AP Chem Practice Test 6 – Chapters 9 & 10

1. Draw a reasonable Lewis structure for each species and sketch its shape. Include the number of
valence electrons, AXE designation, and geometry & molecular shape, and bond & molecular
polarity. Identify any structures that do not conform to octet rule, and describe how they violate octet
rule. Give the VB hybridization scheme for the central atom, and diagram the bonds (i.e., indicate the
orbitals involved and the type of overlap).
NO21+ BrF5 ClO41– BrF41+ PCl3 ClF21+

2. Explain why second period elements have never been observed as the central atom in structures with
expanded octets.

3. a. Which of the following molecules would you expect to have a dipole moment, and why:
F2 NO2 BF3 HBr CH2Cl2 SiF4 OCS
b. Explain why O3 has a dipole moment.

4. Draw Lewis structures, assign formal charges, and choose the most likely structure:
CNS1– or SCN1– or CSN1–

5. a. Draw resonance structures for NO2. What are the bonds really like? What would you predict for
the bond order and bond lengths (be specific: numbers, please; see Table 9.4 on pg 395). How
does VB theory account for resonance? [For more practice, try NO31– and O3]
b. Draw the resonance structures for benzene, C6H6, a popular item on AP questions.

6. Use bond energies (Table 9.3 p. 392) to estimate the enthalpy of this combustion reaction:
C2H4 + 3 O2  2 CO2 + 2 H2O
The reported value is –1411 kJ/mol C2H4. Evaluate the usefulness of bond energies for estimating
reaction enthalpy.

7. Sketch a diagram that shows the VB model of orbital overlap for the molecule shown below. Identify
 and  bonding areas, hybridization, and bond angles. How does pi bonding affect the freedom of
rotation around the bond?
O

H2C C C C CH3
H H2

8. Sketch the bonding and antibonding orbitals for 1s and 1s* MOs and describe how they differ.

9. Sketch a labeled diagram (like the one on the bottom left on pg 445) that shows the MOs for principal
energy level 2. In your MO diagram, place the valence electrons for BC1–. Calculate the bond order
and determine its stability. Is it diamagnetic or paramagnetic? How would adding another electron
affect its stability? How would adding another electron affect the bond length?
Answers to AP Chem Practice Test 6 – Chapters 9 & 10

1. See me if you need help with structures and sketches.

a. NO21+ 16 e–, AX2 linear/linear (180°), bonds polar, molecule nonpolar, sp hybrid, each bond is
sp-2p and 2p-2p
b. BrF5 42 e–, AX5E octahedral/square pyramidal (90°), bonds polar, molecule polar, expanded
octet w 12 e– around Br; sp3d2 hybrid, each bond is sp3d2-2p and lone pair is in sp3d2.
c. ClO4 32 e–, AX4 tetrahedral/tetrahedral (109.5°), bonds polar, molecule nonpolar, sp3 hybrid,
1–

each bond is sp3-2p

1+
d. BrF4 34 e–, AX4E trigonal bipyramidal/seesaw (120° in triangle, 90° between stem and
triangle), bonds polar, molecule polar, expanded octet around Br, sp3d hybrid, each bond is
sp3d-2p with lone pair in sp3d orbital.
e. PCl3 26 e–, AX3E tetrahedral/trigonal pyramidal (<109.5°), bonds polar, molecule polar, sp3
hybrid, each bond is sp3-2p and lone pair is in sp3 orbital
1+
f. ClF2 20 e–, AX2E2 tetrahedral/angular or bent (<109.5°), bonds polar, molecule polar, sp3
hybrid, each bond is sp3-2p and lone pairs are in sp3 orbitals.

2. For atoms with valence shell on n = 2, there are no d orbitals with which to form sp3d or sp3d2 hybrids.

3. a. F2, BF3 (AX3), and SiF4 (AX4) are nonpolar, F2 because the bond is nonpolar and the others because
the shapes are completely symmetrical so bond polarities cancel. NO2, HBr, CH2Cl2, and OCS are
polar because lone pairs or different atoms at the corners cause the shape to be asymmetrical, so
bond polarities do not cancel. Dot structures & sketches would help these explanations on the test.
b. The bonds are obviously nonpolar, but the lone pair on the central O creates a center of negative
charge that is not balanced by an opposing lone pair.

4. Each structure has two double bonds and two lone pairs on each outside atom (no lone pairs on the
central atom). Add two lone pairs on each of the terminal (outer) atoms of these structures:
[ S = C = N ]1– is the best structure, with formal charges of S = 0, C = 0, and N = –1. The negative
charge (which must be present because of ion charge) is on the most electronegative atom, and this
structure gives the neatest distribution of charge.
[ C = N = S ]1– has formal charges C = –2, N = +1, and S = 0
[ C = S = N ]1– has formal charges C = –2, S = +2, and N = –1

5. a. The resonance forms have N in the center, with the double bond resonating between the oxygens
on the left and right. The bonds are identical, with bond orders of 1.5 and bond lengths about 128
pm. The N is AX2E, an sp2 hybrid; there are sp2-2p bonds to each oxygen, with a lone pair in the
third sp2 orbital (giving a bent 120° shape), and the unhybridized 2pz orbital of N makes a
smeared-out  overlap with the 2pz orbitals on each oxygen, forming a delocalized  cloud like a
boomerang above and below the  skeleton (see pg 451).
b. See pg 451

6. There are 1 C=C bond + 4 C-H bonds + 3 O=O bonds in reactants (+∆H), and 4 C=O + 4 H-O bonds
in products (–∆H), for a value of –1291 kJ overall. The estimate is good to about 2 sigfigs: fair, not
great.

7. See me in class for this one –– I’ll try to draw it on the whiteboard. It has 13  bonds and 2  bonds.
A pi bond restricts rotation because the side-to-side overlap must be broken to rotate around the axis
of the sigma bond.
 8. See pg 440-441. The bonding orbital 1s has most of its electron density between the two atoms,
while the antibonding orbital *1s has a node between the nuclei, and most of the electron density
away from the area between the atoms.

9. See pg 446. The configuration for BC1– (8 valence electrons) is 2s2 *2s2 2p2 2p1 2p1
The ion is paramagnetic. If you add another electron it will enter a bonding orbital, increasing the
bond order from 2 to 2.5. The bond will be more stable and will be shorter (as bond order increases,
bond length decreases).