permissible capacity in pounds.

1'1.2.6 Cylinders located at the site shall be connected for use, except that enough addilional rylinders
may be storcd at the site to fumish apprcximately one day's consumption of each gas used. Other
cylinders shall be stored in an approved storage area, preferably outdoors, but this storage area shall not
be located neara building exit.

I1.2.7 Cylinders in excess of 18 kg, in total weight shall be transporled to or fiom the site on a hand or
motorised truck.

11.2.8 Hoses and cables shall be located and proiected so that lhey will not be physicatly damaged or
present a safety hazard.

'112,9 Cylindervalves shallbe closed when equipmeni is unattended.

11.2.'10 Where caps are provided for valve protection, such caps shall be in place, except when the
cylinders are ln service or crnnected ready tor servce,

II .2.'1 I Cylinders shall be localed or secured so trat they cannoi be knocked over.

44
 APPENDIX A

MASIER CHART FOR WELOING AND ALLIEO PROCESSES

arodlc hydDC€n w.lnlne ,,,.,,,,, AHW cat h.r.r .,c $lding .,,,,-....,... GlvtAw
brc ndd ic w.ldLg ..,,,,,..... SiIAW - pul$d arc...,..,...,,,,...,,,,.. GNTAW-P
ob.f uc r.ldl.! ,,,,,...,,,..,...., cAw - lhorl crcutln! ac,,.......,.., GMAw S
- o- -...-.,.........-............,.....-. cal/l.G gd tinosr€n @ woldhC-,-,.,,,. GTAW
- $l.ld6d ... ..... ........... cAws - pu3€d &c ..,,,,,,,,,,,, , .....,.,, GTAW-P
- tu|n.......,...--...,,,,,,,..,..,,,,,..., caw.T oldh! &c *.|din0 ..............,... PAw
.|.<rdCa mldinC.,,.,-,.,........., EGW chirld.d d.lalaic w€ dlno...,. SMAW
llux cor.d rrc wold nc ..., ... .. FCAW srud.rcw.ldino...--.....,,........... SW
tubm€rced ac w.ldino ....,,.. sAw
- tode!....,,....,.,........,..,...,.,,, sAW.s
drruds v/r|d!lc...,.........
cold w.]dinC,,,,,.,,,,,..........,.,
dtrGlon s|d|nC.,,,.,............ ilc b€.inC ...,.,,,,,,,,.,,,. ... Aa
sxpldion w61dn0..,,,..--.,,,,,, EXW blo.l bldh!,,,..,.,,......-... BB
looo s.ldine,....-..,,,...,,,,,,,.. FOW c..bon arcbdzino.,,,,,...- cAB
nb6onw.|din9......,,,,,..,,,.... FRW dlflu!ron b'uinC.....,,.,,,... DFS
hot p.€rlurc w.Ldine,..,.,,,,. HPw diobazino..-.,...----...,,.... OS
,.!r.ldlnc --.....--.........,....- ROW llo*b€I1n9...,,,...,,.,,,.,., FLB
ulrosnl?w.d1n0,,,...,....,,,,, USW i!..@ bruinC .......,.,, ... FB
lnducdon b@ins...., -.. IB
lnLd.d b62inC.........,..-.. IRB
r..r!En6 bdzinc..,,,,,.... Fa
dlt $ldo'ino .. . ..,...--. os lorch bazlno ...........,,,,,... TB
turnace &ld€1nc ,, .. .
hdEdoi sl&tLrg . .-...... ts
lnl@nd !old./nc.,. ..... , 18s
lon .old. n0,,,,.,,...... ..... . lNs boa {qldlnC ,,,,,.., EEw
nllrl! cr$|d. .,....,.. . 8S
- hlsh v.cuum .....,,,,..--..,,,. EBW-HV
torch.o|dslnC..,..,,,.......,, TS
- tudtum v.@um ...-......... EBw-
{.w &lddi.a ....,........... . - n6nv.dudm .. .............. EBW.NV
iow w€ldine ,...,........,......., . FLOW
i h w€ dlno ,,,,....,,,,,.,......, FW
b.m w€ldinq ....,,,,,,,, tAW
Fd.dion rEldino .,,,.,,.,,,... Pw
dsl!lanc.woldlno,,,,.,,,,.,.. nSEW ./cu!sionw.|dino.........,,, PEW
-
hlch lroqu.nc, ..,,...,..,,, nSEWHF m|dinC,,,.,......,,,.-.,,, Tw
-rnducion,,,,.,,..,,,,,,,,,,.,, nSEW.l
r.rlrll/r.. 3pol woldbe ,,,,, nSW
o
!
upr.rw.ldn!...,......,,,.,....., tw
-hltht.qu..cy,,,.,,,,,..., 0W.HF
- hddno....-..---..--........ tiw-l :
t
 APPENDIX A (Contd)
o
1'
:
-l

