GEARS

BY : MOHIT GARG
CLASSIFICATION OF GEARS
 According to the axes of shafts connected :

a) Both axes are parallel

The motion between two parallel is equivalent to the

rolling of two cylinders.

Spur gears : They have straight teeth parallel to the

axes and thus are not subjected to axial thrust due
to tooth load. There is instantaneous or sudden
engagement and disengagement across entire
width, due to which high impact stresses and
excessive noise are encountered.
 Helical Gears

Spur Gears

Herringbone Gears
CLASSIFICATION OF GEARS
Helical Gears : The teeth are straight but inclined to
the axis of rotation. The load application is gradual
which results in low impact stresses. Always
opposite hand helical gears must cone in contact.
This gear has a disadvantage of having axial thrust.

Double helical or Herringbone gears : To minimize

the axial thrust in case of helical gears, we use this
type of gears. In this the axial thrust of the two rows
of teeth cancel each other out.
CLASSIFICATION OF GEARS
b) Axes are intersecting

The motion between two intersecting shafts is

equivalent to the rolling of two cones. The gears
used are known as bevel gears .

Straight Bevel Gears : The teeth are straight. Usually,

they are used to connect shafts at right angles
which run at low speeds. Gears of the same size
and connecting two shafts at right angles to each
other are known mitre
as gears .
 Mitre Gears

Straight Bevel Gears

Spiral Bevel Gears

Zerol Bevel Gears

CLASSIFICATION OF GEARS
Spiral Bevel Gears : When teeth of a bevel gear are
inclined at an angle to the face of the bevel, they
are known as spiral bevels or helical bevels. They
are smoother in action and quieter than straight
tooth bevel gears as there is gradual load
application and low impact stresses. They are used
in differential of automobile.

Zerol Bevel Gears : Spiral bevel gears with curved

teeth but with a zero degree spiral angle are known
as zerol bevel gears. Their tooth action and the
axial thrust are the same as that of straight bevel
gears but are a bit quieter.
CLASSIFICATION OF GEARS
c) Axes are Non-parallel and non-intersecting

Pure rolling is impossible in case of skew shafts. To

transfer motion between such shafts two
hyperboloids can be used. The motion between two
hyperboloids is a combination of rolling and sliding
action. Teeth are cut on hyperboloid surfaces.

Crossed helical or spiral gears : Limited to light loads.

Used to drive feed mechanisms on machine tools,
camshafts and oil pumps on small IC engine.
Crossed Helical or spiral gears

Worm and Worm Wheel Hypoid Gears

CLASSIFICATION OF GEARS
Worm Gears : It is a special case of a spiral gear.
The smaller of the two mating gears is called worm,
it has high spiral angle. The larger one is called
worm wheel which has less spiral angle. They are
widely used for high speed reduction ratio.

Hypoid Gears : They are approximations of

hyperboloids. A hypoid pair has quiet and smoother
action.
CLASSIFICATION OF GEARS
 Rack and Pinion :
They are used to
convert rotary motion
into translatory motion,
or vice-versa.
GEAR TERMINOLOGY
GEAR TERMINOLOGY
 Pitch Circle : It is an imaginary circle where the pure
rolling motion is observed when mating gears are
transmitting power. Being an imaginary circle it
cannot be the physical characteristic of gear but
being the most important circle, it is one of the
biggest specification of gear. The size of any gear is
specified by its pitch circle diameter.

 Pitch Point : The point of contact of two pitch circles.

 Pinion : It is the smaller and usually the driving of a

pair of mating gears.
GEAR TERMINOLOGY
 Circular Pitch (pc) : It is the distance measured along
the circumference of the pitch circle from a point on
one tooth to corresponding point on the adjacent
tooth.
pc = Πd
T
d = pitch circle diameter
T = number of teeth

 Diametral Pitch (pd) : It is the number of teeth per

unit length of the pitch circle diameter in inches.
pd = T
d
GEAR TERMINOLOGY
pc * pd = Π
 Module : It is the ratio of pitch diameter in mm to the
number of teeth. The module of two mating gears
must be same.
m = d Also, pc = Πm
T
 Gear Ratio (G) : It is the ratio of the number of teeth
on the gear to that on the pinion.

 Velocity Ratio (VR) : It is the ratio of angular velocity

of follower to angular velocity of driving gear.
GEAR TERMINOLOGY
 Addendum Circle : It is a circle passing through the
tips of teeth.

 Addendum : It is the radial height of a tooth above

the pitch circle. Its standard value is one module.

 Dedendum Circle : It’s a circle passing through the

roots of the teeth.

 Dedendum : It is the radial depth of a tooth below

the pitch circle. Its standard value is 1.157 m.
GEAR TERMINOLOGY
 Clearance : Radial difference between the
addendum and the dedendum of a tooth. It is
around 0.157m .

 Full depth of teeth : Addendum + Dedendum

 Working depth : The maximum depth to which a

tooth penetrates into the tooth space of the mating
gear.

 Space Width : It is the width of tooth space along

pitch circle.
GEAR TERMINOLOGY
 Tooth Thickness : It is the thickness of the tooth
along pitch circle.

 Backlash : Space width – Tooth thickness. It is very

important because it helps prevent noise, abnormal
wear and excessive heat while providing space for
lubrication of the gears.
GEAR TERMINOLOGY
 Face Width : It is length of the tooth parallel to the
gear axis.

 Top Land : It is the surface of the top of the tooth.

 Bottom land : The surface of the bottom of tooth.

 Face : Tooth surface between the pitch circle and top

land.

 Flank : Tooth surface between pitch circle and the

bottom land.
GEAR TERMINOLOGY
GEAR TERMINOLOGY
 Line of action or Pressure line : The force, which the
driving tooth exerts on the driven tooth, is along a
line which form the pitch point to the point of
contact of the two teeth. This line is also common
normal at the pitch point of contact of the mating
gears.

 Pressure Angle(Φ) : The angle between the line of

action and the common tangent to the pitch circles.
rb = r cosΦ
For more power transmission, Φ must be kept small.