Mtæral

(Oct/Nov 121

(a) Study Fig. I which extractionin 2008in Pakistm.

(i) Nune minerals shown on Fig. 1 are used to make cement. (2)
-limestone

(ii) State uses of rock salt. (2)

Two of the following (there may be others)
•Food •Flavour, preserving. curing, table salt
•Textiles •dyeirw. bleaching, water softening.
•Chemicals •Soda ash, sodium bicarbonate, artificial rubber.
-Misc.- Tanning, household cleaner, fire extinguisher, artificial rubber, roads

(iii) State the amount of gypsum extracted. (IJ

640 - 680 thousand tones

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(b) Study F•. 2 shows chromite extraction in Pakistan.

(i) Describe the charwes in extraction from 1992 to (3)

-Increases overall
-Variable overall / 1992-2008
on fan and rise from 1992-97/98
•variable1998- 2004/5
-Rises from 200&2008 / sharp rise in 2007
-Secondary peak 1996-1998/ rises then falls 1996-1999
-Lowest 1994
-Figures to i"ustrate one of the above eg. 28.000-115,000 tonnes 1992-2008

(ii) Suggest why the extraction of minerab, such as varies from yor to yeU. (3)
•Investment / fundirw
-Demand/
-Bankruptw / companiesleave
with machinery
-Reserves reducing reserves expbited /geological
-Terrorism
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•Own ow d ,,, / gasses

•SO「 0 0
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How( , reduced?|4|

-Land「
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medicalcheck ,

•In“e, * tr, /e /r e 0
•RaiseGDP/GNP/increasetheecooomv
-Increase employrtWn
•Ratsetaxes/ government
-Foreigninvestment

• tr is、 / m02industry
-Better infrastructure example
•Provides more fuel or raw material + exarnple.
•Education / Skills

•Lack of funds
-tack of machinery / technology
•Unattractive to investors
-In remote areas
-Lack of Wifrastructure( but do not double mark)
•Competition frorn Other countries / Other countries safer
-Environrtwttal damage
•Lack of skills / expertise

{May/June 051

(a) Study Fig. 4. a cross sectk»n showing two types of coal mine.

-coal
Ota rocs

Fig. 4
For each of the mines A and B,
(i) name the type of mine, (2)
A —adlt/drift
B —shaft

(ii) why that is the type of mine there, (2)

A —coal (seam) exposed on a sbpe/can dig tunnels abng the seam
B —coal (seam) underground / does not outcrop

(iii) describe method of mhi'%. (51

Adit mine
•Horizontalshaft into hillside
•Possiblyseveral shafts at different levels
•Pick and
•Dynamite on seam
•Buckets/trucks/trolleys/conveyor bett/donkeys to surface

•Main shaft (vertical or sbping)

•Tunnels/side shafts along seams

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-Pick and
•Dynamite seam
•Buckets/trucks [trolleys to main Shaft
•Lifted to surface/elevatcy

[May/June 101

(i) Name three ways wNch coal is mhed. (3)

Shaft, adit / drift, open cast

(ii) Why is coal prodi.xed in Pakistm described as quality? (3)

Lignite
-Low buming temperature / produces less energy
•Lowcarbon content / more impurities / more smoke
-High ash content
-High sulphur content

[May/June111

(i) Name the two main raw in Pakistanthat are Lbed to make cement. (2)
Limestone and gypsum

(ii) Name three other hputs used by a cement factory. (3)

-Labour.
•Land / area
•Buildings
*Machinery
-Money / capital / investment
-Power / electrkity / gas / coal / oil
-Water

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 (Oct/Nov 071

qudy Fig. 3. which shows limestone and rock salt extraction.

(i) Describe the distribution Of extraction in Pakistan. (3)

-Widespread
.NWFP.Punjab border/Potwar Plateau
•North (Eastem) Baluchistan
Southern Sindh/near Karachi
-Central Sindh

(ii) Limestone and rock salt are both called 'b'dky goods'. What is the cheapest form of transport for
goods?(IJ
Railway

(iii) Why is the s'.pty of limestone to most areas likely to be cheape than rock salt? (IJ
-does not have to travel so far
-quarried in many areas/more widely available

(b) Nearly one millbn tonnes of rock salt were extracted in Pakistan dwirw 2002.
(i) What is a mixture of rock salt and wate called? (1)
Brine

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(ii) What is rock salt used in Pakistm? (2)
Cooking preservation, soda ash, bicarbonate, caustk soda for tanning. textiles and
laundries. Table salt

(C) Study Photograph B, showing a factory near Ghulamullah, in Thatta district.

(i) the scene in the (41

-Flat
•Dry/bare/barren/unpopulated
•Rough road to factory
-Vegetation in backcound
-Chimney
-Smoke/dust/air pollution
-Low flat-roofed building
•Stmes/rocks
-Tyre tracks

(ii) State three inp'Rs used to make cannt. (3)

-limestone
.gypsum/calcium sulphate
•naturalgas/coal
-clay/shale
-water
-sand

(iii) Explain the importance of three Fuman irvuts at a cement fact«y and difficulty of prwiding

thn at this site. You shouu rder to hot%raph B use ywr (6)

for power

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•road/railwayfor transport
-labour for good production
•teleconvnunicationsfor suppty/salesetc.
-machinery for fast/efficient production
•capital for investment

•remotefrom settlement
-lack of skilled/educated workforce
-unreliable labour
•lack of narned infrastructure
-hot/dry climate
-lack of local entrepreneurs

(d) Why is there a large danmd for cement in Pakistan? (4)

•Industrialconstruction e.g. Factories
•Institutional etc.
•Communicatjone.g. roads. bridges, railway sleepers
•Portdevelopments
-Water managernente.g. Dams, canals, embankments
• new development e.g. Gwadar

(Oct'Nov

Study Fig. 4.

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Name the Mea A wtüch has many mineral resources. (Il

Name two that can be tHs area. (21

Name the B md C. (2)

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