Draft Research Proposal for Ph.D.

on

Title: A Study on the Likely Impact on Human Security by

Opening Avenues to Adventure Tourism in the North
East Indian States.

Submitted by: Gp Capt R K Ithikkat (Retd)

School: JSGP
Supervisor: To be decided
 2

Table of Contents

Ser Page
Item
No Nos
1 Introduction. 3-4

2 Problem Statement and Motivation.

2.1 Background.

2.1.1 History and Potential of Adventure Tourism 4-5

in NER.
2.1.2 History of Human Security in the North East. 5-6

2.2 Research Questions. 7

2.3 Assumptions. 8

3 State of the Art and Literature Review.

3.1 Related works in Adventure Tourism. 9-10

3.2 Related works in Security Policy of the State 10-11

and Central Govt.

4 Research Design.

4.1 Methodology. 12

4.2 Work Plan and Gantt Chart. 13-14

5 Conclusion. 15-16
 3

INTRODUCTION

North East India

The states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, and
Tripura comprise North East India. Formally, the North Eastern Region (NER) is the
easternmost region of India and represents both a geographic and political administrative
division of the country.
NER shares an international border of over 5000 km, amounting to about 99 percent of its total
geographical boundary. with the neighbouring countries of Tibet Autonomous Region, China in
the north, Myanmar in the east, Bangladesh in the south-west, Nepal in the west and with Bhutan
in the north-west. It comprises an area of almost 8 percent of that of India, and is one of the
largest salients in the world.

Security in the Region

Insurgencies have been prevalent in all these states for the past six decades. While classic
insurgency has almost completely ceased, it has spawned into multiple threats to human security
such as extortion, gun running, drug smuggling, kidnapping, killings, Factors such as the
historical neglect of NER, economic and infrastructural backwardness, the alienation of the
people of the region continue to prevent peace.

Access to Tourism in NER. There is a strong sentiment in the international community that
India does not treat the NER with due concern. One of the key reasons for this is the denial of
access. While efforts in opening up the areas is underway, large parts are still inaccessible to the
domestic tourist due to issues such as infrastructure and bureaucratic procedures. The tyranny of
Inner Line Permits and Restricted Area Permits ensures that the the inbound foreign tourist is
unable to visit large parts of Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim. The example of Pakistan in
promoting foreign expeditions to the Siachen Glacier, and of China in promoting expeditions to
TAR are a case in point. Inaction in these measures of state policy have strengthened inimical
claims over these disputed areas.

Potential of Adventure Tourism in NER

One of the recent trends in international tourism is the spurt in adventure tourism. NER with its
diverse terrain of mountains, rivers, and lakes has a rich potential to emerge as a major adventure
tourism destination. Soft and hard adventure activities such as angling, mountain biking,
motorcycle touring, parasailing, river rafting and swimming, trekking can be undertaken across
this region.
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Impact of Adventure Tourism

Adventure tourism is resilient, supports local economies, attracts high value customers and
encourages sustainable practices. Adventure activities can be localised in a particular place or
could be extended over a region defined across a district in a particular state or across states.
Opening up access to these remote areas and the resultant visits will increase people to people
interaction. The domestic and the international tourist will help change the perception. This
could very well strengthen human security in the region.

PROBLEM STATEMENT

Conflict in NER

To summarise very briefly, there have been distinct changes in the pattern of unrest and conflicts
since 1956 when the first armed struggle in the North East by the Naga rebels commenced in the
Naga Hill district of erstwhile Assam. The region which then consisted of only one state Assam
and two Union territories Tripura and Manipur now comprises of “The Seven Sisters” (actually
eight states).

As we know, the most important element of an insurgent movement is the popular support which
has greatly eroded in the recent past. The classical definition of insurgency as an armed struggle
by a section of people against the lawfully constituted government helps us to conclude that this
support has almost ceased to exist in the region. The situation has been brought under control by
the coordinated efforts of the Indian Army, Paramilitary Forces, State Police and Intelligence
Agencies. At the same time, the contribution of civil society, student organisations, NGOs,
intellectuals and media cannot be over emphasized.

