2 Álgebra

2.1. Radicais 7.2. 20 − 45 + 5 − 80 =

= 4 × 5 − 9 × 5 + 5 − 16 × 5 =
Pág. 70
= 4 × 5 − 9 × 5 + 5 − 16 × 5 =
1. Seja l o comprimento do lado de um quadrado.
= 2 5 −3 5 + 5 −4 5 =
1.1. l = 16 = 4
= ( 2 − 3 + 1 − 4) 5 =
l = 4 cm
1.2. l = 81 = 9 = −4 5
l = 9 cm 7.3. 2 48 + 3 27 − 75 − 3 =
1.3. l = 0,01 = 2 16 × 3 + 3 9 × 3 − 25 × 3 − 3 =
l = 0,1 cm = 2 16 × 3 + 3 9 × 3 − 25 × 3 − 3 =
2. Seja a o comprimento da aresta de um cubo. = 2 × 4 × 3 + 3× 3× 3 × 5 × 3 × 3 =
2.1. a = 3 8 = 2 = ( 8 + 9 − 5 − 1) 3 = 11 3
a = 2 cm 7.4. 2−3 2 + 8 =
2.2. a = 3 1000 = 10 = 2 −3 2 + 4×2 =
a = 10 cm = 2−3 2 +2 2 =
2.3. a = 3 0,001 = 0,1
=2− 2
a = 0,1 cm 324 2 1
162 2 7.5. 4a + 9a + a=
3.1. 324 = 2 2 × 32 × 32 = 81 3
2
= 2 × 3 × 3 = 18 27 3 1
9 3 =2 a +3 a + a=
3.2. 2500 = 25 × 100 = = 5 × 10 = 50 3 3 2
4 4 2
1  1 11
3.3. = = =4 = 2 + 3+  a = a, a >0
0, 25 0, 25 0,5  2 2

4.1. 2 × 8 = 16 = 4
Pág. 71
( 2)
2
4.2. 2 2× 2 =2 = 2× 2 = 4 3 −1
1 −2  1 
8.1.   × ( −3) :  −  =
1 1  
2  2
4.3. × 2= × 2 = 1 =1 2
2 2 13 1
= ×  −  : ( −2 ) =
8 8 23 3
4.4. = = 4 =2
2 2 1 1  1
= × ×−  =
12 12 8 9  2
4.5. = = 4 =2
3 3 1 1
=− =−
8× 7 8× 7 8× 9× 2 144
4.6. = = 28 = 4 × 7 = 2 7 −2
2 2  1  2  3   −2
  ×     1 3
12 = 4 × 3 = 4 × 3 = 2 3  × 
5.1.
8.2.  2   5   =
4 5
=
5.2. 27 = 9 × 3 = 9 × 3 = 3 3  1
−1
4 1
−1

5.3. 48 = 16 × 3 = 16 × 3 = 4 3 2 −   − 
 2 2 2
5.4. 80 = 16 × 5 = 16 × 5 = 4 5 −2 2
 3   20 
5.5. 600 = 100 × 6 = 100 × 6 = 10 6    
=  20 
=  =
3
−1
5.6. 2450 = 2 × 52 × 49 = 2450 2 3 2
1225 5   3
= 5 × 49 × 2 =
2
245 5  
2
49 49 2
= 5 × 7 × 2 = 35 2 20 3 400
1 = 2 × = =
6.1. 3 2 = 9 × 2 = 18 3 2 3× 2
4 5 = 16 × 5 = 16 × 5 = 80 200
6.2. =
3
6.3. a 5 = a 2 × 5 = 5a 2 , a > 0 −7
3−7 × 4 −7 ( 3 × 4 ) = 12−7 = 1 =
= −7
6.4. 3x y z = 9 ×
2
(x ) 2 2
× y × z = 9x y z ;
2 4 2 8.3. −7
12 × 12 −2
12 × 12−2 12−7 × 12−2 12−2
x∈ℝ e y, z ∈ℝ + = 12 2 = 144
−1
 2

2 + 50 − 98 + 18 =
( 7−2 ) ×  − 17   : ( 74 ) =
7.1. −5 3
8.4.
= 2 + 25 × 2 − 49 × 2 + 9 × 2 =  
= 2 + 25 × 2 − 49 × 2 + 9 × 2 =  1
−2

= 710 ×  −  : 712 = 710 × 7 2 : 712 =

= 2 +5 2 −7 2 +3 2 =  7
= (1 + 5 − 7 + 3) 2 = 2 2 = 7 : 712 = 1
12
 2.1. Radicais

( x − 3) − 2 ( x + 1) − 2 ( x − 3)( x + 3) = ( ) = (5 x − 3 )( 5x − 3 )
2 2 2
9.1. 12.5. 25 x 2 − 10 x 3 + 3 = 5 x − 3
= x 2 − 6 x + 9 − 2 ( x 2 + 2 x + 1) − 2 ( x 2 − 9 ) =
= x 2 − 6 x + 9 − 2 x 2 − 4 x − 2 − 2 x 2 + 18 = Pág. 72
= −3 x 2 − 10 x + 25 Atividade inicial 1
( )
3 2 2
1  1  1  1.1. 2<2⇔ 2 < 22
9.2.  x − 3  =  × −3   x − 3  =
 2   2   2 
2 <2⇔( 2)
3

1 2  1  1.2. < 23
=  x − 3x + 9  x − 3  =
4  2  2 <2⇔( 2)
4
1.3. < 24
1 3 3 2 3 2 9
= x − x − x + 9 x + x − 27 =
2 <2⇔( 2)
5
8 4 2 2 1.4. < 25
1 3 9 2 27
= x − x + x − 27
( )
2
−2 < − 2 ⇔ ( −2 ) > − 2
2
8 4 2 2.1.
2

