Division of Leyte

TANAUAN SCHOOL OF ARTS AND TRADE

Zone 3, Cabuynan, Tanauan, Leyte 6502

Science 8
Name: ______________________________________________________ Date: _______________________
Grade & Section: ______________________________________________________
Week 1-2
Learning Activity 1: FORCE AND MOTION

YOUR GOAL
Investigate the relationship between the amount of force applied and the mass of the object to the amount of change in the
object's motion (S8FE-Ia-15).

DO YOU STILL REMEMBER!

During your grade 7, you describe an object's motion in terms of distance or Displacement, speed or velocity, and
acceleration. Distance is "how far an object moves" while Displacement is "how far and in what direction the object moves," speed is
"how fast the object moves" while velocity is "how fast the object moves and in what direction," and acceleration is the change of
speed or velocity of an object in the given time.

WHAT DO YOU THINK!

We see things moving and things who are not moving, what do think to make these things move or stop? Read the text below
to know the answer to the question.

LET'S LEARN!
Most of the motions we come across in our daily life are non-uniform,
and the primary cause of changes in motion is FORCE. In physics, Force (F) is
simply the push or pull. Consider a ball in the illustration. If someone pushes the
ball, it will move or roll across the surface of the table (Illustration a). And when
it is again pushed in the direction of its motion, it moves farther and even faster
(Illustration b). But when you push it on the other side instead, opposite to the
direction of its motion, the ball may slow down and eventually stop (Illustration
c). Lastly, when you push it in a direction different from its original direction of
motion, the ball also changes its direction (Illustration d). Force, therefore, can
make objects move, move faster, stop, or change their direction of motion. But
is this always the case? Can force always bring about change in the state of
motion of an object?

Balanced and Unbalanced Forces

An object may be acted upon by several forces. For example, an object may be pushed and pulled in different directions at
the same time. To identify which of these forces would be able to cause a change in the motion of the object, it is important to identify
all the forces acting on it.

To accurately describe the forces acting on an object, you need to be

familiar first with the following terms: magnitude, direction, point of application,
and line of action. Forces are described in terms of these properties. Magnitude
refers to the size or strength of the force. It is commonly expressed in Newton
(N). The direction of the arrow indicates the direction of the force, while the
length of the arrow represents the relative magnitude of the force. If the force
applied on the ball is doubled, the length of the arrow is increased two times. The
line of action is the straight line passing through the point of application and is
parallel to the direction of the force.

The force is zero when the two forces are equal, and they act in opposite directions. These forces are said to be balanced forces. On
the other hand, force is nonzero when the object produces acceleration (changes in its speed/velocity). These forces are said to be
unbalance forces.

Examples:
Balanced Forces Unbalanced Forces

5 units of Force 5 units of Force 5 units of Force 10 units of Force

The forces exerted on the object are equal The forces exerted on the object are not
and in opposite directions equal that make the object accelerate.

TANAUAN SCHOOL OF ARTS AND TRADE Zone 3, Cabuynan, Tanauan, Leyte 6502 Page 1
LET'S DO THIS!
Study the illustrations and Identify the forces as balance forces or unbalance forces. Write BF if the forces are balanced and
UF if the forces are unbalanced and Explain your answer.

Illustration Answer Explanation

5 units of Force 15 units of Force

10 units of Force 10 units of Force

10 units of Force 10 units of Force

5 units of Force
10 units of Force

5 units of Force

5 units of Force

5 units of Force

QUESTIONS
Answer the following questions.
1. Have forces always resulted in motion? Explain.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What are the conditions for an object to stay at rest and to keep moving?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Learning Activity 2: LAW OF INERTIA

YOUR GOAL
Investigate the relationship between the amount of force applied and the mass of the object to the amount of change in the
object's motion (S8FE-Ia-15).

DO YOU STILL REMEMBER!

You learned that objects will stop moving or will not move if the forces acting on it is equal and in opposite directions, and
the object will move or keep moving if the forces exerted are not equal that causes the object to accelerate.

WHAT DO YOU THINK!

What have you noticed on the movement of your body when the "pedicab"/tricycle/single motor you are riding suddenly
stop? Have you ever thought what makes a massive rocket fly into space? In this activity, you will know why your body or rocket move
in that way.

