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Iso 18203-2016 PDF
Iso 18203-2016 PDF
STANDARD 18203
First edition
2016-12-01
Reference number
ISO 18203:2016(E)
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ISO 18203:2016(E)
Contents Page
Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ iv
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. v
1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative reference ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
4 Symbols, abbreviations and designations .................................................................................................................................. 3
5 Principle ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 3
6 Apparatus ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
7 Test specimen .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
7.1 Selection and preparation of samples ................................................................................................................................. 4
7.2 Preparation of the surface to be examined ..................................................................................................................... 5
8 Method of measurement .............................................................................................................................................................................. 5
8.1 Hardness testing method ............................................................................................................................................................... 5
8.2 Microscopic methods......................................................................................................................................................................... 6
8.2.1 Total thickness of surface hardening depth (THD) ............................................................................ 6
8.2 .2 C o mp o und layer thicknes s (C LT) ....................................................................................................................... 6
9 Evaluation of the results ............................................................................................................................................................................... 7
9.1 Case hardening depth (CHD), surface hardening depth (SHD) and nitriding
hardness depth (NHD) ..................................................................................................................................................................... 7
9.2 Total thickness of surface hardening depth (THD) .................................................................................................. 7
9.3 C o mp o und layer thicknes s (C LT) ............................................................................................................................................ 7
10 Test report................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Annex A (normative) Interpolation method for determining the case hardening depth ............................. 9
Annex B (informative) Examples of CLT measurements ............................................................................................................... 11
Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 12
Foreword
I SO (the I nternational O rganiz ation for Standardiz ation) is a worldwide federation of national s tandards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work o f preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has b een es tablished has the right to b e represented on that committee. I nternational
organi zation s , governmental and non- governmental, in liaison with I SO, al so take p ar t in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters o f
elec trotechnical s tandardi z ation.
T he procedures used to develop this do cument and those intended for its fur ther maintenance are
describ ed in the I SO/I E C D irec tives , Par t 1 . I n p ar ticu lar the different approval criteria needed for the
di fferent types o f ISO documents should be noted. This document was dra fted in accordance with the
editorial ru les of the I SO/I E C D irec tives , Par t 2 (see www. iso . org/direc tives) .
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some o f the elements o f this document may be the subject o f
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identi fying any or all such patent rights. Details o f
any patent rights identified during the development o f the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the I SO l is t of p atent declarations received (see www. iso . org/p atents) .
Any trade name used in this document is in formation given for the convenience o f users and does not
cons titute an endors ement.
For an explanation on the meaning o f ISO specific terms and expressions related to con formity assessment,
as well as information about I SO ’s adherence to the World Trade O rganization ( WTO) principles in the
Technical B arriers to Trade (TB T ) see the following URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword. html .
T he com mittee res p ons ible for this do cument is I SO/ TC 17, Steel, Sub com mittee SC 7, Methods of testing
(other than mechanical tests and chemical analysis) .
This first edition o f ISO 18203 cancels and replaces ISO 2639:2002, ISO 3754:1976 and ISO 4970:1979,
which have been technically revised.
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Introduction
In the p as t, there are th re e ISO s ta nda rd s for me a s uri ng s ur face -hardene d layer. B e c au s e tho s e
1 Scope
T h i s do c u ment s p e ci fie s a me tho d o f me a s uri ng the c a s e ha rden i ng dep th, s u r face ha rden i ng dep th,
and induction hardening, electron beam hardening, laser beam hardening, etc.) or thermochemical
(carbonitriding, carburizing and hardening, hardening and nitriding, etc.) treatment.
NO TE Su r face -h a rdene d l ayer c a n b e pro duce d b y me ch a n ic a l me tho d (s ho t b l a s ti ng , s ho t p e en i ng , e tc .) . T he
dep th o f the s e l ayers i s genera l l y s h a l low. M e a s u r i ng a pro fi le o f h a rdene d dep th m ay re qu i re lower te s t force of
hardness test.
