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Lexis

Journal in English Lexicology


HS 1 | 2009
Lexicology & Phonology

A morphophonological approach to clipping in


English
Can the study of clipping be formalized?

Denis Jamet

Electronic version
URL: http://journals.openedition.org/lexis/884
DOI: 10.4000/lexis.884
ISSN: 1951-6215

Publisher
Université Jean Moulin - Lyon 3

Electronic reference
Denis Jamet, « A morphophonological approach to clipping in English », Lexis [Online], HS 1 | 2009,
Online since 17 September 2009, connection on 30 April 2019. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/
lexis/884 ; DOI : 10.4000/lexis.884

Lexis is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0


International License.
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