APPROACH TO A PATIENT WITH VISUAL DISTURBANCE

Differential Diagnosis
Acute Onset Visual Disturbance
Youtube link • Acute closed angle glaucoma
https://youtu.be/j3LaPmp6B-M • Central retinal artery/vein occlusion
• Retinal detachment
• Anterior uveitis
• Vitreous haemorrhage
• Endophthalmitis
• Giant cell arteritis
• optic neuropathy
• Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
• Amaurosis fugax
Objectives: Chronic Onset Visual Disturbance
• Lets learn, how to differentiate among • Open angle glaucoma
different causes of visual distrubance • Cataracts
by asking simple questions, with the • Retinitis Pigmentosa
MEDICAL HISTORY help of simple mneumonics: • Macular degeneration
• P3MAFTOSA • Diabetic or hypertensive retinopathy
SERIES PART 1 • ODPARA • Optic nerve compression of any cause
• Nutritional and toxic optic neuropathies

W h i t e S h a d o w
M e d i c c a l e d u c a i o n
 APPROACH TO A PATIENT WITH DOUBLE VISION
Monocular diplopia: Binocular diplopia:
Cataract Orbital cellulitis
Youtube link Lens dislocation
Graves ophthalmopathy
Kearns-sayre syndrome
https://youtu.be/rGiNBTgVAwo Macular disease Myasthenia Gravis
Corneal disease Cranial nerve palsies
cavernous sinus syndrome
Miller Fisher syndrome

Objectives Wernicke's encephalopathy

• Lets learn,how to differentiate among

different causes of double vision by asking
simple questions, with the help of simple
mneumonics: Acute Onset Diplopia: Chronic Onset Diplopia:
• P3MAFTOSA Acute closed angle glaucoma Open angle glaucoma
• ODPARA Central retinal artery occlusion Cataracts
Retinal detachment
Retinitis Pigmentosa
Anterior uveitis
Vitreous haemorrhage Macular degeneration
MEDICAL Endophthalmitis Diabetic Retinopathy
HISTORY SERIES Giant cell arteritis Optic nerve compression
Optic neuropathy
PART 2 Leber's hereditary neuropathy
Stroke
 APPROACH TO A PATIENT WITH HEADACHE
Acute single episode: Acute recurrent attacks:
Meningitis Migraine
Encephalitis Cluster headache
Subarachnoid hemorrhage Glaucoma
Head injury
Trigeminal neuralgia
Carotid artery dissection
Eyes (Uveitis, Glaucoma)

MEDICAL HISTORY SERIES

PART 3
Chronic headache:
Tension headache
Giant cell arteritis
Chronically elevated ICP
Youtube link: Chronic daily headache
Benign intracarcial hypertension
https://youtu.be/mpb4hR522PQ
Cervical Spondylosis
Space occupying lesion
(abscess, tuberculoma, lymphoma, Tumor)
Depression
Caffeine withdrawl
Analgesic over use Headache
Medicines for example CCB , Nitrates , OCPs
W h i t e S h a d o w
M e d i c a l E d u c a t i o n
APPROACH TO A PATIENT WITH COLLAPSE White Shadow
Medical Educatn

Youtube link: Neurological causes 1 Seizure

https://youtu.be/JIlsE-NQZQg Stroke
subarachnoid haemorrhage

MEDICAL HISTORY Cardiac Causes 2 Aortic stenosis

Hypertrophic obstructive
SERIES PART 4 cardiomyopathy

Neurocardiogenic causes 3 Vasovagal syncope

Situational syncope
Carotid sinus hypersensitivity

Differential Diagnosis
Objectives
Other causes:
• Lets learn, how to differentiate among • Orthostatic hypotension-collapse
different causes of collapse by asking simple
questions, with the help of mneumonics:
• Subclavian steal syndrome
• P3MAFTOSA • Hypoglycemia
• ODPARA • Anexiety
 APPROACH TO A PATIENT WITH DIZZINESS
Youtube link: https://youtu.be/WKpfHCtrOGo