2 Normative reference
T he fol lowi ng do c u ments are re ferre d to i n the tex t i n s uch a way th at s ome or a l l o f thei r content
con s titute s re qu i rements o f th i s do c u ment. For date d re ference s , on ly the e d ition cite d appl ie s . For
u ndate d re ference s , the late s t e d ition o f the re ference d do c ument (i nclud i ng a ny amend ments) appl ie s .
ISO 4545-1, Metallic materials — Knoop hardness test — Part 1: Test method
ISO 4545-2, Metallic materials — Knoop hardness test — Part 2: Verification and calibration of testing
machines
ISO 6507-1, Metallic materials — Vickers hardness test — Part 1: Test method
ISO 6507-2, Metallic materials — Vickers hardness test — Part 2: Verification and calibration of testing
machines
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
case hardening depth
CHD
p er p end ic u la r d i s tance b e twe en the s u r face and the layer h avi ng a hard ne s s o f 5 5 0 H V i n accordance
with ISO 6507-1 or equivalent Knoop hardness in accordance with ISO 4545-1
N o te 1 to entr y: For s te el s wh ich p re s ent a h a rd ne s s gre ater th a n 45 0 H V at a d i s ta nce o f th re e ti me s the c a s e
hardening depth (determined with a limiting hardness value of 550 HV) from the surface, a limiting hardness
value greater than 550 HV, in steps of 25 units, can be selected for the determination of the case hardening depth
b y agre ement b e twe en i ntere s te d p a r tie s .
3.2
surface hardening depth
SHD
distance between the sur face and the layer where HV is equal to the value specified by the term
“hardness limit”
Note 1 to entry: Hardness limit is a function o f the minimum sur face hardness required for the part, given by the
following formula:
Note 2 to entry: 0,80 is usually used for A. Other values can be applied.
Note 3 to entry: SHD measurement should be applied for parts which, in the sur face hardened condition, have a
hardness less than (hardness limit – 100 H V) at a distance 3 × SHD from the surface. Where these conditions are
not satisfied, the definition o f SHD should be agreed between interested parties.
Note 4 to entry: Recommended hardness limit values are listed in Table 1.
3.3
compound layer thickness
CLT
thickness o f the sur face layer formed during the thermochemical treatment and made up o f the chemical
compounds formed by the elements introduced during the treatment and certain elements from the
base metal
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3.4
nitriding hardness depth
NHD
d i s tance from the s u r face o f n itride l ayer to the p oi nt where the materi a l ha rd ne s s l i m it i s 5 0 H V ab ove
core hardness
N o te 1 to entr y: T he core h a rd ne s s i s de ter m i ne d b y at le a s t th re e h a rd ne s s me a s u rements a nd rou nde d to the
s u r face e xam i ne d to the l i m it b e yond wh ich no vi s ible s truc tu re var iation i s de te c te d, a s comp a re d with the
structure of the unaffected metal. The microstructural method does not measure as deep as the hardness method.
in Table 2.
Table 2 — Symbols, abbreviations and designations
Symbol/
Unit Designation
abbreviation
di mm distance of the centre of each impression from the surface
Δ d mm d i s ta nce o f the centre o f two adj acent i mpre s s ion
5 Principle
The case hardening depth, surface hardening depth and nitriding hardness depth are determined from
the gradient of hardness on a cross-section normal to the surface.
T hey are derive d graph ica l ly from a c u r ve repre s enti ng the variation i n hard ne s s as a fu nc tion o f the
microscopic method.
6 Apparatus
T he ha rd ne s s te s ti ng mach i ne for de term i n i ng Vickers ha rd ne s s s ha l l b e veri fie d and c a l ibrate d i n
B y agre ement b e twe en the p ar tie s concerne d, me as u rement o f the Kno op hard ne s s may b e used.
accordance with I S O 45 45 -2 .