dr c.6on .rc dllnc ........ AAC

db.n r. oltinc . ........ ... CAc
oa! msLsl rrc dJllno ... .. GMAC
. ;tr. tu.6noi rc @dno ....... GTAC
nld cunho . ..., FOC
;.d;c ord.o.... ...... MAc
ndld Dsd.r cunhq .
"h"hlcd POC
oltrmr {t dnln!..... ,.... . P4C
.rv; or. cudno .......... oFC '.hr.rd.i .r., sc cvdno.....
- e{;Meno cdlno .. . oFcA
SNLqC

. diri\d;don cul io oFoH

. oxhrud os ctlnlig . OFoN
. M6sn. fln{nq oF(;r .|.d,!n b.,'n cnlno ....,...,.. EgC
. o,iiro a,ntns .. orcl ld!.r D.M cudnc ,,,.........-.. LBC
oxys'o" m cuitio .... roc - !t........,...,,...,,,,,,..,,,,,...,.. LBGA
otvoln lan@ cufllng .. LUU - .v!6rd!e ....,----.... IBqEV
- r..i !.. .,,,,....,....,..,.,,..... t6olo
- oxyg.n ............,,.,,, ....... Lgc.o
 CP 50 : i997

APPENDIX B

BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS AND SCHEMATIC DIAGRAMS OF

DIFFERENT WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES

8.1. THE GAS FLAME

8.1.1 Gas Welding; Braze Welding; torch Brazing; Torch Solde.ing; Heating

I
J Supplies of oxygen or air and a fuel gas are fed to a blowpipe where they are mixed prior 10
j combustion at a noZe. The fame produced by this combustion consists of lwo zones: the
inner concshaped zone at the extremity of whicn the high€st temperafure is found, and the
I outer zone sunounding the cone which is at a lower temperaturc and which shields any hot or
molten metal from the atmosphere. The inner zone can be set lo a neutral, oxidising, or excess
fuel gas condition, and all lhree frame condilions have various uses-

B.l.2 Oxygen Cufting; Gas Cutting; Oxygas Cutting; Flame Cutting; Gouging And Lancing;
Powder Cuttlng

47
cP 50 : 1997

The metal is heated to ignition temperalure by a flame, and a jet of pure orygen is directed on to
the heated surface at the point of cutting. An oxidation reaction occurs progrcssively as the
nozzle is moved along the line to be cut. When cutting metals which have refEctory oxides,
such as stainless steels or aluminium, a powder may be fed to the cutting zone. This may be
eiiher:

(a) iron powder, which bums in the orygen, and dissolves the oxide (obsolescent), or

(b) abrasive, cutling away lhe oxide.

8.2 THE ELECTRIC ARC

The workpieces and an elecirode are connected lo a power supply (AC or DC) and an arc is
struck between them; its temperature is normally over 400OoC. The workpieces melt and a.e
tused together. lf it is necessary to add extra (trlle/) metal to the joinl this may be achieved by
eilher melting the eleclrode itself (consumable electrode) or using an electrode which does not
mell (non-consumable electrode) and melting a separate filler rod or wirc whjch is nol ca.rying
CUlTCNL

a.2.1 Non'consumable Electaode Processes

ln lhese processes, transfer of arc energy raises the lempe€ture of the workpiece to rneltjng
point; for welding, this is employed io melt bolh the edges of the components to be joined and
the fller rod. ln some processes, the arc js sLirck between two electrodes.