( )( )
2 + x  =  ( 2) − x 2  =
2
< (− 2)
2
9.3.  2−x 2.2. −2 < − 2 ⇔ ( −2 )
3 3

   
= ( 2 − x2 ) = 4 − 4x2 + x4 = > (− 2)
2 4
−2 < − 2 ⇔ ( −2 )
4
2.3.
= x4 − 4x2 + 4
< (− 2)
5
−2 < − 2 ⇔ ( −2 )
5
2.4.
 1
10.1.  x −  ( 2 x − 1) = 0 ⇔
 2
1 Pág. 73
⇔ x − = 0 ∨ 2x − 1 = 0 ⇔
( )
7
−7 < − 2 ⇒ ( −7 ) < − 2
7
2 1.1.
1 1
⇔x= ∨x= ⇔
> (− 2 )
10
−7 < − 2 ⇒ ( −7 )
10
2 2 1.2.
1
⇔x= −4 < 1 ⇒ ( −4 ) < 19
9
1.3.
2
−4 < 1 ⇒ ( −4 ) > 116
16
1  1.4.
S= 
2 1.5. a < b < 0 ⇒ ( −a ) > ( −b )
4 4

10.2. 3 x − 5 x + 2 = 0 ⇔
2

5 ± 25 − 24
⇔x= ⇔ Pág. 75
6
⇔x=
5 ±1
⇔
2.1. 4
81 = 9 = 4 2 4
(3 ) 2 2
= 4
3 =3 e3>0
4

6
2.2. 5
105 = 10
4
⇔ x = ∨ x =1⇔ 2.3. 6
−4 não está definido porque – 4 < 0 e 6 é par.
6
2 2.4. 20
920 = 9 e 9 > 0
⇔ x = ∨ x =1
−214 = − 7 ( 22 ) = − 7 47 = −4
7
3 2.5. 7

 2
S = 1 ,  6
( −2 ) = 6 ( −2 )  = 4 e 4 > 0
6 12 2
 3 2.6.
 
11. Por exemplo: 2.7. 7
0 =0
 1
11.1. ( x + 2 )  x −  = 0 2.8. 16
0 =0
 2
 1
(
11.2. x − 2  x −  = 0
 2
) Pág. 76
3.1. 4
2 = 2
2 4 2:2
= 2
12.1. 9 x 2 − 1 = ( 3 x ) − 12 = ( 3 x − 1)( 3 x + 1)
2

3.2. 4
4 = 4 22 = 2
12.2. ( x − 2 ) − 2 ( x − 2 ) =
2
3.3. 12
34 = 12:4 34:4 = 3 3
= ( x − 2 )( x − 2 − 2 ) = 3.4. 12
39 = 12:3 39:3 = 4 33
= ( x − 2 )( x − 4 ) 3.5. 8
26 = 8:2 26:2 = 4 23

( 5) (5 )
2
4 5
12.3. 4 x 2 − 5 = ( 2 x ) −
2
= 3.6. 5
520 = 5
= 54

(
= 2x − 5 2x + 5 )( ) 3.7. 6
2 2 × 34 = 3 2 × 32
3.8. 18
a 2b6c12 d 14 = 9 ab 3c 6 d 7 ; a , b , c , d ∈ ℝ +
12.4. 4 x 2 + 12 x + 9 = ( 2 x ) + 2 × 3 × 2 x + 32 =
2

3.9. 64 = 62 = 36
= ( 2 x + 3)
2

3.10. 3
27 a 6 = 3 33 a 6 = 3a 2 , a > 0
 2.1. Radicais

3.11. 4
81a 2 = 4 34 × 4 a 2 = 3 a , a > 0 b) m.m.c. (4 , 6 , 3 , 8)

3.12. 5
32b10a15 = 5 25 b10 a15 = 2b 2a 3 , a > 0 e b > 0
4
4 = 4×6 46 = 24 4096
6
6 = 6×4 64 = 24 1296
4.1. 3 = 3×2 33 = 6 33 e 3
2 = 2×3 22 = 6 22
3
3 = 3×8 38 = 24 6561
4.2. m.m.c. (3 , 12) = 12
3
4 = 4×3 4 4 = 12 44 e 12
3
8
8 = 8×3 83 = 24 512
24
512 < 24 1296 < 24 4096 < 24 6561
4.3. m.m.c. (1 , 3 , 4)
Logo, 8
8<66<44<33.
a = 6×2 a 6 = 12 a 6 , 3
a = 4×3 a 4 = 12 a 4 e
8.2. a) Proposição falsa
4
a 3 = 3×4 a 3×3 = 12 a 9
b) Proposição verdadeira
4.4. m.m.c. (4 , 6) = 12 −4
−4
 1 1
4
ab 2 = 3×4 a 3b3×2 = 12 a 3b 6 e 6
2ab = 2×6 22 a 2b 2 = 12 4a 2b 2 9.1.  2 
3 = 3
  = 2 = 2 ×2 = 2 2
3 4 3 3 3

   2 
4.5. m.m.c. (10 , 3 , 5) = 30
−5
ab 2 = 3×10 a 3b3×2 = 30 a 3b 6 , ab 2 = 10×3 a10b10×2 = 30 a10b 20  2
( )
10 3 −5
9.2. 4
0, 2 =4  = 4 55 = 4 54 × 5 = 5 4 5
5
ab= 2 6×5
a b =6× 2 6 30 12 6
a b  10 