MEDICAL HISTORY SERIES PART 5

Differential Diagnosis
Vestibular end organs &
vestibular nerve
• Ménière's disease
• Vestibular neuritis
(acute labyrinthitis)
• Benign positional vertigo
• Motion sickness
• Ototoxicity
(aminoglycosides)
• Herpes zoster oticus
(Ramsay Hunt syndrome)
Brainstem, cerebellum, &
cerebello-pontine angle
• Multiple Sclerosis
• Transient ischemic attack
• Hemorrhage
• Migraine
• Vestibular schwannoma
• Arnold-Chiari malformation
• Friedreich's ataxia
Other Causes
• Alcohol intoxication
• Perilymph Fistula
• cardiac syncope
• Orthostatic hypotension
• Vasovagal syncope
• Situational syncope
• Carotid sinus hypersensitivity
• Hypoglycemia
• Anxiety
 APPROACH TO A PATIENT WITH JOINT PAINS

Youtube link: DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

https://youtu.be/qMGrRUveg68

Symmetrical Joint Pains Poly-articular Joint Pains:

1. Viral Causes 1. Osteoarthritis
2. SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS 2. SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS
3. Rheumatoid arthritis 3. Rheumatoid arthritis
4. Vasculitis 4. Psoriatic Arthritis

Asymmetrical Joint Pains Mono-articular Joint Pains

MEDICAL HISTORY 1. Sero-negative arthro-pathies 1. OSTEOARTHRITIS
SERIES PART 6 2. Gout 2. Gout
3. Rheumatic Fever 3. Pseudo-gout
4. Malignancy 4. Septic arthritis
 APPROACH TO A PATIENT White Shdow
Medical
Education

WITH BACK PAIN

MEDICAL HISTORY SERIES PART 7

Youtube link: https://youtu.be/cZJCux-k4b8

Differential Diagnosis

1 Age ranging from 15 to 30years: 3 Age beyond 50 years of age:

• Herniated disc
• Degenerative spinal disease
• Trauma
• Seronegative Arthropathies (ankylosing
• Osteoporosis
spondylitis) • Compression fracture
• Paget's disease
2 Age limit of 30 to 50 years:
• Degenerative spinal disease • Malignancy
• Herniated disc • Myeloma
• Cauda equina Syndrome • Lumbar spinal stenosis
• Malignancy of the lung, or breast, or prostate
 APPROACH TO A PATIENT WITH ABDOMINAL PAIN
MEDICAL HISTORY SERIES PART 8

Youtube link:
https://youtu.be/f8XFJ35f8zw

Differential
Diagnosis
 APPROACH TO A PATIENT WITH ACUTE CONFUSION
Youtube link: https://youtu.be/dl3HwTKitoI
Differential Diagnosis
1 Neurological causes: 4 Cardiac causes:
• Meningitis • Congestive heart failure
• Subdural hematoma • Myocardial infarction
• Stroke • Arrhythmia
• Seizures
• Encephalitis

MEDICAL HISTORY
2 Gastrointestinal causes: 5 Respiratory causes:
SERIES PART 9 • Hepatic encephalopathy
• Chest infection
• Clostridium difficile colitis
• Pulmonary embolus

3 Urinary tract infection 6 Psychiatric causes

 APPROACH TO A PATIENT WITH
BREATHLESSNESS
Youtube link:
https://youtu.be/rRGnXX-qM_s

