netstat -r

routing table
show ip route

chapter 9

mac address - medium access control address, unique identifier assigned to a

network interface controller (NIC) for use as a network address in communications
within a network segment.

ipconfig /all - to know the mac address

mac and ip address, network information (cmd)

arp request - address resolution protocol, used for finding the mac address
assossiated with an ip address
vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv
network monitoring, troubleshoot

arp table command

arp -a

arp table command router

show ip arp

arp table is temporary, it expires, can be removed by the administrator

arp attacks
arp poisoning, denial of service attack

chapter 11

unicast - communication where information is sent from one point to another point.
There is one sender and one receiver
broadcast - communication where information is sent from one point to multiple
points. There is one sender, but the information is sent to all connected
receivers.
multicast - information is sent from one or more points to a set of other points.
There may be one or more senders, but there may be any number of receivers. (it can
be 0,1,2, and so on.)

types of ip:
public ip - provided by the isp
private ip - used within a local network

nat - network address translation, translates private ip addresses to public ip

addresses

used when routing to the internet

loopback addresses - used to test tcp/ip 127.0.0.1

link-local address - apipa (automatic private ip addressing), self assigned

addresses

IANA - internet assigned numbers authority, manages and allocates blocks of IP to

five regional internet registries (RiR)
asia - apnic (asia pacific network information center)

arp uses broadcasts to locate other devices

subnetting - reduces network traffic and improves network performance

ipv4 addresses
ranges from 0 to 255
total bits is 32
four dotted decimal (192.168.10.1)
has parts: network and host part

network part - identity of the group

host part - unique identity of the device(different)

subnet mask - identifies which part in the ip address is the network and host part
1 (in bits) - network part
0 (in bits) - host part
(f.e. 255.255.255.0)
/24 means there are 24 network bits
/24 = 255.255.255.128
/24 = 255.255.255.0
/16 = 255.255.0.0
/8 = 255.0.0.0

ip address classes (look at 1st octet)

class a - 0-127 N.H.H.H /8
class b - 128-191 N.N.H.H /16
class c - 192-223 N.N.N.H /24
class d - 224-239 used for multicasting
class e - 240-255 used for research
number of hosts per network formula: (2^m)-2, m is the number of host bits

/24 = 16,777,214 hosts

/16 - 65,534 hosts
/8 - 254 hosts

ip address types
network address - all host bits are 0s
broadcast address - all host bits are 1s
host address

network and broadcast cannot be assigned to end devices/nc

how to know the address type

1. find ip address class
2. look for the structure of the ip (the division of the network and the host)
3. classify the host bits