( )
−7
9.3. 5
a −2 = 5
(a ) −2 −7
= 5 a14 = 5 a10 × a 4 = a 2 5 a 4
Pág. 77
5.1. 5
a × 5 ab = 5 a × a × b = 5 a 2b
Pág. 81
5.2. m.m.c. (2 , 3) = 6
(×3)
5×
( × 2) 3
4 = 6 53 × 6 4 2 = 6 53 × 4 2 = 6 2000 10.1. 3
3= 3 6

5.3. m.m.c. (3 , 4) = 12 10.2. 5

32 = 10 25 = 2
( ×4 ) 3 ( ×3 )
2× 4
3= 12
2 × 3 =
4 12 3 12
2 ×3 =
4 3 12
432 10.3. 2 2= 4×2 = 4 8
5.4. m.m.c. (3 , 5) = 15
( ×3 ) 3
10.4. 4
2 3 a4 = 4 2 3 a4 = 4 3
23 × a 4 = 12 23 a 4 , a > 0
5×(
×3 ) 5
2 = 15 55 × 15 23 = 15 55 × 23 = 15 25 000
3×2 2
13 1 1 1
10.5. 2= 3
  =6  =3
Pág. 78 2 2  
2 2

( )= ( a )=
3 3
10.6.  a 5 a 3  =  a10 × a 3  =
6
6.1. 22 × 35 212 × 330 = 26 × 315
   
4 13 4
(a )
13 3
=

( a b c) =
3
6.2. 5 10 4 5
a 30 × b12 × c 3 = 5 a 30 × b10 × b 2 × c 3 = = 4 a 39 = 4 a 36 × a 3 = a 9 4 a 3 , a > 0

= a 6b 2 5 b 2 c3
Pág. 82
( )
4
6.3. 8
a 5b7 c10 = 8
(a b c )
5 7 10 4
= a 5b7 c10 = a 4 a × b 6 bc10 = 1 1 5 5 5
11.1. = = =
=a b c 2 3 5
ab ; a , b , c ∈ ℝ + 3 5 3 5× 5 3 × 5 15
3 3 × 3 52 3 3 25 3 3 25
11.2. 3
= = =
Pág. 79 5 3 5 3 52 3 3
5 5
1 1 1 1 1 3 3 × 4 53 3 4 53 3 4 53 3 4 125
7.1. 10 : 10 = 10 : = 10 × 243 = 11.3. = = = =
3 243 3 243 3 24 5 2 4 5 4 53 2 4 54 2×5 10
= 81 = 9 = 9
10 10 2 5
3 3 × 7 22 3 7 22 37 4
2×3 3× 2
11.4. = = =
5× 2 3
5 × 2
3
5 ×2 500 6 2 3 2 7
25 7
2 5 7
22 7
27 2
7.2. 6
= 6
=6 =6 = 5
100 100 100 100 5 5× 3 10 3
5 × 10 27 5 × 10 27
3×3 11.5. = = =
2 3
2 2 3 3
2 ×4
3 3 10
37 10
37 × 10 33 10
310 3
7.3. = =9 = 9 = 9 43 = 3 4
9 3
8: 4 9 3×3 3
8: 4 8 : 43 23
Pág. 83
Pág. 80
12.1.
3
=
3 ( 2 +3 ) =
6 + 3 3 −3 3 − 6
=
8.1. a) m.m.c. (10 , 3 , 5)
3
10 = 3×5 105 = 15 100 000
2 −3 ( 2 −3 )( 2 + 3) 2−9 7

5
100 = 5×3 1003 = 15 1 000 000 2 2 (2 3 − 3 2 ) 2 6 − 3× 2
12.2. = = =
5
5 = 5×3 53 = 15 125
2 3 +3 2 (2 3 + 3 2 ) 4 × 3 − 9 × 2
3
3 = 3×5 35 = 15 243 2 6 − 6 3− 6 6
= = =1−
15
125 < 15 243 < 15 100 000 < 15 1 000 000 −6 3 3
Logo, 15
5 < 3 3 < 3 10 < 5 100 .
 2.1. Radicais

a+3 − a 5 ( ) + 24 × ( −1) + ( −1) 

2
1 3 2
12.3. = = 
24 3

a+3 + a ( a+3 + a )( a+3− a ) =  =

( 24 ) − ( −1)
3 3
3

a+3− a a+3− a
= = , a∈ℕ
a +3−a 3
=
5 ( 3
242 − 3 24 + 1 )= 3
( 3 × 8)
2
− 3 24 + 1
=
12.4.
3− 5
=
( 3 − 5 )( 5 +1 )=3 5 +3−5− 5
=
24 + 1 5
5 − 1 ( 5 − 1)( 5 + 1) 5 −1 3
9 × ( 23 ) − 3 24 + 1
2

= =
2 5 −2 5 −1 5
= =
4 2 4 3 9 − 3 24 + 1
=
1 3 + 2 −1 5
12.5. = =
3 − 2 +1  3−
 (  )
2 − 1   3 + 2 − 1 13.4.
4
2 +1
= A4 − B 4 = ( A − B ) ( A3 + A2 B + AB 2 + B 3 )
4
2 −1
3 + 2 −1 3 + 2 −1 A = 4 2 e B =1
= = =
3− ( 2 −1 )
2
(
3 − 2 − 2 2 +1 )
( ) ( ) ( 2 ) + ( 2 ) − 1 + 2 ×1
2 +1  + 13 
3 2
3 + 2 −1 4 4 4 4 2
3 + 2 −1 2  
= = = = =
2 2× 2
( 2 ) −1
4
2 2 4 4