9.2.1.1 Tungsten.lne {as [nG); tungsten-arc gas shielded; a]gon a.c; heliarc; heliweld; gas
tungsten arc welding (GTAW)

A shield of inert gas is used to protect the eleckode, filler and weld metal from attack by the
atmosphere. The electrode is of tungsten and lhe gas is argon, helium, nitrcgen, or mixfures of
these gases with small quantities of hydrogen. The arc may be started and maintained by a
high voltage high frequency supply super-imposed on lhe main welding cunent.

4A
 CP 50 : 1997

B-2-2 ConsumableElectrodeProcesses

ln these processes an arc is sL'uck between a consumable electrode and the workpiece. The
arc energy raises the temperature of both the workpiece and the end of the electrode to melting
point. Metal melts off the electrode and is transfened across lhe arc to the weld. The electrod;
is advanced to maintain a constant arc length.

4.2.2.1 CO2t metal-inert€as (Mlc); metatrctive€as (MAG); metat-arc gas-shielded; semi_

automatic; gas-metat arc welding (GMAW)

The arc and weld are shield by a gas, eilher carbon dioxide, argon, hetium, or a mixture of
these, with or withoul small additions of oxygen. The solid wire elechode is fed in by a motor to
maintain a constant arc length.

8.2.2.2 Submerged-arcwelding

The arc is submerged beneath a covedng of granulated flux which protects lhe arc zone and
lhe weld from atmosphe c altack and takes part in metallurgical reactions with the molten weld
metal. The electrode is a bare wire which is autonratically fed to maintain a constant aac length.

49
CP 50 : 1397

8.2.2-3 Manual metal-arc (MMA); elecdc arc; stick welding; gravlty welding; touch wetding;
shlelded metal-arc welding (SMAW)

The eleclrode is covered with a nux, which reacts during welding to form a shielding gas to
protect the arc zone and the rnolten weld pool, and slag to protect the cooling weh .netal. The
slag also takes part in metallurgical readions with the molten wdd metal. Current is fed into the
eleclrode at the far end, usually via a hand-held electrode holder.

B22A Oxtrgon arc cutting; ot}rarc cuting

An arc is stuck between a fubular covered electrode and the work-piece; oxygen is injected into
the fubular co.e. The energy of the arc raises the workpiece to oxilation temperature and an
oxidalion reaclion occurs progressively as the arc is rbved along lhe line to be dll.

50
 CP 50 : 1997

8.2.2.5 Air-arccutting

An arc is struck between ihe end ot a carbon electrode and the work-piece. A pool of rnolten
metal is produced which is then blown away by jets of cornp€ssed air. The process of melting
and ejection proceeds coniinuously as the arc moves along the line to be cui orgouged.

8.2.3 Other Arc Processes

8.2.3.1 Stud welding;arc stud welding

An arc js slruck between the component to be attached and the structure. The arc energy
€ises the lemperature of the end of the component and, locally, the structure to melting poini.
The componenl is then automatically pressed into the molten weld pool and a weld is efiected.

51
CP 50 : 1997

8.2.3.2 Plasma welding; plasma cutting; microplasma welding; plasma spraying; constricted-
arc; needle-arc

The arc is construcled by passing it through a relatively small orifice d.trough which a slreani of
gas is also flowing. The gas may be air, a.gon, helium, nitrogen, hydrogen, or mixtures of tilese
gases. The arc plasma, consisting of ionised gas at a temperature of about 24 00OoC, is formed
into a jet by ihe gas pressure and continues as a $ame'beyond the node.

8.3 ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE

8.3.'l Spot Welding; Seam Welding; Projection Welding; Butt Welding; Electdc Resistance
Welding (ERW)

A high cunent at a low voli,age fows through the two components from the etectrodes. The
eleclrodes are of very high conductivity material so that most of the heat is generated by the
resistance offered to the cunenl at the interface between the components, thus bringing the
contiguous arcas of the componenls (lhe 'faying' sudaces) to welding temperature. During
passage of lhe current, and for some time afteMards, a force is apptied by the etectrodes to
forge theweld.