MEDICAL HISTORY SERIES

PART 10
 APPROACH TO A PATIENT WITH CHEST PAIN

Youtube link: Respiratory causes:

https://youtu.be/qJzph12WsgA • Asthma
• Collapsed lung
Cardiac causes: • Pneumonia
• Angina • Pulmonary embolism
• Myocardial infarction • Pulmonary hypertension
• Aortic dissection • Pneumothorax
• Pericarditis • Malignancy
• Myocarditis
• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Gastrointestinal causes:
• Peptic ulcer disease
Others: • Gastroesophageal reflux
disease (GERD)
• Musculoskeletal pain • Esophageal
MEDICAL HISTORY SERIES • Nerve root pain spasm/rupture
PART 11 • Panic attack • Pancreatitis
 APPROACH TO A PATIENT WITH COUGH

Respiratory causes:
Youtube link: • COPD
• Asthma
• https://youtu.be/Y-cE8bpaE-g
• Bronchiectasis
• Foreign body

• Pneumonia
• TB
• Cancer
• ILD
• Sarcoidosis
Objective:
• How to differentiate among • Chronic Pulmonary Embolism
MEDICAL HISTORY different causes of cough by
asking simple questions, using:
SERIES PART 12 • P3MAFTOSA
Others:
• ODPARA • Cardiac failure
• Medicines
• GERD
 APPROACH TO A PATIENT WITH HEMATURIA

Youtube link: Differentail Diagnosis

https://youtu.be/zJzoObWSErQ
• Urinary tract or kidney infections
• Bladder or kidney stones
• Glomerulonephritis
• Benign prostatic hyperplasia
• Prostate cancer
• Sickle cell anemia
• Aspirin, cyclophosphamide, heparin
• Cancer (bladder or kidney)
• Kidney injury
• Vigorous exercise

MEDICAL
Wegener's Granulomatosis
HISTORY SERIES Systemic lupus erythematosus
PART 13 Systemic sclerosis
Bleeding disorder
APPROACH TO A PATIENT WITH LIMB WEAKNESS

MEDICAL HISTORY
SERIES PART 14 Differential Diagnosis
Stroke
Herniated disc
Space-occupying lesions
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Youtube link: Seizures
Todd's paresis
https://youtu.be/lIRHlEmN_K4 Carotid dissection
Spinal cord compression
Malignancy
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)
Peripheral neuropathy
Polymyositis
Immobilization
Alcoholic myopathy
MEDICAL HISTORY
SERIES PART 15 APPROACH TO A PATIENT WITH
MEMORY LOSS

Youtube link:
https://youtu.be/-fVtBavPJd4

Differential Diagnosis
Stroke Space occupying lesion
Subdural hematoma Alcohol-related dementia
Lewy body dementia Wilson's disease
Delirium Huntington's disease
Parkinson's disease Frontotemporal dementia
Parkinson Plus syndromes Normal pressure hydrocephalus
Alzheimer's disease
Ccortical basal degeneration
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Motor neuron disease
Progressive supranuclear palsy
Vascular Dementia
 APPROACH TO A PATIENT WITH MUSCLE WEAKNESS
MEDICAL HISTORY Youtube link:
SERIES PART 16
https://youtu.be/V4qEmlaiSlY
• Guillain-Barre syndrome
• Peripheral nervous lesions
• Motor neuron disease
• Transverse myelitis
• Stroke
• Myasthenia gravis
• Space-occupying lesions
• Botulism
• Organophosphate poisoning
• Lead poisoning
• Hyperthyroidism
• Cushing's syndrome
• Addison's disease
• Hypokalaemic periodic paralysis
• Hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis
• Dermatomyositis
• Malignancy
• Depression
 APPROACH TO A PATIENT
WITH PALPITATIONS
Differential
Diagnosis
Pharmacological:
Youtube link: Amphetamine
https://youtu.be/2oYITsga6LQ Cocaine
Caffine
Nicotine
Intra-cardiac: Medications
Arrhythmia
Valvular heart disease
Structural heart disease
Pacemaker 1 Thyrotoxicosis
MEDICAL HISTORY
SERIES PART 17 High-output State: 2 Pheochromocytoma
Anemia
Pregnancy 3 Hypoglycemia
Fever
Paget's disease
Copy protected with Online-PDF-No-Copy.com