6 +2− 2 6− 2+2
=
4
=
4
=
( 2 + 1) ( 2 + 2 + 2 + 1) =
4 4 3 4 2 4

12.6.
2 ( 1 + 2 + 1) =
=
2 2 −1

1 + 2 − 1 ( 1 + 2 − 1)( 1 + 2 + 1)
= 2 + 2 + 4 2 2 + 4 2 + 4 23 + 4 2 2 + 4 2 + 1 =
4 4 4 3

2 ( 1 + 2 + 1) 2 ( 1 + 2 + 1) 2
= =
1+ 2 −1
= 2 + 2 4 33 + 2 2 + 2 4 2 + 1 =
= 3 + 2 2 + 24 8 + 24 2
= 6 6
2 2 13.5. 4 = =
3 + 3 4 3 + 4 32 A4 − B 4 = ( A − B ) ( A3 + A2 B + AB 2 + B3 )

=
2 ( 2 1+ 2 + 2 )= 2+2 2 + 2
6 A = 4 3 e B = −4 9
=4 =
2 3+ 49

6 ( 3 ) + ( 3 ) ( − 9 ) + 3 × ( − 9 ) + ( − 9 ) 
3 2 2 3
4 4 4 4 4 4

Pág. 84 =  =
( 3) − (− 9 )
4 4
1 4 4
13.1. 3 =
9 −2 A − B = ( A − B ) ( A + AB + B
3 3 2 2
)
 3 
6  4 33 − 4 32 4 32 + 4 3 4 ( 3) − 4 ( 32 ) 
2

( ) A= 9 e B=2
2 3
3
+ 3 9 × 2 + 22
=  =
9
= =
3−9
( 9)
3
3
− 23
= 3 − 4 27 + 3 4 9 − 3 4 3
3
81 + 2 9 + 4 3
= =
9−8 Pág. 85
= 3 33 × 3 + 2 3 9 + 4 = 8+ 8 2 23
( 2)
4
14.1. 3
− = 3 24 − =
= 33 3 + 2 3 9 + 4 3 6
2
2
2
13.2. 3 = A3 − B3 = ( A − B ) ( A2 + AB + B 2 ) 2 × 22 × 2
3+32 = 3 23 × 2 − =
6
A = 3 3 e B = −3 2 2
2×2 2
= 23 2 − 6
=
( 3) ( ) ( )
2
2 + 3× − 2 + − 2 
2 2
3 3 3 3

=   =
6
23
= 23 2 − 4 =
( 3) (− 2 )
3 3
3 3 6
2

=
2 ( 3
9−3 6 + 4)
=
3
= 23 2 − 46
23
2
=
3+2
= 2 3 2 − 4 6 22 =
23 9 − 23 6 + 23 4
= = −2 3 2
5
5
13.3. =
1 + 23 3 A3 − B3 = ( A − B ) ( A2 + AB + B 2 )

5 A = 3 24 e B = −1
=3 =
24 + 1
 2.1. Radicais

108 × 3 3 3 15.3. 37 − 20 3 = 37 − 2 × 10 3 =
14.2. = 108 2 ab = 10 3
( 3) ( )
3 2
= 52 − 2 × 10 3 + 2 3 =
( 3)
4 54 2 2
102 + = 103
27 3
( )
2
+ (2 3)
3
22 × 3 × 3 × 4 32 × 3 9 3 = 5−2 3 52 = 25 + 12 = 37
= = 3 3
4 3
3
(5 − 2 3 )
2
1 3
37 − 20 3 = =5−2 3
2×3 3 × 3 8 3
= =
4
33 15.4. 21 − 8 5 = 21 − 2 × 4 5 =
ab = 4 5
( 5)
2
6× 3 × 3 8 4 8 3 = 42 − 2 × 4 5 + =
( 5)
2
= = 42 + = 16 + 5 = 21
8 6
3
( )
2
= 4− 5
34 × 33
= 68 = 68 3
(4 − 5 )
2
36 21 − 8 5 = =4− 5
3
24 − 81 3 3
8× 3
14.3. = = 9 9 1
15.5. − 2 = − 2× 2= 1
32 × 2 3 9 2 × 5 3
23 × 9 4 4 2 ab = 2
2
2
8 × 3 3 − 3 33 3 3
2
1
( )
3
1
1
( 2) 1 9
2 2
= = = 2 − 2× 2 +  =   + = +2=
2 4 4
2 × 2 × 2 ×9
4 6 3 2 2
2
2 3 3 − 33 3 −3 3  1
= = = = 2 − 
4 2 6 23 × 9 4 6 23 × 6 23 × 9  2
− 3 3
−3 3 9  1 1
= = = − 2 =  2− = 2−
4 2 ×2 ×3
6 3 3 2
4 2 × 3
6 6 6 2 4  2  2
− 3 3
1 15.6. 5 + 2 6 = 5 + 2 × 1 × 6 = ab = 1 × 6 = 2 × 3
= =−
( 3 ) + 2 × 1× 6 + ( 2 ) = ( 6 ) +1 = 7
2
4× 2× 3 3 2 2
8 =
2

