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Properties of Waves
Electromagnetic
radiation is the emission
and transmission of energy
in the form of
electromagnetic
l t ti waves.
λ
λxν=c
λ = c/ν ν
λ = 3.00 x 108 m/s / 6.0 x 104 Hz
λ = 5.0 x 103 m
λ = 5.0 x 1012 nm
Radio wave
7.1
Mystery #1, “Black Body Problem”
Solved by Planck in 1900
E=hxν
Planck’s
Planck s constant (h)
h = 6.63 x 10-34 J•s
7.1
Mystery #2, “Photoelectric Effect”
hν
Solved by Einstein in 1905
hν = KE + BE
KE = hν - BE
7.2
When copper is bombarded with high-energy electrons,
X rays
ays are
a e emitted.
e ed Calculate
Ca cu a e the
eeenergy
e gy ((in jou
joules)
es)
associated with the photons if the wavelength of the X
rays is 0.154 nm.
E=hxν
E=hxc/λ
E = 6.63 x 10-34 ((J•s)) x 3.00 x 10 8 ((m/s)) / 0.154 x 10-9 ((m))
E = 1.29 x 10 -15 J
7.2
Line Emission Spectrum of Hydrogen Atoms
7.3
7.3
Bohr’s Model of
the Atom (1913)
1. e- can only have specific
(
(quantized)
ti d) energy
values
2 light is emitted as e-
2.
moves from one energy
level to a lower energy
level
1
En = -RH ( )
n2
E = hν
7.3
Ephoton = ∆E = Ef - Ei
ni = 3 ni = 3
1
Ef = -RH ( 2 )
nf
ni = 2
1
nf = 2 Ei = -RH ( 2 )
ni
1 1
∆E = RH( 2 )
ni n2f
nnf f==11
7.3
Calculate the wavelength (in nm) of a photon
emitted by a hydrogen atom when its electron
drops from the n = 5 state to the n = 3 state.
1 1
Ephoton = ∆E = RH( )
n2i n2f
Ephoton = 2.18 x 10-18 J x (1/25 - 1/9)
Ephoton = ∆E = -1.55 x 10-19 J
Ephoton = h x c / λ
λ = h x c / Ephoton
λ = 6.63 x 10-34 (J•s) x 3.00 x 108 (m/s)/1.55 x 10-19J
λ = 1280 nm
7.3
Why is e- energy quantized?
De B
D Broglie
li (1924) reasoned d
that e- is both particle and
wave.
wave
h
2πr = nλ λ = mu
u = velocity of e-
m = mass of e-
7.4
What is the de Broglie wavelength (in nm)
associated with a 22.5
5 g Ping-Pong
Ping Pong ball
traveling at 15.6 m/s?
λ = h/mu h in J•s m in kg
g u in ((m/s))
λ = 6.63 x 10-34 / (2.5 x 10-3 x 15.6)
λ = 1.7
1 7 x 10-32 m = 1.7
1 7 x 10-23 nm
7.4
Chemistry in Action: Laser – The Splendid Light
λe = 0.004 nm
STM image of iron atoms
on copper surface
Schrodinger Wave Equation
IIn 1926 S
Schrodinger
h di wrote an equation
i that
h
described both the particle and wave nature of the e-
Wave function (Ψ) describes:
1. e
energy of e- with
e gy o g e Ψ
t a given
2. probability of finding e- in a volume of space
Schrodinger’s equation can only be solved exactly
for the hydrogen atom. Must approximate its
solution for multi
multi-electron
electron systems
systems.
7.5
Schrodinger Wave Equation
Ψ = fn(n, l, ml, ms)
n = 1, 2, 3, 4, ….
n=1
1 n=2
2 n 3
n=3
7.6
Where 90% of the
e- density is found
for the 1s orbital
7.6
Schrodinger Wave Equation
Ψ = fn(n, l, ml, ms)
angular momentum quantum number l
for a given value of n, l = 0, 1, 2, 3, … n-1
l=0 s orbital
n=1 1, l = 0
l=1 p orbital
n = 2, l = 0 or 1
l=2 d orbital
n = 3,, l = 0,, 1,, or 2
l=3 f orbital
bit l
Shape of the “volume” of space that the e- occupies
7.6
l = 0 (s orbitals)
l = 1 (p orbitals)
7.6
l = 2 (d orbitals)
7.6
Schrodinger Wave Equation
if l = 1 (p orbital), ml = -1, 0, or 1
if l = 2 (d orbital)
orbital), ml = -2,
-2 -1,
-1 0
0, 1
1, or 2
7.6
ml = -1 ml = 0 ml = 1
ml = -2 ml = -1 ml = 0 ml = 1 ml = 2
7.6
Schrodinger Wave Equation
Ψ = fn(n,
fn(n l,
l ml, ms)
spin quantum number ms
ms = +½ or -½
ms = +½ ms = -½
½
7.6
Schrodinger Wave Equation
Ψ = fn(n, l, ml, ms)
Existence (and energy) of electron in atom is described
by its unique wave function Ψ.
Pauli exclusion principle - no two electrons in an atom
can have the same four quantum numbers.
7.6
7.6
Schrodinger Wave Equation
Ψ = fn(n, l, ml, ms)
Ψ = (n,
( l,l ml, ½) or Ψ = (n,
( l,l ml, -½)
An orbital can hold 2 electrons 7.6
How many 2p orbitals are there in an atom?
n=2
If l = 1, then ml = -1, 0, or +1
2p
3 orbitals
l=1
l=2 7.6
Energy of orbitals in a single electron atom
Energy only depends on principal quantum number n
n=3
n=2
1
En = -RH ( )
n2
n=1
1
7.7
Energy of orbitals in a multi-electron atom
Energy depends on n and l
n=3 l = 2
n=3 l = 1
n=3 l = 0
n=2 l = 1
n=2 l = 0
n=1 l = 0
7.7
“Fill up” electrons in lowest energy orbitals (Aufbau principle)
??
Be
Li
B5
C 3
64electrons
electrons
BBe 22s
Li1s1s
1s 222s
22p
2s 12 1
H
He12electron
electrons
He 1s12
H 1s
7.9
The most stable arrangement of electrons
i subshells
in b h ll iis th
the one with
ith th
the greatest
t t
number of parallel spins (Hund’s rule).
Ne97
C
N
O
F 6
810
electrons
electrons
electrons
Ne
C
N
O
F 1s 1s222s
22s222p
22p
5246
3
7.7
Order of orbitals (filling) in multi-electron atom
1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p < 6s
7.7
Electron configuration is how the electrons are
distributed among the various atomic orbitals in an
atom.
number of electrons
in the orbital or subshell
1s1
principal quantum angular momentum
number n quantum number l
Orbital diagram
g
H
1s1
7.8
What is the electron configuration of Mg?
M 12 electrons
Mg l t
1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s
1s22s22p63s2 2 + 2 + 6 + 2 = 12 electrons
Abbreviated as [Ne]3s2 [Ne] 1s22s22p6
7.8
7.8
Paramagnetic
g Diamagnetic
g
unpaired electrons all electrons paired
2p 2p
7.8
Chemistry Mystery: Discovery of Helium
In 1895,
1895 William Ramsey discovered helium in a mineral of
uranium (from alpha decay).