Unit 1

EE16604 - EMBEDDED
SYSTEMS

Handled by
V.Mohanraj AP/EEE
1
UNIT 1
INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED
SYSTEMS
2
Introduction
A embedded system is an electronic system which is

designed to perform one or limited set of functions ,
using hardware and software
•
Having hardware and software makes an embedded

system a computer , but this computer performs only
limited set of functions
•
It will have a processor and associated software

•
Software is burned into the ROM of the processor
3
Application domain of embedded systems
Consumer electronics : camera , music players , TVs ,

DVD players.
•
Household appliances : Air conditioners and fire alarm

systems
•
Handheld devices : Mobile phones , MP3 players etc

•
Banking : ATMs , Currency counters etc

•
Computer peripherals : printers , scanners , webcams ,

etc
•
Networking : Routers
•
Robotics : Used in factories , household etc

•
Toys
4
Desirable features and general
characteristics of embedded systems
•
It should have one or small set of functions which it is

expected to perform efficiently
•
It should be designed for low power dissipation

•
It has limited memory and limited number of peripherals

•
Applications are not meant to be alterable by user

•
They need to be highly reliable

•
Many of them need to operate with time constraints
5
Model of a embedded system ( simple
model )
A
S C
E PROCESSOR T
N U
S A
O T
R O
S R
S
MEMORY
6
Example of a simple embedded
system(temperature monitor )
SENSOR DISPLAY
M
C
U
MOTOR
KEYBOARD
ALARM
7
Figures of merit for an embedded system
objectives
•
Low power dissipation

•
Small physical size

•
Small code size

•
High speed of response

•
Real time response
8
History of embedded systems
With microcontroller creation , embedded system world

cherished
•
1978 - TMS 1000 - Texas instruments

•
1977 - 8048 - Intel

•
1980 - 8051 - Intel
9
Current Trends
Multi-core processor
•
Embedded and real time operating systems
10
Structural units in Embedded processor (
advanced architecture )
IQ
IR
INST. BT.
ID DATA
CACHE CACHE PFCU
CACHE
MMU
CU
PC
ADDRESS
BUS
ADVANCED ALU FLPU AOU
PROCESSING MAR B
UNITS I DATA BUS
SP U
SRS ARS FRS CONTROL BUS

MDR
11
STRUCTURAL UNIT FUNCTIONS
MAR Memory address register It holds the address of the byte

or word to be fetched from
external memories
MDR Memory data register It holds a byte or word fetched

from an external memory
SYSTEM BUSES Internal bus It connects all the structural

units inside the processor
Address , data and control bus
BIU Bus interface unit An interface unit between

processor’s internal units and
external buses
12
IR Instruction register It sequentially takes instruction

codes to execution unit of
processor
ID Instruction decoder It decodes the instruction

received at the IR and passes it
to processor CU
CU Control unit It controls all the bus activities

and unit functions needed for
processing
ARS Application register set A set of on chip registers used

during processing of
instructions of an application
program
13
ALU Arithmetic logical unit A unit to execute arithmetic or

logical instructions according to
the current instructions present
at IR
PC Program counter Stores the address of the next
instruction to be executed
SP Stack pointer A pointer for an address ,

Which corresponds to a stack
top in memory
14
IQ Instruction queue A queue of instructions so that

the IR does not have to wait for
the new instruction after one
has been processed
PFCU Prefetch control unit A unit that controls the fetching
of data into I and D caches in
advance from the memory units
I cache Instruction cache It sequentially stores , like an

instruction queue , the
instructions in FIFO mode
BT cache Branch target cache It facilitates ready availability of
the next instruction set when a
branch instruction like jump or
call is encountered
15
D cache Data cache It stores the prefetched data

from the external memory
MMU Memory management unit It manages the memories such
that the instruction and data are
readily available
SRS System register set It is a set of registers used while
processing the instructions of
the system program
FLPU Floating point processing unit A unit separate from ALU for
floating point processing
FRS Floating point register set A register set dedicated for

storing floating point numbers
in standard format
16
USE OF MONITOR FOR TARGET HARDWARE
DEBUGGING
•
Monitor codes can be downloaded in ICE ROM

•
It may run a “power on self test” program bootstrapping

•
Monitor is a debugging tool for the target

microprocessor or microcontroller in ICE ROM emulator ,
or in target development board
17
USE OF MONITOR FOR TARGET HARDWARE
DEBUGGING
•
Monitor from different source differ in their functioning .