That stated, it will be incorrect to conclude that the levels of human security prevalent are
acceptable. The population especially in the remote areas has not yet gained the requisite
confidence in the administration. Extortion, kidnapping, killing, intimidation and gun-running
have over-taken classical insurgency. Militants, terrorists, surrendered militants and disgruntled
youth are indulging in nefarious activities. Strictly speaking, the situation in several parts of the
region, especially in Manipur, parts of Northern Assam and specific areas around the Assam-
Arunachal and Assam-Meghalaya borders is deeply disturbed.

The Battle of Perception

This begets the question as to whether India has been winning the battle of perception on NER.
There is a strong sentiment in the international community that India does not treat the NER with
due concern. One of the key reasons for this is the denial of access. While efforts in opening up
the areas is underway, large parts are still difficult to access even for the domestic tourist due to
issues such as infrastructure and bureaucratic procedures. The tyranny of Inner Line Permits and
 5

Restricted Area Permits ensures that the the inbound foreign tourist is unable to visit large parts
of NER. The example of Pakistan in promoting foreign expeditions to the Siachen Glacier, and
of China in promoting expeditions to TAR are a case in point. This inaction in state policy has
strengthened the claims of India’s adversaries over these disputed areas.

Potential for Adventure Tourism in NER

One of the recent trends in international tourism is the spurt in adventure tourism. NER with its
diverse terrain of mountains, rivers, and lakes has a rich potential to emerge as a major adventure
tourism destination. Soft and hard adventure activities such as angling, mountain biking,
motorcycle touring, parasailing, river rafting and swimming, trekking can be undertaken across
this region. The Brahmaputra, Barak, Jia-Bhoreli, Kameng, Subansiri, Debang and Siang offer
opportunities for tourists interested in rafting, boating, swimming and angling. The upper hill
belt of the different part of the region particularly Arunachal Pradesh and Meghalaya is also
suitable for trekking and other winter sports. The festivals at Ziro, Hornbill-Kohima and Sangai-
Imphal provide cultural immersion as well as adventure activities.

Likely Impact of Opening Avenues of Adventure Tourism

Adventure tourism is resilient, supports local economies, attracts high value customers and
encourages sustainable practices. Adventure activities can be localised in a particular place or
could be extended over a region defined across a district in a particular state or across states.
Similarly, the activities could vary greatly among tourists based on interests, inclinations and
physical capacities.

According to Cooper et al. (1993), these potential impacts depend on a range of criteria: the
number of tourist arrivals, the structure of the host economy, the type of tourism activity, the
difference in socio-cultural characteristics between the hosts and the tourists, and the fragility of
the local environment.

The following excerpts on analysis of the positive and negative impacts of rural tourism is based
on the work of Gannon (1994)

Economic Benefits

• Strengthens the economy as foreign currency is added.

• Increases job opportunities, the family and community income.
• Helps to diversify and therefore stabilize the local economy.
• Increases the investments and therefore creates business opportunities both within and
outside the industry.
 6

Costs

• Increases prices for property, goods and services causing therefore, high cost of living
for community residents.
• The increased and unplanned tourism and tourist behaviour may cause deterioration of
the natural environment or the historic areas.
• It can increase noise and litter pollution.

Social Impacts

• Creates pride and a sense of place.

• Makes the community infrastructure stronger.
• Brings different people together providing opportunities for cultural exchange.
• Can raise conflicts and jealousies in the community on sharing the benefits of tourism.

Environmental Impacts.
• Rural tourism can be the means for conserving and revitalizing the natural, cultural and
historical resources of a rural region.
• It promises and supports ideas for village renewal and clean countryside

MOTIVATION

My exposure to the region started very early, at the tender age of early schooling, due to my Air
Force father’s tenures in the NER, In those years, the IAF conducted extensive relief and supply
drops to the remote areas in Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland and Mizoram in support of the local
population, since roads to these areas were non-existent. The IAF was also involved in
supporting the counter insurgency operations. As a result, the fascinating names of remote areas
such as Zakhama, Walong, Chakabama, where my father flew to carry out air drops, became
common place in our house. Little did I know then, that two decades hence, I would live in these
places and carry out helicopter landings, drops, casualty evacuation and humanitarian assistance
and disaster relief, during my own tenures as an IAF pilot.