( 3) + ( 2 ) = 5
2 2
3 + 4 144 3
× = = ( 3 + 2)
2
14.4. 3
144 2
8
32 3 72 2

5 + 2 6 = ( 3 + 2) = 3 + 2
36 2 2
3 + 4 24 × 32 6 33
= 4
× = 18 2
6 2
3 3 9 3
3 3
3 + 2 4 32 33 Pág. 87
= ×6 = 1
4
3 32 16.1. 51 + 14 2 = 51 + 2 × 7 2 =
ab c = 7 2
( 2)
2
3 3+2 3 6 = 72 + 2 × 7 2 + = 72 + ( 2)
2
= 51
= 4
× 3=
3
( )
2
= 7+ 2
3 3 32 × 3
= × 3= 6
× 3= 6

(7 + 2 )
4 4 2
3 3 51 + 14 2 = =7+ 2
4 3 3
3 6 3 6
= × 3=4 × 3= 16.2. 22 − 8 6 = 22 − 2 × 4 6 =
4
3 3 ab c = 4 6

( )
2
= 42 − 2 × 4 6 + = ( 6)
2
6 42 + = 22
= 4 32 × 6 3 = 3 × 6 3 =

( )
2
= 3 ×63= 3 = 3
6 3 6 4 3 2
= 4− 6

4− 6 >0 ab c = 10 2
Pág. 86 = 5× 2 2

(4 − 6 )
2
15.1. 3 + 2 2 = 3 + 2 × 1 2 = 22 − 8 6 = =4− 6 ( 2)
2

( 2) 10 + = 102
2 2
12 + =3

( 2) + 2 2 +1
2
+ (2 2 )
2
= 2
= 16.3. 33 + 20 2 = 33 + 2 × 10 2 = 52 = 33

( )
2

= ( 2 + 1) = 52 + 2 × 10 2 + 2 2 =
2

( )
2
= 5+2 2
3 + 2 2 = (1 + 2 )
2
= 2 +1 =1+ 2

(5 + 2 2 )
2
( 2) 33 + 20 2 = =5+2 2
2
15.2. 3 − 2 2 = 3 − 2 × 1 2 = 12 + =3

( 2 ) − 2 × 1×
2
= 2 + 12 = 9 + 32 9 + 32
16.4. = =
4 2
= ( 2 − 1)
2
3−2 2 > 0
2 −1 > 0
9 + 32 = 9 + 16 × 2 = 9 + 4 2 =

( )
2
3−2 2 = 2 −1 = 2 −1
 2.1. Radicais

ab c = 2 2
= 9 + 2× 2 2 = 18.2. 2 = 3 2x ⇔
( 2) = 6 ≠ 9
2

( ) + 2× 2
2 2 +
2

= 2 2 2 + 12 = 2
⇔x= ⇔
1+ (2 2 ) = 9
2
3
2
= ( 2 2 + 1)
2
6
23
⇔x= ⇔
6
9 + 32 9 + 32 22
= =
4 2 23
⇔x= 6 ⇔x=6 2
(2 ) 22
2
2 +1 2 2 +1
=
4
=
2
= 2+
1
2
S= { 2}6

17.1. 7 − 2 6 = 7 − 2 × 1 6 = ( a + b )
( )
2
2
18.3. 2 − 2 x = 2 ⇔ x = ⇔
ab = 1 6 2− 2
= ( 2
6 − 2 6 +1 = 2
) ( 6)
2
+ 12 = 7 2 2+ 2 ( ) 2 2+2
⇔x= ⇔x= ⇔
( ) ( 2 − 2 )( 2 + 2 )
2
= 6 −1 4−2

15 − 6 6 = 15 − 2 × 3 6 = ( a + b ) ⇔ x = 2 +1
2

= 32 − 2 × 3 6 + ( 6)
2
=
ab = 3 6
S= { 2 +1 }
( 6)
2
32 + = 15
18.4. x − 2 2 x − 1 = 0 ⇔
2

( )
2
= 3− 6
(2 2 )
2
2 2± +4
7 − 2 6 − 15 − 6 6 = ⇔x= ⇔
2
( ) − (3 − 6 )
2 2
= 6 −1 = 2 2 ± 12
⇔x= ⇔
2
= 6 − 1 − (3 − 6 ) = 6 −1 > 0
2 2 ± 4×3
3− 6 > 0 ⇔x= ⇔
=2 6 −4 2
2 6 − 4 é um número irracional. 2 2±2 3
⇔x= ⇔
17.2. 9 + 4 5 = 9 + 2 × 2 5 = ( a + b )
2
2
ab = 2 5
⇔ x= 2+ 3∨x= 2− 3
( ) ( 5)
2 2
= + 2 × 2 5 + 22 = 22 + =9
{ }
5
S= 2+ 3, 2− 3
= ( 5 + 2)
2

18.5. 3
2x − x −1 = 0 ⇔

9 − 4 5 = ( 5)
2
− 2× 2 5 + 2 = 2 ⇔x ( 3
2 −1 = 1 ⇔ )
1
= ( 5 − 2)
2
⇔x= ⇔
3
2 −1

( 2) + 2 +1 ⇔
2
9+4 5 − 9−4 5 = 3 3
A3 − B3 = ( A − B ) ( A2 + AB + B 2 )
⇔x=
= ( ) ( 5 − 2)
5+2
2 2
= 5−2>0 ( 2 ) −1 3
A = 3 2 , B =1

5 + 2 − ( 5 − 2) = 4 22 + 3 2 + 1
3
= ⇔x= ⇔
2 −1
4 é um número natural.
⇔ x = 3 4 + 3 2 +1

Pág. 88 S= { 3
4 + 3 2 +1 }
18.1. 5x + 2x − 3 = 0 ⇔ 19. Área de cada face do icosaedro:
⇔x ( 5 + 2 =3⇔ ) h2 + 2 3 ( ) = (4 3)
2 2
⇔