52
 CP 50 : 1997

8.32 Flash Weldinq

'"" 4l\t*F
ot rEnen Fiide3

li/hen the ends of the components are brcught into contacl, 'flashing' occurs accompanied by
the violent oxpulsion of motten parlides. This brings the etds of the componenb io weldhg
temperature and a weld is obtained by thg application of a forging force

Electro-slag Weldlng

sliag

The workpieces are set in a \€rtical plane with a gap belween them and copper plates aI€
placed on the sides of the joint. An arc is established under 1lux between one or rnore
continuously fu declrode wires and metal plate at the bottom of the joint. A pool of molten
metal is tomed. When mollen, the ffux or slag becomes an electrical conduclor- The curent is
no\ / canied fom the electrode to the workpiec€s through the slag. The heat melts the sides of
the joinl and the €lectrode wire. As lA€lding progresses, the copper plates or shoes are moved
up,

53
CP 50 : 1997

8,3,4 ResistanceBrazing; ReslstanceSoldering

A lotii/ voltage electflt cunent is passed through the eleclrcdes and the workpieces. Most of the
heat generaled is produced in the electrodes or at the electrode/workpiece interface and is
t'ansfered by conductjon to the workpieces.

8,4 OTHER HEAT SOURCES

B.'Ll Eloctonicam Wetding; Elec{.onteam Brazing

The wo.kpiece is contained in an ovacuated chamber and is bombarded by a b6am of eleclrons

produced by an elecfon gun opeGted at voltages between 5 and 100 kV. The enerqy of the
el€c&ons is iransfoni€d into heat on lheir sfiking tlle woakpirce- The workpiece may be out-of-
vacuum (lhe gun only is evaqrated), but within shielding for ionising .adiation.

*
 CP 50 : 1997

8.4-2 lnductionWelding; lnduction Brazing; Induction Soldering; lnduction Heating

An altemating electric cunent passes through a coil surounding, or adjacent to, lhe workpiece.
ln metals and other conductors, eddy cunents are induced in the work-piece and c€use its
lemperaturc to rise.

B_4.3 Dielectric Welding; Radio Frequency Welding (RF Welding): High Rrequency Welding
(HF welding)

The 'plastics' work to be welded is placed belween meial electrodes, to which a high frequency
(1 - 100 MHz) high voltage (5 - 15 kV) is applied. Current iows and the work is heated; ihe
elecirodes press the molten joint faces together.

55
CP g) : 1997

8.4.4 Thernit Welding

A mixture of aluminium powder and a metal oxide powder (iron, c.pper, etc-) is ignited jn a
crucible. The oxide is reduced to the metal wilt! lhe evolution of intense heat, and on
completion of the reaction the crucible is tapped; molten metal flows into lhe joint to melt lhe
ends of lhe workpieces and Iorm the weld.

8.4.5 Frictlon Welding

One component remains stationary while lhe olt€r is rotated against it under pressure. Heat is
generated at the intedace by fijction, and when forging temperafure is attained the rotalion
ceases abrupuy; a forging pressure is then apdied to effect the wdd. As an altemative to
rotation, relative molion may be reciprocaling ororbital.

8.4.6 Cold Presiure Welding

A force is applied by dies to the outer faces of the joint; the inner faces are thus brought into
erlremdy intimate contact and a weld is effected.

56
 CP 50 : 1997

8.4.7 Gas Pressure Welding

The componentrs are heated by gas jeis whib under pressure, and when the correct
temperature has been attained they are forged together under increased pressure to effect the
weld-

Fumace Brazing

The assembled components with preplaced brazing alloy are heated in a muffe type fumace
which may contain an inert or rcducing gas. The fumace may be heated by gas, oil or
electricity.

57
CP 50 : 19S?

B.4.9 Salt Bath Brazing; Dip Brazing; Dip Solde,ing

The assembled components are lowered into a balh of rnolten sall flux, or filler metal, from
which h6at b coiducted into the co.nponents. The bath may be heated by gas or electricity.

ln sajt bath brazing lhe sall acts both as a ffux and as a heat tans{er medium. The ftller alloy is
preplaced.

ln dip brazing and soldering lhe molten filler alloy is covered by a layer of flux. The molten alloy
p.oviiles fller metal and acls as a heat lransfer rnedium.