LET'S LEARN!
All objects have the tendency to resist changes in their state of motion or keep doing what they are doing is called Inertia.
Changing a body's state of motion depends on its Inertia. A more massive object which has more Inertia is more difficult to move from
rest, slow down, speed up, or change its direction.

Newton's first law (Law of Inertia) states that an object at rest will stay at rest or an object in motion will stay in motion and
travel in a straight line, as long as no external net force acts on it. The object will change its state of motion only if there is an
unbalanced or net force acting upon it.

Now you know what Inertia is, explore several examples.

• If you pulled quickly, a tablecloth could be removed from underneath the dishes. The dishes have the tendency to
remain still if the friction from the movement of the tablecloth is not too great.
• When pedaling a bicycle, if you stop pedaling, then the bike continues going until friction or gravity slows it down.
• When you jump from a moving bus or jeepney that is moving, your body is still moving in the direction of the vehicle.
• When you stir a coffee or tea and stop, the swirling motion continues due to Inertia.
TANAUAN SCHOOL OF ARTS AND TRADE Zone 3, Cabuynan, Tanauan, Leyte 6502 Page 2
LET'S DO THIS!
A. Based on the scenario given, answer the questions below.

Consider two boxes made of the same material shown below.

1. Which box is more difficult to move? Why?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Which box has greater Inertia? Why?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. What can you conclude about this?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________

B. Fill in the blanks with the correct words to complete the sentences.
1. The tendency of an object to resist any changes in its state of motion is called __________.
2. Newton’s law of inertia states that an object at rest will remain at __________ and an object in __________ will continue
moving in a straight line with __________ speed unless an outside __________ acts on it.

C. List down three examples illustrating the law of Inertia below.

1. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Learning Activity 3: LAW OF ACCELERATION

YOUR GOAL
Investigate the relationship between the amount of force applied and the mass of the object to the amount of change in the
object's motion (S8FE-Ia-15).

DO YOU STILL REMEMBER!

You knew that Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist changes in their state of motion or keep doing what they are
doing. The heavier the object, the more Inertia it has.

WHAT DO YOU THINK!

Mario was traveling one day. When he saw the buses moving fast along the highway, a question popped into his mind, "What
makes buses move fast?" The force provided by the engine of the bus allows it to do so. Then he saw a car overtake a large bus, and
he thought, "How come the car moved faster than the bus?" The car was able to overtake the bus because it was smaller.

All these thoughts running through Mario's mind had something to do with acceleration, mass, and force, which we will tackle
in this lesson.

LET'S LEARN!
Acceleration is the change in velocity (the speed with direction) of an object in relation to time. It is the speeding up or
slowing down of an object or a change in direction. Mass is the amount of matter an object contains. Force is a push or pull.

Let's analyze the relationship of acceleration to mass and/or force by the given examples below.

• A 2-kg box was being pushed by a cargo boy who exerted various amounts of force. The table below shows the amounts
of force and acceleration the boy exerted at certain points in time. Let us graph these data by letting the y-axis represent
acceleration, and the x-axis represents force.
Force (N) Acceleration (m/s)
1 0.5
2 1.5
3 1
4 2

If we plot the data in the table on a graph, the graph will look like this:

The graph shows that as the force increases, acceleration also

increases. Meaning the acceleration and force has a directly
proportional relationship as the one increases the other also increases
or as the one decreases the other also decreases.

TANAUAN SCHOOL OF ARTS AND TRADE Zone 3, Cabuynan, Tanauan, Leyte 6502 Page 3
 • A girl pushed three boxes with different masses with a force of 12 N each, and the boxes accelerated. Look at the table
below.

Mass (Kg) Acceleration (m/s)

1 12
2 6
2.5 3
3 0

The graph shows that as the mass increases, acceleration decreases:

Meaning the acceleration and mass has an inversely

proportional relationship as the one increases the other decreases
or as the one decreases the other increases.

If you combine these two relationships, you will come up with this relationship:

Law of Acceleration
“The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force acting on it and is inversely proportional
to its mass.”

In symbols, this is expressed as:

𝐹
𝑎= 𝑜𝑟 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
𝑚
Where: a – acceleration (m/s)
F – force (Newton or N)
m – mass (kg)
Look at the sample problem below:
EXAMPLE 1: EXAMPLE 2: EXAMPLE 2:
A 500-kg car accelerates at 3 m/s2 going The total force applied to an elevator is A 4000-N force is applied in pushing a
south. Find the amount of force acting on 2000 N. If its mass is 1000 kg, find its jeepney, and it accelerates at 2 m/s2. Find
it. downward acceleration. the mass of the jeepney.

