Chapter 9

Antibiotic Resistance- when germs like bacteria and fungi develop the ability to defeat the
drugs designed to kill them

Bacteriemia- when bacteria are present in blood

Colonization- presence of a microorganism on /in host without grown and multiplication of the
organism, but without interaction between host and organism

- been there, have grown, yet no immune response or symptoms in individual

Dermatophyte= fungi that invade the skin, hair , or nails

ex. Ringworm- scalp

- cause tineas

Endotoxin- produced by gram negative bacteria

- causes shock

Exotoxin- both negative and positive

- more potent

Invasion- aka penetration

- second step of infection

- meaning ability to cross surface barriers

Multiple organ failure- acute injury of organs

Multiple-Antibiotic Resistance- more than one antibiotic resistance

Passive Immunotherapy- form of countermeasure against pathogens in which reformed

antibodies are give.

Sepsis- too much bacteria in blood

Transmission- how it’s attrieved, how it enters body- via direct or indirect transmission

- example. Mother to fetus via placenta

via breast milk

via delivery tract

from within(direct

Indirect tranmission- contact with infected material

- toys, towels, table, surfaces, anything touched

Vaccine- biologic preparations of antigens that stimulate production of protective antibodies

- short lived

Virus- not living things, multiply in us

Classi cation: Write if the organism is a bacteria, virus, fungus, or parasite.

1. Staphylococcus _____BACTERIA_______________
2. 2. Candida ____FUNGUS__________
3. 3. Pneumocystis _____FUNGUS____________
4. 4. M. tuberculosis ____BACTERIA______________
5. 5. Escherichia coli ____BACTERIA____

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 6. 6. Salmonella ___BACTEROA___________
7. 7. Clostridium _____BACTERIA_________

1. What is the difference between epidemic and pandemic?

Epidemic- only communit
Pandemic- worldwid

2) What is the difference between pathogenicity and immunogenicity?

pathogenicity is the ability of an organism to cause disease, but

immunogenicity is the ability of an organism to induce an immune
respons

1. Bacteria that grows in complex multicellular masses are called ____BIOFILMS__________

have some protection from host immune responses and antibiotics.

2. During the _PRODROMAL__stage of infections, the individual rst has symptoms of mild
fatigue.

3. A parent developed an upper respiratory infection 3 days after their sick child sneezed in their
face. This infection has a 3 day __incubation____ period.

4. Bacteria that produce ___Peptidoglycan_________________ are resistant to many of the

penicillins.

Antibiotics kill parasites but not fungu

1. Ms. Smith says, “If viruses reproduce inside cells, why should I get a u vaccine and not just
take an antibiotic if I get the u this year?
- need vaccine, antibiotic not effective for viruse
2. Mr. Jones is a newly diagnosed HIV patient in the hospital, admitted for diarrhea. The nurse is
wearing gloves to empty his bedpan and clean his perineum. Mr. Jones states “I was reading on
the internet that HIV is not transmitted via bowel movements”.
-yeah, but its’ a symptom of hi

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 Chapter 10 STRES
Adaptation Stage- aka RESISTANCE STAG
- handle challeng

Alarm Stage- rst stage of stres

- secretion of hormones and catecholamines to prepare fo reactio
- activation of body defense

Allostatic Overload- over activation of adaptive system

Anticipatory Resposne- occurs when physiologic responses develop in ranticipation of

physiologic stress or threa
- can be generated by fear of a potential encounter with a dangerous, uncodintioned
stimulus, or.in conditioned situations when person learns that a speci c event was associated
with adverse situatio

Catecholamine- hormones that regulate cardiovascular, pulmonary, hepatic skeletal muscle , and
immune system
- increases pro in ammatory cytokine productio
- response to stressor

Cortisol- hormone released to rouse the body for emergency action(glucocorticoid) from adrenal
corte

Diseases of Adaptation- develop if the stage of resistance or adaptioant doesn’t restore

homeostasi

Exhaustion Stage- Allostatic overloa

- adaptation not successfu
- leads to stress disorder

General Adaptiation Sydrome- 3 stages: alarm resistance, and exhaustio

- global physiologic response

Homeostasis- wellbeing, balanc

Physiologic Stress- stress that impairs ability to resist future stressor

Reactive Physiologic Response- no stressor that causes this and involve physiologic changes,
such as increased heart rat

Resistance or Adaptation Stage- mobilizations of body sources to handle sustained challeng

Stressor- activates stress respons

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 Identi cation: Write if the sympathetic nervous system increases or decreases the following:
1. Heart Rate - raises heart rate with catecholamine(epinephrine
2. 2. Blood Pressure - raises
3. 3. Blood Glucose- increase
4. 4. Peristalsis - increas
5. 5. Diameter of the bronchioles- dilat

1. What is the difference between a reactive physiologic response and an anticipatory

physiologic response
Anticipator responses occur when physiologic responses develop
in anticipation of disruption of the optimal steady state, also
known as homeostasis. These responses can be generated by
fears (such as a fear of predators) or memories
Reactive response is a physiologic response derived from
psychologic stressors. For example, the stress of an examination
may produce an increased heart rate and dry mouth. Although
there is no physical stressor, the psychologic stress of an
examination elicits a reactive physiologic response

2) What is the difference between the general effects of M1 macrophages and M2 macrophage
M1- in ammatio
M2- repai

1. The hypothalamic hormone called CORTICOTROPIN -releasing hormone activates

the. Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis

2. Norepinephrine in the brain promotes arousal, ALERTNESS, vigilance, and anxiet

3. The cumulative effects of physiologic responses to stressors are known as ALLOSTATIC

load.