8.4.10 Themal Spraying; Plastlc Spraying

j€t

A wire or poMer is fed into the nozzle ofthe gun n/here it is fused by a gas flame, an arc, or a
plasma jet. The molten particles are projecled in he form of a spray by means of compressed
gas or ak.
 CP 50 : 1997

B.4.ll Hot Gas Welding

0
+

The edges of lhe thermoplastic materjal and the fller rod are heated by a stream of hot air or
nitrogen which issues fom the welding torch at a temperaluE of 30OoC. The sudaces soften
and the filler rod is pressed into the weld groove. A pressure weld is formed between lhe lwo
sheets of material and the filler rod. The torch is heated by gas or elecficiiy.

8.4.12 HeatedTool Welding

The ends of the thermoplastic components to be joined are placed in contact with a heated tool
held at a temperature of about 300oC. When the ends have become softened the tool is
removed and the components are united under pressure. The tool is generally heated by
eleciticity. To weld sheet materials heated dies are pressed against the outer surfaces and
heat for welding is conducted to the joint surfaces.
CP 50 : 1997

8.4.13 Laser Welding And Cutting

The laser generates energy in the form of a powerful parallel beam of lighl of one wavelength
('colou/). The lens focuses this beam to a point at which the entjre ouiput power (SO W -
10 kW) of the laser is concentrated. When a workpiece is placed at lhis point it will absorb
some of the light, which will raise its temperature.

60
 CP 50: 199?

Standaads Refe.ted To:

AS 1335: 1974 Hose and hose assemblies for general purpose gas welding and allied
processes

ANSI/AWS A3.0 : 1989 Welding terms and definfions

ANSUAWS 82.2 : 1991 Standard for brazing procedure and performance qualification

. BS 138s : 1e86 assembries ror equipment for sas werdins,

:lffir?1ff;t::::,"#:*:
' Bs 5e24 : 1e8e r*Jffiffi:fJT"ff,ff;fl::"ff* *e instatation of equipment

NFPA No, 50 : 1990 Bulk oryg€n Systems at @nsurner sites

NFPA No. 5l B : 1994 Fire prevenlion in use and cu ing and weldhg processes

SS 98 :19S7 lndustial safe9 helrnets

r SS 105: 1987 Safely footwear

sS 52 i 976
1 1 ldenlification of the contents of indushial gas containers

i- sS ztz : rszg lndustrial safet signs

I SS CP 5: 1988 Wiring of electrical equipment of buildings

SS CP 12: 1980 Filling, inspection, testing and maintenance of containers for the gtorage
and transport of compressed gases