Given : m = 500-kg Given : F = 2000 N Given : F = 4000 N

a = 3 m/s2 m = 1000 kg a = 2 m/s2

Required: F =? Required: a =? Required: m =?

Equation: F = ma 𝐹 𝐹
Equation: 𝑎 = Equation: m=
Solution : F = (500-kg)( 3 m/s2) 𝑚 𝑎
2000 𝑁
F = 1500 kg.m/s2 Solution : 𝑎 =
1000 𝑘𝑔 4000 𝑁
Solution : 𝑚 =
2 𝑚/𝑠2
(since 1N = 1kg.m/s2, the final answer is) 2000 𝑘𝑔.𝑚/𝑠2
𝑎= 1000 𝐾𝑔 4000 𝑘𝑔.𝑚/𝑠2
Answer: F = 1500 N 𝑚= 2 𝑚/𝑠2
Answer: a = 2 m/s2
Answer: m = 2000 kg

LET'S DO THIS!
Answer the following:

A. Complete the statement below.

According to the law of acceleration, the acceleration of an object is __________ proportional to the force exerted
on it and __________ proportional to its mass.

B. Solve the following word problems.

1. A 5-kg block accelerates at 2.5 m/s2. Find its force acting on it.
2. A force of 10 N is applied to a 5-kg block, which is at rest. Find its acceleration.

C. Give two situations that can happen in everyday life that demonstrate the law of acceleration.
1. _________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

TANAUAN SCHOOL OF ARTS AND TRADE Zone 3, Cabuynan, Tanauan, Leyte 6502 Page 4
Learning Activity 4: LAW OF ACTION-REACTION (Law of Interaction)

YOUR GOAL
Infer that when the body exerts a force on another, an equal amount of force is exerted back on it (S8FE-Ia-16).

DO YOU STILL REMEMBER!

On the previous topic, you learned the relationship of acceleration to mass and force. The acceleration increases when the
mass is lesser and decreases when the object is heavier. The acceleration increases when you exert more force and decreases when
you exert less force.

WHAT DO YOU THINK!

What made you move forward when walking? Upward when jumping? It can be is explained by Newton's third law of motion,
the law of action-reaction or interaction, which we will be discussing in this part of our lesson.

LET'S LEARN!
You can move forward or jump upward because of the force you exerted on the ground and the force the ground exerted on
your feet. This phenomenon is explained by Newton's third law of motion (The Law of Action-Reaction or Interaction)

The Law of Action-Reaction (or Interaction) states that in every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction, or in every
force, there is an equal and opposite force. When an object exerts a force on another object, the second object exerts on the first a
force of the same magnitude but in the opposite direction.

For example, when you lean against a wall. The wall pushes you with force equal to
that which you exert on the wall. If the force exerted by the wall does not exist, you
will collapse with the wall.

FM-W + FW-M = 0
FM-W = -FW-M

FM-W is the force exerted on the wall by a man, and -FW-M is the equal and opposite force exerted on the man by a wall. Which
forces may be called action or reaction does not matter. FM-W may be the action and -FW-M the reaction, and vice versa.

The third law of motion always applies to two different objects. The forces are equal and in opposite directions.

The following examples demonstrate the law of action-reaction.

1. When swimming, your arms push the water back, and the water pushes back on you, causing you to move forward too.
2. The surface of the table pushes on the pencil.
3. In doing push-ups, your hands push on the floor while the floor pushes on your hands.

LET'S DO THIS!
A. Give two applications of the law of interaction in your daily life (aside from the given examples above).
1. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________

B. Write the action-reaction forces acting in the following situations.

1. 2. 3. 4.

Example: the weight of _________________ _________________ _________________

the barbel pushes down _________________ _________________ _________________
on the athlete. _________________ _________________ _________________

Answer the following questions briefly (use any language you are comfortable with-English/Tagalog/Waray-Waray)
1. Things I like most in the lessons: ____________________________________________________________________________
2. Questions I want to ask: __________________________________________________________________________________
3. My most enjoyable experience in the lessons: _________________________________________________________________

TANAUAN SCHOOL OF ARTS AND TRADE Zone 3, Cabuynan, Tanauan, Leyte 6502 Page 5