This love affair with the area continued till I finally joined National Defence Academy as a 16
year old boy from Shillong.

Since leaving the IAF in Apr 2016, I have ridden across SE Asia from Singapore to Siliguri
across Malaysia, Thailand and Myanmar, tracing the advance and subsequent retreat of the
Japanese 15th Army. I have been fortunate to have seen the places that Field Marshal Slim
describes in his seminal book’ Defeat unto Victory’. I have also lead over fifteen motorcycling
expeditions of about 8-10 riders into Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland,
Sikkim and Tripura.
 7

These forays have enabled me to meet the common people of this area as well as over five
hundred domestic and international motorcycle riders. This exposure propels me to study the
impact of opening avenues for adventure tourism in the NER.

Importance of the Subject

The national security discourse in India is mainly dominated by cross border terrorism, Left
Wing Extremism and the situation in Jammu and Kashmir. The NER seldom makes it to the
national debate. There is also limited understanding of the nuances of this complex region. At a
time when violence levels are down and the situation appears to be getting normal, the
underlying problems easily get swept under the carpet. Internal unrest in NER presents a critical
vulnerability that can be easily exploited by our adversaries. At the same time unresolved
insurgencies diminish India’s stature as an emerging regional power. This study seeks to serve as
a reminder of the challenges that lie ahead which merit national priority and focus. The research
into the subject will add to the studies on security and tourism of the NER. It will assist policy
planners to derive conclusions and assist in developing strategies and projects for infrastructure,
HR policies and develop tourist friendly initiatives and ventures.

Research Questions

We have seen that threats to human security in the NER are myriad in nature and quantity.
Ethnic rivalry, insurgency and crime are on one end of the spectrum. The lack of good
governance, corruption, infrastructural weakness, poor lines of communication and natural
calamities are at the other end.
There are ample opportunities for the states and the population to make good use of adventure
tourism as a vehicle to drive economic growth. The increased interaction between people from
the mainland and the overseas in bound tourist is likely to have a lasting impact on the local
communities. If care is taken to mitigate the negative fall-out, the resultant positive impact on
society can be considerable.

This brings me to arrive at the following research questions (RQ):-

RQ. Is the deficit of governance deficit and socio-economic inequities the main
reasons for persistence of insurgency in the North East, particularly in the states of Assam,
Nagaland and Manipur?

RQ2. Does the conduct of adventure tourism in the NER promote people to people
contact and enhance mutual understanding of each other?

RQ3. Can adventure tourism in the NER be used as a channel for conducting diplomacy
and enhancement of human security by ‘other means’?
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Assumptions

In the Dictionary of Statistics and Methodology, W Paul Vogt defines an assumption as

“(a) A statement that is presumed to be true, often only temporarily or for a specific purpose,
such as building a theory.

(b) The conditions under which statistical techniques yield valid results.”

For my research these are the assumptions that I make:-

1. The participants will answer the interview questions in an honest and candid manner.

2. The inclusion criteria of the sample are appropriate and therefore, assures that the
participants have all experienced the same or similar phenomenon of the study.

3. Participants have a sincere interest in participating in the research and do not have other
motives.

Limitations.

Carol M. Roberts in her book, The Dissertation Journey offers some examples of limitations
when she states, “Limitations are usually areas over which you have no control. Some typical
limitations are sample size, methodology constraints, length of the study, and response rate.”

These are the limitations that I am likely to face:-

1. There may be unknown conditions or factors at the facility where the participants reside,
work, or study that could bias the responses of the participants.

2. My data that comes from the local populace may suffer from inaccuracies due to lack of
education, unfamiliarity with language, errors in translation and inability comprehend local
nuances.

