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Vectors

1.1 The Geometry and

Algebra of Vectors
MA2021 MATRICES AND VECTOR SPACE
Dr. Muchtadi Intan Detiena, S.Si.,M.Si.

Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences

Tim Penyusun Materi Matriks dan Ruang Vektor

Institut Teknologi Bandung © 2020
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Vectors in the Plane

A vector is a directed line segment that corresponds to a
displacement from one point A to another point B

terminal point
The vector of length zero is called
initial point the zero vector and is denoted by 0.

the negative of v, is defined to be the

vector having the same magnitude
as v, but oppositely directed.
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Vectors in Coordinate Systems

In this figure, that v has been

positioned so its initial point is at
the origin of a rectangular
coordinate system.

The coordinates of the terminal

point of v are called the
components of v, and we write
v = (v1,v2)
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Example
Finding the components of a Vector

The components of the vector v = 𝑃1 𝑃2 with initial point

𝑃1 = 2, −1 and terminal point 𝑃2 = 7,5 are 𝒗 = (5,6)
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Definition

If v and w are any two vectors, then the sum v+w

is the vector determined as follows: Position the
vector w so that its initial point coincides with the
terminal point of v.

The vector v+w is represented by the arrow from

the initial point of v to the terminal point of w.
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Definition

If v and w are any two vectors,

then the difference of w from v
is defined by

v – w = v + (-w)
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Definition

If v is a nonzero vector and k is nonzero real

number (scalar), then the product kv is defined
to be the vector whose length is |k| times the
length of v and whose direction is the same as
that of v if k > 0 and opposite to that of v if k < 0.
We define kv =0 if k = 0 or v = 0.

A vector of the form kv is called a scalar multiple.

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Vectors in Coordinate Systems

Given v = (v1,v2) and w = (w1,w2)

These two vectors are equivalent if

and only if
v1 = w1 and v2 = w2

Define
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Vectors in 3-Space
coordinate axes
Each pair of coordinate axes
determines a plane called a
origin coordinate plane. These are
referred to as the xy-plane, the
xz-plane, and the yz-plane.

To each point P in 3-space we

assign a triple of numbers (x, y, z),
called the coordinates of P.

rectangular coordinate system

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Vectors in 3-Space
A vector v in 3-space is positioned so its
initial point is at the origin of a
rectangular coordinate system. The
coordinates of the terminal point of v are
called the components of v, and we
write
v = (v1 , v2 , v3 )

If v = (v1 , v2 , v3 ) and w = ( w1 , w2 , w3 ) are two vectors in 3-space, then

v and w are equivalent if and only if v1 = w1 , v2 = w2 , v3 = w3

v + w = (v1 + w1 , v2 + w2 , v3 + w3 )
kv = (kv1 , kv2 , kv3 ), where k is any scalar
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Vectors in n-space
If n is a positive integer, then an ordered n-tuple is a sequence of n real numbers (a1,a2,…,an)..
The set of all ordered n-tuple is called n-space and is denoted by Rn

Two vectors u=(u1 ,u2 ,…,un) and v=(v1 ,v2 ,…, vn) in Rn are called equal if
u1 = v1, u 2 = v2 ,..., u n = vn

The sum u+v is defined by

u + v = (u1 + v1 , u2 + v2 ,..., un + vn )

and if k is any scalar, the scalar multiple ku is defined by

ku = (ku1 , ku2 ,..., kun )
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The operations of addition and scalar multiplication in this definition are called the standard
operations on Rn.

The Zero vector in Rn is denoted by 0 and is defined to be the vector 0=(0,0,…,0)

If u=(u1 ,u2 ,…,un) is any vector in Rn , then the negative( or additive inverse) of u is denoted by –
u and is defined by -u=(-u1 ,-u2 ,…,-un)

The difference of vectors in Rn is defined by

v-u=v+(-u) =(v1-u1 ,v2-u2 ,…,vn-un)
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Theorem 1.1
Properties of Vector in Rn
If u=(u1 ,u2 ,…,un), v=(v1 ,v2 ,…, vn) , and w=(w1 ,w2 ,…, wn) are vectors in Rn and k and l are scalars,
then:

(a) u+v = v+u (b) u+(v+w) = (u+v)+w

(c) u+0 = 0+u = u (d) u+(-u) = 0; that is u-u = 0

(e) k(lu) = (kl)u (f) k(u+v) = ku+kv

(g) (k+l)u = ku+lu (h) 1u = u

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Definition

A vector w is a linear combination of the vectors v1, v2,…, vr if it can be expressed in the form
w = k1v1 + k2v2 + … + krvr
where k1, k2, …, kr are scalars.
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Example
Vectors in R3 are Linear Combinations of i, j, and k

Every vector v = (a, b, c) in R3 is expressible as a linear combination of the standard basis vectors

i = (1, 0, 0), j = (0, 1, 0), k = (0, 0, 1)

since
v = (a, b, c) = a(1, 0, 0) + b(0, 1, 0) + c(0, 0, 1) = ai + bj + ck
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3 1
Let u = and v = .
1 2
We can use u and v to locate a new set of axes.

In this figure, w can be located by starting at

the origin and traveling –u followed by 2v.
That is,
w = −u + 2v

We say that the coordinates of w with respect to u and v are -1 and 2. (Note that this is
just another way of thinking of the coefficients of the linear combination.)
It follows that
3 1 −1
w=− +2 =
1 2 −3
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Terima Kasih