61
 CP 50 : 1997

THE SINGAPORE PRODUCTIVITY AND

STANDARDS BOARD
?h€ Shgapore Proouctivitv and Srandar.is R4ad
(pSE is a statutory board esrdbhshed rr Apfl 1996, wth lne
,nr€srat,on or rhe fLnctions or t-e Nar,onar p.odJcri;,v
s'"*J rNiEi';ioi-r* i,"s,p";i i""",Ii,;
lndustdat Res€arch (SrStR) aFd the rak60var of rne
a"o _Jor. .rr"i " """0".d. ""0
oevetopment
runction rrom the Econohic D€veropment Boa; GDBi "_u,r rt-i;s;;;;;;;I "l,i"ip"*;s;E)
iollJii"oli"oo,"
representatives irom governrnent, emproyers, rrdde rni.n" ano "o,no,"rn
While NPB s actMties tocused on training, productivity
"i"j".i"l
consuttancy and promotion, SIS|R s work c€nter€d on
technorosy, quaiity, standards and rndusrrlJ rasearch. irith
the fodaiio; ;f pSri, o"riu"a tv putting
th€_'soft'-and "hard'asp.cts of productiv/ty wiih rne
NPB and SlSlR. "am"
organi"iti;n so *,iied6 t
"v,,i6v;"
ii"itJ, m"" tn" or
"u.n
PSB s misslon is ,o rarse the D'odLct:vrrv an.J anhance Sngaporo.s
Board s vrsion is to be a reading Dtayer qth a g,obar o"op"i
compettveness anct economrc growli llle
ruu ,n ,n"i,"i",*tiorap'roiii*iry
"no "r_c"rt".
One of the flnciions of PSB is the esiablishment of a nationat srandardisatjon
programme to support
industdalisation in singapore- Th€ Board is vested with the authority to appoini
a 3-tarida-ris-councir to aovise
on ihe preparaiion, pubrication and promurgation of singapore sa'noaris'r"J i""i"riJi-"i"r"n"""
tr.,"
promotron of th6lr adoption.
""c
Singapore Standards are in the form of specifications for matedals anct products, codes
of praclc€, methods of
test, nomenclature, €tc. Th€ standards are drawn up by va.ious Technic; Comm;ttees app;inted by the prcduot
standards committoes (for product srandards), th€ pra;tice committees (for codes of piacricefor tne sandards
Committees (for both product standards and codes of pracflce), th6 fin;l approval body being the Standards
council. To ensure adequate repros€ntation of alr viewpoints in ths prepalation of sirgapore standards, a[
Committees appoinied consist of representatives irom varlous interest groups whicfiiictucte government
agencies, professional bodies, tertiary institutions and consumsi trade and manufacturing organlsaions.

Technlcal References are docum€nts developed to help me6i urgont industry demand for specilications or
requirements on a particular product or process in an ar6a where ihere ls an absence of reference standards.
Unlike Slngapore Standards. they are issried withoul futt consensus, as pubtic cornmenis are nor soughr.
T€chnical Ref€rences will be revlewed with a possibility of processing them to Singapore Standards.

PSB operates a number of national c€rtlfication schem€s.

The Board is ths owner of the Certiflcation lllarks shown in Flgur€s 1 and 2. Th€se lvlarks can be used only by
compani€s csrtifled under ths Singapore Quality Mark Certification Sch€me and Prodlct Llsting Schsme
operaied by PSB. The pres€nce ol these Ma*s on a product with th€ inscdption 'Certified/List€d to Singapor€
Standard'is an assurance that€ltherthe prcduct has b6en produc€d to comply wlth rsqukements oi the rel€vant
Singaporo Standard under a system of supervision, control and testing operated during nranufacturs and
includlng regular Inspectlon at th6 manufacturer's premis€s, or ihe pmduct has b€€n batch-t€sted,

PSB also operatos the PSB ISO 9000 Certification Scheme which is a third party qualty system certfication of
manufacturing processes and s€rvices to the relevant part of the SS ISO 9o0o seri6s of slandards on qualily
sy6tems. The scheme confers recogniiion io companies which have properlv designed and implemented qualrty
sistems. lt enables companies to galn greatsr internatlonal recognition thereby facilltating accdss io overssas
maftets- lt also hslps companies to rcduce r€iect costs and improv€ qualiv and productivity. Certifed companies
ar6 entifled to use the PsB lso 9000 symbol as shown in Figure 3 ln their marketinq programme including
lelterheads, advertisoments and other promotional mate als.
Scheme
ln addition, PSB also operates the PSB ISO 14000 (Envrronm6ntal Manaqem€nt Svstem)Ce^rtrlication
*nJ"l i" ito party csrtiflcation oi environment;l managoment syst€ms io the iSo 14001 environmental
wiih a view for
.in"g".ent"'tt The scheme provides an ind;pendent and lmpartlal assessm€nt
"y"ie.it"ndard companes entilled to rt$ the PSB lso
lo;ti."u*" it[.o""t"nf in enuironmental pertonnance Ceriitieo are

fl
iaooo tr'tart ai snown in Figure 4 in their Promotlonal materlals

rNr, rNr
5tNGAPORE PSB TEST
!a.-q1--.,!,t
\y \y
!_,!--_.,

For turther information on PS8 s€rvices and actlvities,

please wite to PsB, PSB Building' 2 Bukit l''erah centlal'
Singapor6159835-

62