4. Prolonged chronic stress is associated with SHORTENED telomere length

2. Mr. Smith says, “I know my allergies involve antibodies, but why when I get stressed do my
allergies get wors
Causes body to release hormones that lead to stress sympto

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 Chapter 1
Adenocarcinoma- malignant tumor of ductal or glandular tissu

Angiogenesis- growth of new blood vessels, how cancers sprea

- a way for cells to adapt, nding blood suppl
Apoptosis- programmed cell deat
- DEACTIVATED IN CANCE

Benign tumor-= normal according to the tissues form wihich they occu
- usually encapsulated with connective tissue and contain fairly well differentiated well
organized storm
- retain normal tissue structure and don’t invade beyond their capsule, nor sprea
Brachytherap

Cachexia- multiorgan energin wasting syndrom

- most severe form of malnutritio

Cancer- CRab, karkinoma- describe projections extending from tumors into adjacent tissu

Carcinoma- malignant tumor of epithelial cell

Carcinoma in situ- early stage cance

- refers to preinvasive epithelial tumo
- no spread, stabl
- goo
-TREATABL

Clonal Expansion/ Clonal Proliferation- when cancer cell has taken over the normal cell
- mutations severe every time it undergoes divisio

Gene ampli cation- result of repeated duplication of a region of a chromosome, so that instead of
the normal two copies of a gene, there are 10s or 100s copie

Immunotherapy- treatment of cancer with antibodies against cancer antigen

Leukemia- malignant tumor of blood forming cell

Lymphoma- malignant tumor of lymph ant tissu

Malignant Tumor- hallmarks of anaplasia which is loss of cellular differentiatio

- pleoma=orphic, with marked variability of size and shap
- substantial amount of stor
- lack of capsule and grow to invad
0

Metastasis- ability to spread far beyond the tissue of origi

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 Neoadjuvant chemotherap

Oncogene- cance
- mutated or over expressed protooncongene

Paraneoplastic Syndrom

Sarcoma-malignant tumor of ductal or glandular tissu

Telomerase- activated to restore and maintain telomere, allowing continuous divisio

Tumor Marker- substances produced by both benign and malignant cells that are either present in
or on tumor cells or found in blood, spinal uid, or urin
- include hormones, genes, antigens, and antibodie
help doctors diagnose cancer and recommend a treatment plan
for an individual
Tumor Progression- cancer sprea

Tumor suppressor Gene- normal in regular cell

- stops proliferatio
- cell dviiosn and prevention of mutatio

Warburg Effect(glycolysis)- use fo glycolysis under normal oxygen condition

- used by cancer to generate large amounts of cance

Chart Completion: Fill in the chart to compare and contrast benign and malignant tumors
Characteristic Benign Tumor Malignant tumor

Appearance of cells smooth(encapsulated), well Di erent shape sizes, irregular,

de ned undi erentiated

Usual growth rate slow Quick

Capsule presence yes No

Vascularization No High

Mode of growth Non invasive, local Invasive

Ability to metastasize Not likely Readily meststiasizes

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 1. What is the difference between proto-oncogene and an oncogene?

Proto is normal gene that helps cells gro

2. What is the difference between a driver mutation and a passenger mutation?

Driver mutations are mutations that cause oncogenesis by giving a growth advantage to the
cancer cell, but aren’t always present in nal cance
- brings the cause of cancer(main
Panssenger mutations are inert mutaiotns that are just along for the rid
- present in nal cance
- random event

1. Stem cells and cancer cells are able to divide inde nitely because they make the
enzyme__TELOMERASE______.
2. A cancer cell that secretes growth factors that stimulate its own growth engages in
_AUTOCRINE________stimulation
3. 3. The immune system is important in protecting against cancers caused by
speci c___VIRAL___ infections
4. In the TNM system, T represents ____TUMOR_spread___, N represents
___NODES_involvement__ and M represents____METASTASES___

1. Mr. Wilson was just diagnosed with metastatic liver cancer, he asked “What is metastatic
cancer vs primary cancer?
Cancer starting in one location- primar

2. Mrs. Jones asked “Why was I told I have hypercalcemia from my cancer even though my
cancer is in my lung and not in my bones?
- lungs affected by hypercalcemia, hypercalcemia relates to increased level of calcium in
blood
 bone metastases cause an imbalance between bone formation and bone
resorption, resulting in the release of excess calcium into the blood

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 Chapter 1

Basal Cell carcinoma- skin cancer (UV) cell of lower epidermis(outer layer

Carcinogen- cause cance

Melanoma- skin cancer(UV) of melanocytes, most letha

Non targeted effect- cells that are not directly touched by ionizing
raadiation, but cells or ones in communication with irradiated cell

Nutrigenomics- study of nutrition on the phenotypic variability individuals

based on gene

Radon- gas that gets trapped in houses forming decay products that are
carcinogeni

Squamous cell carcinoma(UV)- skin cancer of surface of skin- sun exposed

area

Uv radiation- from sunligh

melonama, basal , and squamou

1. Cancer-causing substances are called __CARCINOGENS__.

2. 2. The term __nutrigonmeocs _________ means the study of interaction between nutrition
and an individual’s genetic makeup.
3. 3. Adipose tissue releases _adipokyne _________ , which in uences in ammation and
insulin resistance.
4. 4. Regular exercise reduces _______ the risk of several types of cancers, independent of
changes in the body ____weight______.

Gastric Cancer- h pylor

Cervical cancer- hpv virus 16 an

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Liver Cancer- hepatitis

Kaposi sacroma- herpe

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