3. The number of participants or subjects will need to adequate to draw conclusions.

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STATE OF THE ART AND LITERATURE REVIEW

Adventure Tourism

In the absence of a formal universally accepted definition even in the literature of the UN World
Tourism Organisation, ‘adventure tourism’ can be well understood as a niche tourism activity
that will involve exploration or travel to a remote area, where the traveller should expect the
unexpected.
The Adventure Travel Trade Association (ATTA) does define adventure tourism as a tour or
expedition that includes at least two of the three elements of physical activity, natural
environment and cultural immersion. While the definition of adventure tourism only requires two
of these components, trips incorporating all tend to afford tourists the fullest adventure travel
experience

Human Security

It is a universally accepted, and as per the UNO a stated fact, that the world of today is full of
threats and hence, insecure. There are crises of long duration, violent conflicts, natural disasters,
persistent poverty, epidemics and economic downturns that in turn impose hardships and
severely undermine prospects for peace, stability, and sustainable development. Such crises are
complex, entailing multiple forms of human insecurity.
As noted in General Assembly resolution 66/290, “human security is an approach to assist
Member States in identifying and addressing widespread and cross-cutting challenges to the
survival, livelihood and dignity of their people.” It calls for “people-centred, comprehensive,
context-specific and prevention-oriented responses that strengthen the protection and
empowerment of all people.”
The human security approach is a proven analytical and planning framework that supports more
comprehensive and preventive responses, cutting across sectors, developing contextually
relevant solutions, and adopting partnerships to help realise a world free from fear, want and
indignity.

Research on Tourism in NER

Research on tourism in the North-Eastern States of India for the economy and social
development is admittedly sparse as compared with other countries.
Geoffrey I. Crouch, J.R. Brent Ritchie (1995), The study finds that tourism enterprises,
particularly entrepreneurship, new venture developments and small businesses contribute to
destination development and competitiveness in a number of ways like they help in having a co-
 10

operative competitive environment, increase specialization in tourism sector by allowing each

firm to concentrate on its core competencies, provide an ideal mechanism for the identification
and development of new ideas, help to disperse the economic benefits of tourism development
etc.
Khan et al, 1995 Lee and Kwon, 1995, Lim 1997 and Oh 2005, the study discussed the
development of tourism has usually been considered a positive contribution to economic growth
is Indian economy.
Balaguer & Contavella-Jorda (2002), examined the role of tourism sector is the long run
economic development of the country. The hypothesis of tourism led economic growth was
confirmed by applying co-integration and causality tests.
Motiram (2007), “Globalization: Potentials and Prospects of Mass Tourism in India” described
the impact of globalization on mass tourism in India that is, Beach Tourism, Mountain Tourism,
and Religious Tourism. The study highlights that due to globalization, the tourism industry has
generated more employment, and more foreign exchange earnings.
Saurabh Kumar Dixit (2014) in his article entitled, “Community Attitude towards Tourism
Development: Study of Meghalaya, India” has said that the impacts of tourism have been
reasonably well researched, particularly from the environmental and economic perspectives.

Security

The scholarship on insurgencies in the North East can be divided into four main schools of
thought. These are characterized by what led to the insurgent movement, how the state response
has been and what ought to be done to solve the problems. The analysis is not watertight and
there is considerable overlap.
The main schools of thought are:-
(a) National security centric view.
(b) The mainland-periphery disconnect point of view.
(c) The political accommodation approach.
(d) The development centric view.

Schools of Thought

National Security Centric View. The literature originating from government sources,
government backed think tanks, retired soldiers and bureaucrats generally falls in the realm of
the security centric school. It primarily sees the problems from the point of view of national
security and preserving the unity and integrity of the country (Bajpai 2006). The two main
themes that recur in this school are targeting the rebel groups while trying to win the hearts and
minds of the local population (Banerjee 2009; Ganguly and Fidler 2009). The Indian Army
 11

doctrine for Sub conventional Operations also echoes this in stating that, “the role of the Army is
to limit the violence of the insurgents and create space for the political process to resolve the
issue” (Indian Army 2013, 16). The second stream of thought that forms part of this school
attributes the problems in the North East to external factors (Bhat 2011; Hazarika 1995). The
literature points to the view that while identity and homeland related grievances may initially
have given rise to insurgencies, the dynamics have totally transformed over time. Insurgent
camps in neighbouring countries cannot exist without the knowledge and approval of their
governments (Datta 2009; Saikia 2002).