⇔x=
3
⇔ ⇔ h = 48 − 12 ⇔
2

5+ 2 ⇔ h 2 = 48 − 12 ⇔

⇔x=
3 ( 5− 2 ) ⇔
⇔ h 2 = 36 ( h > 0 )

( 5+ 2 )( 5− 2 ) ⇔h=6
4 3×6
⇔x=
3 ( 5− 2)
⇔
Área de cada face:
2
= 12 3
5−2 cm2
⇔x= 5− 2 Área lateral:
S= { 5− 2 } ( 20 ×12 3 ) cm 2
= 240 3 cm2
 2.1. Radicais

Pág. 89 24.4. x 4 = 3 ⇔ x = − 4 3 ∨ x = 4 3
20. Área da coroa circular: AC {
S = −4 3 , 4 3 }
AC = πR 2 − πr 2
24.5. x 4 = 10 000 ⇔ x 4 = 10 4 ⇔ x = 4 10 4 ∨ x = 4 10 4 ⇔
Pelo Teorema de Pitágoras:
r 2 + r 2 = R 2 ⇔ R 2 = 2r 2 ⇔ x = −10 ∨ x = 10
Então: S = {−10 , 10}
AC = π × 2r 2 − πr 2 = πr 2 24.6. x 6 = −4 , é impossível
Como AC = πa , vem: S ={ }
πr 2 = πa ⇔ r 2 = a ⇔ r = a 24.7. x 7 = −1 ⇔ x = 7 −1 ⇔ x = −1
Como o lado do quadrado é igual a 2r, o perímetro é: S = {−1}
P = 4 × 2r = 8 a 24.8. x 5 = −32 ⇔ x = 5 −32 ⇔ x = −2 (2
5
= 32 )
Logo, P = 8 a cm.
S = {−2}
4
( )
2
21. Vesfera = π 3 × 3 24.9. x8 = 0 ⇔ x = 0
3
S = {0}
= 4π 3
Vsemiesfera = 2π 3 1 1 1
24.10. x 3 = − ⇔x=3 ⇔x=− (4
3
= 64 )
Volume do cilindro de 64 64 4
altura 3 :  1
S = − 
 4
( 3)
2
Vclinidro = =π × 3 = 3π 3
1 1
25.1. 3 =
Vágua = 3π 3 − 2π 3 = π 3 27 3
3 25.2. 4
74 = 7
3πh = π 3 ⇔ h =
3
25.3. 8 −1 = 8 1 = 1
3
h= cm 25.4. 7
−1 = −1
3
Pág. 91 25.5. 7
27 = 2
Atividades complementares 25.6. 6
212 = 6
(2 )2 6
=4
3 3
1 1  1  1
22.1. − < − ⇔  −  <  −  ( −8)
8
25.7. 8
= 8 88 = 8
2 3  2  3
( −5)
7
1 1  1  1
4 4
25.8. 7
= −5
22.2. − > − ⇔  −  <  − 
4 2  4  2 1 1
2 25.9. 5 = (2
5
= 32 )
3  3 32 2
 < ( −2 )
2
22.3. − > −2 ⇔  −
3 3 25.10. 15 0 = 0
 
( 0,1)
4
1  1
2
25.11. 4 0,0001 = 4
= 0,1
22.4. − > −1 ⇔  −  < ( −1)
2

3  3 25.12. 3 0,000000008 = 3
( 0,002 )
3
= 0,002
( ) ( )
5 5
23.1. − 5 < − 3 ⇔ − 5 < − 3 26.1. 3= 2× 2
3 = 9
2 4

− 2 − 3  2 − 3
6 6
26.2. 6
7 =
2 6:2
7 2:2 = 3 7
23.2. < ⇔  −  >  
3a = 2×2 ( 3a ) = 4 9a 2 , a > 0
2
2 3  2   3  26.3.
8 8
1 1 1 1 a 2b = 2×5 ( a 2b ) = 10 a 4b 2
5 2
23.3. > ⇔  >  26.4.
3 4 3  4
7 7 26.5. 15
a 5b10 = 15:5 a1b 2 = 3 ab 2
−7 −8  7  8
23.4. > ⇔ −  > −  26.6. ab3 = 6 a 3b 9 , a > 0 e b > 0
8 7  8  7
27. Por exemplo:
24.1. x = 8 ⇔ x = 8 ⇔ x = 2
3 3 27.1. 2 = 4 2 2 = 6 23 = 8 2 4
S = {2} 27.2. 3
5 = 6 52 = 9 53 = 12 54
24.2. x 3 = −27 ⇔ x = 3 −27 ⇔ x = −3 27.3. 9
33 = 3 3 = 6 32 = 12 34
S = {−3} 27.4. 3
2 x 2 = 6 2 2 x 4 = 9 23 x 6 = 12 24 x8 , x > 0
24.3. x 4 = −3 é impossível 27.5. 4
2 x 2 = 8 2 2 x 4 = 12 23 x 6 = 16 24 x8 , x > 0
S ={ }
xy 2 10 x 2 y 4 15 x 3 y 6 20 x 4 y 8
27.6. 5 = = = ; x > 0, y > 0 e z > 0
z3 z6 z9 z12
 2.1. Radicais