For meas uring the total thicknes s of s urface hardening dep th, it is recommended that a micros cop e that
7 Test specimen
— a s ec tion p erp endicu lar to the longitudinal a xis of the pro duc t, or, if the pro duc t has no longitudinal
a xis , a sec tion p erp endicular to the s urface at a location to b e agreed b etween the p ar ties concerned;
For th i n h ardene d layers , the fol lowi ng s ample c an b e appl ie d b y agre ement b e twe en i ntere s te d p a r tie s .
me as urements , us ing lower tes t force i nclud i ng m icrohard nes s tes t to cro s s- s e c tion me as urement i s a b etter
— a tes t piece with s teps: T hese s tep s are preci s ion- ground from the s urface of the pro duc t to the
p oint where the s truc ture is that of the b as is metal, and are 0 ,0 5 mm or 0 ,10 mm thick. T he s tepp ed
te s t pie ce i s to b e u s e d when a l i m iti ng va lue for the th ickne s s o f the s ur face layer i s s p e ci fie d (s e e
Key
l distance measured
e actual depth
NO TE e l
T he va lue s o f the d i s ta nce me a s u re d s hou ld b e adj u s te d b y the s lop e ( / ) .
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M ou nt s p e ci men s with a h igh- qua l ity re s i n de s igne d to provide e xcel lent e dge re tention . Gri nd a nd
polish using a proper sequence of abrasives to remove the damage from sectioning and grinding while
mai ntai n i ng e dge re tention . E xerc i s e c are to en s u re that the region o f i ntere s t i s no t a ltere d by the
s ample prep aration . T he lower the te s t lo ad i n hard ne s s te s ti ng , the h igher the prep aration qua l ity mu s t
be. After polishing, etch the specimen with an appropriate solution to determine if the preparation was
ade quate and to s e e i f there i s a mo d i fic ation to the s ur face . Rep e at one or more o f the fi na l prep a ration
s tep s , i f the qua l ity i s i nade quate . C are fu l ly cle an o ff a ny fi l m s or re s idue on the s u r face . D o no t touch the
s ur face with fi ngers . For m ic roi ndentation h ard ne s s te s ti ng , it i s re com mende d to te s t a n a s-p ol i s he d,
non-etched surface. For the micrographic method, use the appropriate etch to reveal and discriminate
between the different constituents present.
8 Method of measurement
ISO 6507-2.
T he centre o f d1 , from the surface of at least 2,5 times its
the fi rs t i mpre s s ion s ha l l b e at a d i s tance,
diagonal.
Tests using Vickers or Knoop indents are performed at forces from 0,980 7 N to 9,807 N. Measurements
o f the i mpre s s ion s s ha l l b e made with a h igh qua l ity l ight op tic a l m icro s cop e a nd prop er i l lu m i nation,
with or without a c amera s ys tem (a nd p o s s ible by i mage a na lys i s) , at a h igh enough magn i fic ation s o
that the d i agona l s are b e twe en 2 5 % a nd 75 % o f the eyepie ce or s cre en width or height and the i ndent
E xamine the s urface of the hardened p ar t with the s p ecimen etched with the b es t reagent for
d i s cri m i nation b e twe en the con s tituents pre s ent. S c an p ara l lel to the s u r face at low magn i fic ation
to ge t an overa l l i mpre s s ion o f the u n i form ity o f the to ta l th ickne s s o f s u r face h arden i ng l ayer. I f it i s
non-uniform, meas ure the dep ths to what app ears to b e the minimum and ma ximum total thicknes s of
s u r face layer. I f the to ta l th ickne s s o f s ur face ha rden i ng layer app e a rs to b e re a s onably u n i form, ma ke
NO TE 1 For s ome s p e cimen s , it may b e p os s ible to vis ual ly es timate the lo cation where the micros truc ture is
5 0 % martensite and 5 0 % other cons tituents , s uch as ferrite, p earlite and/or bainite. I f so, measure the depth to
5 0 % mar ten s ite in at leas t five lo cation s (s p aced ap ar t from each other) and determine the average hardened dep th .