‘Mainland-Periphery’ Disconnect Point of View. This school is the opposite of the former and
sees the conflicts more from the point of view of the insurgent groups and marginalized
communities. Analysts who are critical of the central government approach towards the smaller
states tend to see the North East as an entity separate from the Indian Union. Wasbir Hussain
also observes that, “such clubbing together of the region, in an attempt to look at it as a single
entity, has led to stereotyping of the problems that plague the area. Related to this is the huge
debate over the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA). The mainland-periphery school
believes the Act is discriminatory and it encourages human rights violations (Bhaumik 2007, 35;
Denyer 2013; Vajpeyi 2009). The ‘mainland – periphery’ school of thought serves as a useful
counterbalance to the security centric school of thought and above all focuses on ordinary people
and small communities that get side-lined in the larger debates (Hazarika 1995; Kikon 2009).

Political Accommodation Approach. The third line of discourse by more neutral analysts
believes that the Indian polity is accommodative and solutions are possible within the
constitutional framework. “Disparate aspirations can be met as long as they fall short of
demanding sovereignty” (Mishra 2002, 265-74). As a result the Indian government has not been
averse to signing ‘Suspension of Operations’ and ‘Ceasefire’ agreements with various groups.
Development School of Thought. The fourth school of thought believes that decades of neglect
and poor governance are the prime reasons for alienation of the people. While rest of India has
grown, the North East has lagged behind, fuelling a separatist sentiment. Das (1992) called
Assam the “Cinderella province”. This school also holds historical reasons responsible for the
isolation of the region.
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RESEARCH DESIGN

Methodology

Secondary Sources. I will first study the secondary sources and attempt to analyse the causes
of the problem in the North East in general and Nagaland and Manipur in particular. Through a
review of the existing literature and statistics on the North East in general and Assam, Nagaland
and Manipur in particular, I will seek to identify the drivers and current dynamics of threats to
human security. I will analyse how other researchers have viewed the problem. After studying
how historical factors have shaped the psyche of separatism in the region, I will attempt to
narrow down on to Assam, Nagaland and Manipur and looked for the underlying reasons of
threats to human security. An analysis of the attempts at political accommodation, economic
development and socio-cultural autonomy, the geo-strategic importance of the region including
India’s relations with Bangladesh and Myanmar, the two neighbouring countries, will reveal
their bearing on the security situation in the North East.
A study of the socio-economic dimensions of the problem, how insurgent groups have become
entrenched into the fabric of the society and how insurgency has become an industry is
necessary. As also, how systematic extortion and corruption is siphoning off funds meant for
development. I will then explore methods that can be undertaken to stem the rot.
Primary Research. Simultaneously, since I will be conducting over 40 rides in the
forthcoming four years, a survey of fellow riders in my team will be undertaken by way of
questionnaires and interviews. Each ride with an average strength of eight to ten riders takes
about 6 to 14 days. Each ride presents an opportunity to meet tourists, administrators, local
leadership, commercial vendors, students and families. The interaction during the ride affords
opportunities to gain insights into the perception of the tourist and the local populace. Tangible
data of their apprehensions and expectations followed by their experience and change in attitudes
can be derived.
To critically analyse the strategic dimensions of insurgency in North East India, as part of
primary research, I will prepare detailed questionnaires to analyse the response of by a cross
section of the stakeholders. I intend to access a sizeable percentage of the population of the
states, tourists, adventure tourism operators and defence and paramilitary personnel deployed in
the states. The primary research also includes interviews with key government officials to
include elected leaders, senior bureaucrats, military officers, Police & Intelligence officers as
well as eminent scholars. Analyses of the responses will be carried out.
Population
The population for the purpose of survey consists of the population of NER, especially the states
of Assam, Manipur and Nagaland, the Adventure Tour operators, the adventure tourists and the
Security Forces deployed in the area. The research involves measuring attitude of the
stakeholders in the states. These will be grouped into strata.
 13

Sample Size
Samples comprise 588 people with 245 from Nagaland, 272 from Manipur and 71 from Security
Forces (SF) personnel.
Work Plan and Gantt Chart.
The objectives and time line of the research proposal is as follows:-
Objective 1 Questionnaire for Primary research.
T1 Study of existing questionnaires and surveys.
T2 Design of questionnaire for adventure tourists, local populace,
tourism operators, security personnel and other stake holders.