28.1. m.m.c. (3 , 2) = 6 30.8. 4

x × 8 x6 = 4 x × 4 x3 =
3
5 = 6 52 = 6 25 = 4 x × x3 = 4 x 4 = x , x > 0
2= 2 =68 6 3
30.9. 2 3 5 × 3 2 = 6 × 6 52 × 6 23 = 6 6 52 × 23 =
28.2. m.m.c. (4 , 8) = 8 = 6 6 25 × 8 = 6 6 200
4
12 = 8 144 = 8 144
30.10. 4
x × 5 x = 4 x × 4 x10 = 4 x × x10 =
8
144 = 8 5
= 4 x11 = 4 x8 × x 3 = x 2 4 x3 , x > 0
28.3. m.m.c. (3 , 4) = 12
3
7 = 12 7 4 = 12 2401 30.11. 6
25 × 4 23 = 12 210 × 12 29 = 12 219 =
4
2 = 12 23 = 12 8 = 12 212 × 27 = 212 128
1 1
28.4. m.m.c. (2 , 4) = 4 30.12. 5
128 × 3 16 = 5 27 × × 3 24 =
4 4
2a = 2 4
( 2a ) 2 2
= 4a , a > 0
4 4
1
= 2× 2 × × 2 2 =
5 2 3

1 4
4 b,b >0 1
2 = 2× 2 × × 23 2 =
5 2

4
pág. 92 = 15 26 × 15 25 = 15 211 =
29.1. m.m.c. (3 , 5 , 15) = 15 = 15 2048

( )( ) ( 3) = 4 − 3 =1
2
3
2 = 25 = 15 32
15
31.1. 2 − 3 2 + 3 = 22 −
5
23 = 15 29 = 15 512
( 2 + 3) = 2 + 2 2 3 + 3 = 5 + 2 6
2
31.2.
15
7 = 49
2 15

( 2 2 − 5 3 ) = 8 − 2 × 2 2 × 5 3 + 75 =
2
15
32 < 15 49 < 15 512 31.3.
Logo, 3
2 < 15 7 2 < 5 23 .
= 83 − 20 6
29.2. m.m.c. (3 , 6 , 9) = 18
3
2 = 18 26 = 18 64
(
31.4. 2 3 − 2 )( 3− 2 = )
6
32 = 18 36 = 18 729 =2 3 3−2 3 2− 2 3+ 2 2 =
= 2×3 − 2 6 − 6 + 2 =
9
52 = 18 54 = 18 625
=8−3 6
18
64 < 18 625 < 18 729
Logo, 3
2 < 9 52 < 6 32 .
31.5. 4
8 ( 4
2− 2 =48 ) ( 4
2−44 = )
29.3. m.m.c (4 , 6 , 8) = 24 = 16 − 32 =
4 4

4
2= 24
2 =
6 24
64 = 4 2 4 − 4 25 =
6
2 2 = 24 28 = 24 256 = 2 − 4 24 × 2 =
8
5= 24
5 = 24 125
3
= 2 − 24 2

( )
2
24
64 < 24 125 < 24 256 31.6. 2 3 81 − 3 3 3 =
Logo, 4
2 < 8 5 < 6 22 .
( )
2

29.4. m.m.c. (2 , 3 , 4) = 12 = 2 3 34 − 3 3 3 =
3 = 12 36 = 12 729
( )
2
= 2 × 3× 3 3 − 33 3 =
3
3 = 3 = 12 6561
2 12 8

= (3 3 ) ( 3)
2 2
4
2 2 = 12 26 = 12 64
3
=9 3
=
12
64 < 729 < 6561
12 12
=9 9 3

Logo, 4
2 2 < 3 < 3 32 . 32.1. 63 − 5 28 + 112 − 7 252 + 2 448 =
30.1. 2 × 32 = 64 = 8 = 9 × 7 − 5 4 × 7 + 16 × 7 − 4 36 × 7 + 2 64 × 7 =
30.2. 3× 4 = 2 3 = 3 7 − 5× 2 7 − 4 7 − 7 × 6 7 + 2×8 7 =
30.3. 2 × 8 = 16 = 4 = ( 3 − 10 + 4 − 42 + 16 ) 7 =
30.4. 3
2 × 3 5 = 3 10
= −29 7
30.5. 4
2 × 4 8 = 4 16 = 2 1
32.2. 5 12 + 7 48 − 2 108 − 192 =
2 × 3 32 = 6 23 × 6 ( 25 ) =
2
30.6. 2
1
= 6 23 × 210 = 6 212 × 2 = = 5 4 × 3 + 7 16 × 3 − 2 36 × 3 × 64 × 3 =
2
= 6 212 × 6 2 = 4 6 2 1
= 5× 2 3 + 7× 4 3 − 2× 6 3 − ×8 3 =
30.7. 3
2 × 4 8 = 2 × 12 ( 2 12 4
)
3 3
= 2
= (10 + 28 − 12 − 4 ) 3 = 22 3
= 12 24 × 29 = 12 212 × 2 = 212 2
 2.1. Radicais

1 1 1 3
3 × 4 4 12 34 × 12 43 12 34 × 43
32.3. 3 125 + 80 + 245 − 20 = 35.8. = = =
2 3 3 3
6:61 12 4 64
6 :1
1 1 1
= 3 25 × 5 + 16 × 5 − 49 × 5 − 4×5 = 34
4
3
× 43 = 12   × ( 22 ) =
3
2 3 3 = 12 4
1 1 1 6 6
= 3× 5 5 + × 4 5 − × 7 5 − × 2 5 =
2 3 3 4
1 1
 7 2 = 12   × 26 = 12 4 × 26 = 12 22 = 6 2
= 15 + 2 − −  5 = 2 2
 3 3
−1−1
 1 1
= 14 5 36.1.  5  = 5   = 5 2
2  2 2
( 3 ) = ( 3 )  = 3 = 9
4 2
2
33.1. −1

