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Bogus̷law Wolniewicz
ON LOGICAL SPACE
The minimal elements of 𝑆𝐸, if any, are logical atoms (or states of
affairs). The maximal ones are logical points (or possible worlds), and
space is the totality of them. I.e.: 𝑆𝐴 = {𝑜} = 𝑄𝑜 , and 𝑆𝐴 =
logical ⋀
{𝜆} = . For any 𝑤𝑖 ∈ 𝑆𝑃 the set 𝑅𝑖 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝑆𝐸” : 𝑥 ⩽ 𝑤𝑖 } is a maximal
ideal of 𝑆𝐸”. With L ̷ oś we call it a realization, and 𝑅 is to be the totality
of them.
3. Situations are sets of elementary situations: 𝑆 ⊂ 𝑃 (𝑆𝐸”). There are
several ways to determine 𝑆 exactly, but the following is the simplest. Two
sets of elementary situations are said to be 𝑉 -equivalent iff they intersect
the same realizations:
⋀
𝐴 ∼𝑣 𝐵 == (𝐴 ∩ 𝑅 = ∅ ⇔ 𝐵 ∩ 𝑅 = ∅). (3)
𝑅∈𝑅
⋁ ⋀ ⋀ 1
⋁
𝑥 ⩽ 𝑤, (7)
𝐷∈𝑃 𝑎𝑟𝑡(𝑆𝐴) 𝑤∈𝑆𝑃 𝐷∈𝐷 𝑥∈𝐷
1
⋁
where “ ” is the singular quantifier.
𝑥
A dimensionally determinate 𝑆𝑃 is either zero-dimensional (if 𝑆𝐸 = ∅),
or one-dimensional (if 𝑆𝐸 = 𝑆𝐴 = 𝑆𝑃 ), or multi-dimensional (if 𝑆𝐸 ∕= ∅,
and 𝑆𝐴 ∕= 𝑆𝑃 ). The zero-dimensional case is represented historically by the
ontologies of Logical Monism. The situation 𝑄𝑜 corresponds then to “the
One” of Parmenides, to “the Substance” of Spinoza, to “the Absolute” of
Hegel, and to “the True” of Frege. One-dimensional cases are represented
by Leibniz, by Laplace, and by modern possible-worlds semantics. The
multi-dimensional case leads to further subdivisions.
The logical dimensions of 𝑆𝑃 are said to be orthogonal iff the atoms of
different dimensions are always composible; i.e., iff we have:
⋀ ⋀
[ (𝑥 ∕= 𝑥′ ⇒ 𝐷(𝑥) ∕= 𝐷(𝑥′ )) ⇒ 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝐴 ∕= 𝜆]. (8)
𝐴⊂𝑆𝐴 𝑥,𝑥′ ∈𝐴
elements of 𝑆4+ are his “Sachverhalte”, and those of 𝑆𝑃 are his “Wahre-
heitsmöglichkeiten der Elementarsätze”. Observe also that the former are
the “basic particular situations” of Cresswell’s [3], and the latter are the
“𝐿-states” of Carnap’s [4].
Finally, the number of logical dimensions may be finite or infinite. The
finite case has been investigated in [1] and [2], for logical spaces with or-
thogonal dimensions of an arbitrary cardinality.
References
Institute of Philosophy
Warsaw Univeristy