One typical monitor does the following
.
1
Monitor loads the application codes , is also used for

corrections in codes , and then test the system
.
2
Monitor controls break points as per command from

the debugger
.
3
Monitor can be run in single step mode also

.
4
A part of monitor runs as host

.
5
Facilitates controlled execution of application and

controlled display of executing program status
18
TARGET BOARD SUB UNITS INCLUDING
MONITOR
•
Socket
•
RAM and interfaces

•
Display
•
Monitor segments in ROM

•
Twenty key pad

•
Connectors
19
DIRECT MEMORY ACCESS (DMA)
A device that facilities DMA transfer is called DMA

controller ( DMAC )
•
DMAC has a processing element

•
The data transfers occurs efficiently between I/O

devices and system memory with the least processor
intervention using DMAC
20
DMA CONTROLLER
CS
RD/WR
processor RAM
A0-A15 and D0-D7
D0-D7
Hold A0-A15
acknowledge Hold request
A I/O
Port
device
with
DMA set
of
controller I/O BUS
Addresses
DMA request
DMAC acknowledge
From Decoder port select
21
DMAC
The DMAC sends a hold request to CPU

•
CPU acknowledges that in case the system memory

buses are free to use
•
The DMA operations can be in one of three modes

i)
Single transfer at a time

i)
Burst transfer at a time ( few KB)

i)
Bulk transfer
then release of the hold on the system bus after the
transfer is completed
22
DMAC
Whenever a DMA request is made to the DMAC for I/Os ,

the DMAC is first initialized . Its programmed for
i) Read or write
ii) Mode of DMA transfer
iii) Number of bytes to be transferred in its data transfer
counter register
iv) Starting memory address
23
BUILD PROCESS FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
An embedded system develops using process of designing the

hardware, target platform and software followed by integration of
both
•
The first step in the build process for an embedded system

hardware consists of selecting a processor(s)
•
A processor is selected from the considerations of the following: 1.

Instruction set
2.Maximum bits in an operand (8, 16 or 32) in a single
3.arithmetic or logical operation
4.Clock frequency in MHz or Gift and processing speed in
Million Instructions Per Second (MIPS)
processor ability to solve the complex algorithms used in
meeting deadlines for their processing
24
The build process for embedding software consists of

the following steps:
1. Project file consisting of source file and library files
2. Compilation of the project files
3. Linking all object files and locating onto a single re-
locatable object file
4. Converting the object file in a form called hex-file to
binary image (ROM image)
25
The build processes for the embedded systems when

microprocessors or ASIPs or multiple processors are
used
Build process process
Embedding Microprocessor Each microprocessor has an

instruction set.
Programs written in high-level
language or framework for
embedding are compiled
Embedding Microcontroller Each microcontroller has an
instruction set which includes
instructions, which enable use of the
devices and peripherals in the
microcontroller. Programs written in
high-level language or framework
using Integrated Development
Environment (IDE) are compiled
26
COMPONENTS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM
HARDWARE
27
EMBEDDED HARDWARE UNITS AND
DEVICES IN A EMBEDDED SYSTEM
•
Power source
•
Clock oscillator
•
System timer
•
Real time clock

•
Reset circuit , power up reset and watch dog timer

•
Memory
•
Input , output and i/o ports

•
Bus
•
Digital to analog conversion

•
Analog to digital conversion

•
LED , LCD and Touch screen displays

•
Keyboard , keypad and virtual keypad at touch screen

•
Interrupt handler
28
CLASSIFICATION OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM
Small scale embedded system

•
Medium scale embedded system

•
Sophisticated scale embedded system
29
SMALL SCALE EMBEDDED SYSTEM
•
Designed with a single 8- or 16-bit microcontroller or

DSP
•
May have little hardware and software complexities and

involve board-level design
•
May be battery operated

•
May use an integrated development environment (IDE)

specific to the microcontroller or processor family used
is the main programming tool
•
Uses generally 'C' or MATLAB

•
May or may not use an RTOS
30
MEDIUM SCALE EMBEDDED SYSTEM
•
Designed with a single or few 16- or 32-bit microcontroller or

DSP or Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC)
•
May also be designed with available single purpose processors

•
Uses real-time operating system (RTOS) for multitasking

•
Uses software tools for providing the solutions to the

hardware complexities
•
Uses complex software design using programming tools: C/C