Objective 2 Study of NER.

T3 Analysis of geo-strategic importance of NER and India’s relations
with the neighbouring countires.
T4 Study of political history of NER.
T5 Study of history of economic development in NR.
T6 Historical study of society of NER with reference to ethnic conflict
and tribal rivalries.

Objective 3 Study of Security Situation in NER.

T7 Study of history of security initiatives and operations in NER
T8 Study of insurgent outfits of NER
T9 Study of policy of State and Central governments

Objective 4 Study of Adventure Tourism.

T 10 Avenues of adventure tourism in NER
T 11 Statistical analysis of arrivals based on years, places, season and
socio economic factors.
T 12 Analysis of impact of adventure tourism based on response to
surveys, questionnaires and interviews.
 14

The corresponding Gantt Chart of the research proposal with semester-wise breakup of the tasks
across eight semesters is as follows:-

Semester wise Breakdown

Objective
Sem I Sem II Sem III Sem IV Sem V Sem VI Sem VII Sem VIII
T1
1 T2
T3
T4
2 T5
T6
T7
3 T8
T9
T 10
4 T 11
T 12
Final
Writing the
thesis thesis
writing
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CONCLUSION

The North Eastern Region of India is an important political and geographical division. With an
area of over 250,000 sq km, it constitutes 9% of Indian soil. 46 million Indians reside in this
region of eight states with 68 percent of that living in Assam alone. The literacy rates in the
states of the North eastern region, except those in Arunachal Pradesh and Assam, are higher than
the national average of 74 percent.
It is a region with over 300 different ethnicities made up of tribes, groups and sub-groups. Over
220 languages are spoken.
The region has seen conflict at an international level during the Second World War Large
portions of two states were over-run during the Indo-China conflict of 1962. The liberation of
Bangladesh saw a massive influx of refugees both before and after the war. Since the
reorganisation of the states in 1950, the region has suffered from insurgency. This has had an
attendant and negative effect on infrastructure development leading to poor economic growth.
Several such factors have resulted in a strong feeling of alienation and dissociation with
mainland India.
An analysis of the incidents in the last decade makes it is quite evident that except for the two
states of Nagaland and Manipur, insurgency in its classical sense has dwindled to near extinction.
Where ever it does remain, insurgency has spawned into a complex nebula of gun running, drug
smuggling, trafficking and extortion. The policies of the Centre and State govt have often
reinforced the impression that India is a soft state. Our relations with the neighbouring countries
have waxed and waned ranging from hostility to acceptance. This is the state of affairs despite
the immense geo strategic importance of the NER. Internationally, there is a strong sentiment
that India has neglected the people of NER.
With diverse terrain ranging from the riverine flatlands and plains of Assam, the valleys of
Arunachal Pradesh and the hills of Nagaland, Manipur and Meghalaya, to the high mountains of
Sikkim, the region is awash with opportunities for carrying out hard and soft adventure sport.
However, a wishy-washy approach on government policy has resulted in large areas of the
region being inaccessible to domestic and international tourists due to lack of lines of
communication and bureaucratic process.
The granting of access and opening of these areas to domestic and international tourist will result
in an increase in people to people interaction. Tourism is an eco-system of employment. It brings
with it the need for airports, railways, bus stations, and the services of transportation. There is a
requirement of hotels and restaurants. There is an increase in the requirement of food and other
commodities. The industry brings employment opportunities for skilled operators, interpreters,
guides, content creators. Local handicraft gets a ready market.
Consequently, it follows that careful implementation, along with the support of local
communities, and sensitisation, can bring about the much needed economic growth. It can also
help remove the alienation of the local populace. This will in time strengthen human security in
 16

this area. It may very go on to mould the current international perception of India in a positive
manner.
Will the opening of avenues of adventure tourism serve to enhance human security and enable
diplomacy by ‘other means’? That is the question that this research will seek to answer.

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 17

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