NO T E 2 M ic ro s tr uc tura l mea s u rement of the s urface harden i ng dep th, that i s , the dep th to s ome % of
T he comp ou nd layer th ickne s s s ha l l b e de term i ne d from a s a mple c ut p erp end ic u l ar to the s ur face
layer. When prep a ri ng the s ample for the me ta l lo graph ic eva luation, s p e c ia l c aution i s ne e de d to avoid
T he de term i nation s hou ld b e c arrie d out at a magn i fic ation that d i s plays the layer a s 1 /3 to 2/3 o f the
view field .
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9.1 Case hardening depth (CHD), surface hardening depth (SHD) and nitriding
hardness depth (NHD)
In accordance with the measuring method defined in 8.1, the distance from the surface of the test piece
to the layer/point which the hardness is equal to the limit hardness as defined in Clause 3. This distance
corresponds to the case hardening depth (CHD), surface hardening depth (SHD) or nitriding hardness
depth (NHD), respectively (see Figure 4).
I f the thickness o f the carburized case is specified, the case hardening depth can be determined using
the method specified in Annex A.
NOTE Measurement uncertainty analysis is use ful for identi fying major sources o f measuring results. A
paper for estimation o f the uncertainty o f nitriding hardness depth determination is available. [6]
Key
1 hardness profile X distance from the surface
2 hardness limit defined in Clause 3 Y hardness
D depth o f hardened layer defined in Clause 3
F i g u r e 4 — H a r d n e s s p r o fi l e f
o r d e t e r m i n i n g t h e h a r d e n i n g d e p t h
10 Test report
T he te s t rep or t s ha l l contai n at le as t the fol lowi ng i n formation u n le s s o ther wi s e agre e d b y the p ar tie s
concerned:
c) metho d of meas uring (hardnes s tes t method, tes t force, if micrographic metho d is appl ied, the
d) res ult of case hardening dep th (C H D) , s urface hardening dep th (SH D) , nitriding hardnes s dep th
1) C H D,
2) SH D,
SH D 45 0 = … mm (hardnes s limit is 45 0 H V )
S H D 45 0 H V1 = … m m ( hard ne s s l i m it i s 45 0 H V, me as u re d by H V1)
3) N H D,
N H D 4 0 0 H V0 , 3 = … m m (core ha rd ne s s i s 3 5 0 H V, me a s u re d b y H V0 , 3 )
4) TH D,
TH D = … mm
5) C LT,
C LT = … μm
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Annex A
(normative)
Interpolation method for determining the case hardening depth
A.1 General
I f the th ickne s s o f the c arburi ze d c a s e i s s p e ci fie d, the fol lowi ng i nter p olation me tho d may b e u s e d
to de term i ne the ca s e hardeni ng dep th . T his is p o s s ible b e c au s e the ha rd ne s s grad ient may be
approxi mately repre s ente d b y a s traight l i ne i n that tran s itiona l are a where the c as e h arden i ng dep th,
d1 and d2 from the surface, distance d1 and d2 b ei ng re s p e c tively b elow a nd ab ove the va lue for the
Key
Figure A.2 — Interpolation method for determining the case hardening depth
NO TE W hen u s i n g the i nter p o l ation me tho d , it i s go o d prac tice to che ck the h a rd ne s s i m me d iatel y b elow the
s u r face . I f there i s e xce s s ive re ta i ne d au s ten ite i n the s ub s u r face c a s e , the h a rd ne s s i n th i s a re a m ay b e b elow the
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Annex B
(informative)
Examples of CLT measurements
Bibliography
[1] I S O 1463 , Metallic and oxide coatings — Measurement ofcoating thickness — Microscopical method
[3 ] I S O 14577-1 , Metallic materials — Instrumented indentation test for hardness and materials
[4] I S O 1 5787, Technical product documentation — Heat-treated ferrous parts — Presentation and
indications
[6] St. Stückl in, “S chätzung der Mes s uns icherheit b ei H är tetiefenb es timmungen”, P rakt. Met.
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I n tern ati o n al Org an i z ati o n fo r S tan d ard i z ati o n
I n tern ati o n al Org an i z ati o n fo r S tan d ard i z ati o n
ISO 18203:2016(E)
ICS 77.040.99
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I n tern ati o n al Org an i z ati o n fo r S tan d ard i z ati o n