OH/lava, RTOS, and Source code engineering tool, Simulator,
Debugger and Integrated Development Environment
•
The systems have both hardware and software complexities
31
SOPHISTICATED SCALE EMBEDDED
•
Designed on 32- or 64-bitSYSTEM

RISCs
•
Needs hardware and software co-design

•
Needs component-integration in the final system

•
May need implemented in the hardware in the form of IP

cores for complex software functions
•
May need new development tools

•
May be an SoC (system-on-chip)

•
These systems are used for cutting-edge applications

that need hardware and software co-design and
components integration in the final system
32
IN CIRCUIT EMULATOR (ICE)
Emulate – stands for copy

•
Emulator differ from ICE

•
Emulator is the copy / model of the embedded system

which is to be tested (debugged)
•
The tested emulator is made an one-on-one mapping

and ‘n’ number of embedded systems are manufactured
after it passes the test ( debugging stage )
33
EMULATOR
An emulator consist of all the circuits and blocks of

embedded system with some extra memory for edit/
test/debug purpose .
•
Emulator can test itself.

•
It is a self-test system
•
It is technically called a target system
34
EMULATOR
Host system – Generally a personal computer is used as

a host system
•
Host system transfers the system software / application

software to target system (Emulator)
•
An emulator is done specific to an application

•
ICE is generic
•
ICE doesn't contain the MP/MCU
35
EMULATOR
36
ICE
ICE = Target system circuit – system MP/MCU
37
ICE
In case of an ICE the MP/MCU is fixed / connected in

the socket through cable
•
Thus, ICE is used to test various target systems used for

different applications.
•
It gives the ability to place various versions of

processor/micro controller family
38
SUB UNITS OF ICE
Interfacing circuits
•
Twenty keypad
•
ROM emulator
•
Socket
•
External memory
•
Emulator board display

•
System registers
•
Interfacing driver circuit

•
Monitor codes
39
ICE
Some of the processors like ARM 7 and ARM 9 have

internal ICE in the core
•
It debugs the targeted hardware in the system

•
Cables used to interface target system emulating circuit

and socket should be short to minimize coupling
capacitive effect
40

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EE16604 - EMBEDDED

A embedded system is an electronic system which is

Having hardware and software makes an embedded

It will have a processor and associated software

Software is burned into the ROM of the processor

Consumer electronics : camera , music players , TVs ,

Household appliances : Air conditioners and ﬁre alarm

Handheld devices : Mobile phones , MP3 players etc

Banking : ATMs , Currency counters etc

Computer peripherals : printers , scanners , webcams ,

Robotics : Used in factories , household etc

It should have one or small set of functions which it is

It should be designed for low power dissipation

It has limited memory and limited number of peripherals

Applications are not meant to be alterable by user

They need to be highly reliable

Many of them need to operate with time constraints

Low power dissipation

Small physical size

Small code size

High speed of response

Real time response

With microcontroller creation , embedded system world

1978 - TMS 1000 - Texas instruments

1977 - 8048 - Intel

1980 - 8051 - Intel

Embedded and real time operating systems

SRS ARS FRS CONTROL BUS

MAR Memory address register It holds the address of the byte

MDR Memory data register It holds a byte or word fetched

SYSTEM BUSES Internal bus It connects all the structural

BIU Bus interface unit An interface unit between

IR Instruction register It sequentially takes instruction

ID Instruction decoder It decodes the instruction

CU Control unit It controls all the bus activities

ARS Application register set A set of on chip registers used

ALU Arithmetic logical unit A unit to execute arithmetic or

SP Stack pointer A pointer for an address ,

IQ Instruction queue A queue of instructions so that

I cache Instruction cache It sequentially stores , like an

D cache Data cache It stores the prefetched data

FRS Floating point register set A register set dedicated for

Monitor codes can be downloaded in ICE ROM

It may run a “power on self test” program bootstrapping

Monitor is a debugging tool for the target

Monitor from different source differ in their functioning .

Monitor loads the application codes , is also used for

Monitor controls break points as per command from

Monitor can be run in single step mode also

A part of monitor runs as host

Facilitates controlled execution of application and

RAM and interfaces

Monitor segments in ROM

Twenty key pad

A device that facilities DMA transfer is called DMA

DMAC has a processing element

The data transfers occurs eﬃciently between I/O

From Decoder port select

The DMAC sends a hold request to CPU

CPU acknowledges that in case the system memory

The DMA operations can be in one of three modes

Single transfer at a time

Burst transfer at a time ( few KB)