( 5 ) = ( 5 ) 
−3 3 1
36.2. 3 3
= 5 −1 =
33.2. ( 2 ) = ( 2 ) × ( 2 ) = 2
3
5
3
3
3
2
3 5
4
( 2) × ( 3) =
−1 2

6 6
36.3. 5 5 5
2−1 × 5 32 =
2
1  1
2 =  × ( 2 )  1 1
3
33.3.  3 3
= × 22 =
2   2   26 16 =5
1 2 59
×3 =

( )
2 2 2
( 2 ab × 5)
2
33.4. 3
24 ab5 = 3 4
= 3 28 a 2b10 =
( 3) : ( 3)
−3 −2
36.4. 3
= 3 3−3 : 3−2 =
= 3 2 6 × b 9 × 2 2 a 2 b = 3 b 9 × 3 4 a 2b = 3 2
1 1
= 4b 3 3 4a 2b =3  :   =
 
3 3
34. 2 x 2 + 2 xy + y 2
1 1
34.1. Para x = 2 e y = 2 5 : = : =1
3 3
( 2) ( )
2 2
2 −2 2×2 5 + 2 5 = 37.1. 3
3=63
= 2 × 2 − 4 10 + 20 = 37.2. 5
32 = 10 32 = 10 25 = 2
= 24 − 4 10
37.3. 5 2= 52 × 2 = 4 50
2
34.2. Para x = 6 8 = 2 = 2 e y = : 6 3
37.4. 4
2 3 a4 = 4 3
23 a 4 = 12 8a 4 , a > 0
2
3
 
( )
2 3
2  2 37.5.  a 5 a 3  = 
3

2 ( ) 2 −2 2×
2
+  = (a ) 5 2
× a 3  = 4
a13 =
2  2     
1 5
= 4−2+ = = 4
(a ) 13 3
= 4 a 39 = 4 a 36 × a 3 =
2 2
= a9 4 a3
35.1. 5
4 : 5 2 = 5 4:2 = 5 2
23 2 2 = 23 × 2 × 2 = 24 × 2 =
3 3 3 3 3
2 37.6.
35.2. 4
10 : 4 15 = 4 10 :15 = 4
3 =
3 6
28 × 6 23 =
3 6
28 × 23 = 18 211 = 18 2048
25
35.3. 3 5 : 6 3 = 6 52 : 6 3 = 6 37.7. 3
2 8 × 3: 3 2 =
3
= 22 × 23 × 6 33 : 6 22 =
3
8
35.4. 4
2: 3= 2 : 3 =
6 12 3 12 2 12
9 6
25 × 6 33 25 × 33
= = 6 =
3
2× 8 3
2×8 3 6
2 2 22
35.5. 3
= 3 = 4
4 4 = 2 × 33 = 6 63 = 6
6 3

35.6. 2× 3: 4 =3 4

= 12 26 × 12 34 : 12 43 = pág. 93
2 ×3
6 4
1 3 3
= 12 26 × 34 : ( 22 ) = 12
3
= 38.1. = =
26 3 3× 3 3
= 12 34 = 3 3 2 2× 6 12 4×3 2 3 3
38.2. = = = = =
4
16 : 3 6
2 : 3 6 2 :3 6 6 6 6 6 6× 6 6 6 6 3
35.7. = = =
3
2: 4 6 3 6 4
2 : 2 23 : 2 4 1 1 5 5
38.3. = = =
26
5 5 5× 5 5
3 = 6 2 ×2 = 6 2 =
6 4 7
5 5× 3 15
=6 38.4. = =
2 3
3× 2 3
3 3 3× 3 3
24 1 1× 3 3 3
38.5. = = =
2 2 2 3 2 3 3 2×3 6
= 6 26 × = 2 × 6
3 3
 2.1. Radicais

5 5 × 3 22 5 3 22 5 3 22 5 3 22 2
38.6. = = = = 40.2. =
3
3
5+32 A3 − B3 = ( A − B ) ( A2 + AB + B 2 )
2 3
2× 23 2 3
2× 2 2 3 3
2 2
A = 3 5 e B = −3 2
1 31 1 × 3 52 3 2
5 3 2
5
38.7. 3 = 3 = = =
5 5 3 5 × 3 52 3 53 5
2 ( 5) ) ( (
+ 3 5 × −3 2 + −3 2  )
2 2
3
1× 2 4 4 3 4 3 4 3
 
= 
1 1 2 2
38.8. 4 = = = = =
( ) ( )
3 2
2 4 2 4 2 × 4 23 4 2 4 2 3
5 − −3 2
3 × 6 35
38.9.
26 3
3
=
2 6 3 6 35
=
3 6 35
2 6 36
=
3 6 35 6 35
2×3
=
2 =
2 ( 3
52 − 3 10 + 3 4 )=
5+2
2 2 × 7 33 2 × 7 33 2 × 7 33 2 7 33
= = = =
38.10.
37 4 3 7 34 × 7 33 3 7 37 3× 3 9 =
2 3
7
(
25 − 3 10 + 3 4 )
39.1.
6
=
6 2+ 7 ( ) =
(
6 2+ 7 )= 40.3.
6
= A4 − B 4 = ( A − B ) ( A3 + A2 B + AB 2 + B 3 )
2− 7 ( 2 − 7 )( 2 + 7 ) 4 − 7 1+ 4 2
A = 4 2 e B = −1

6(2 + 7 )
= −2 ( 2 + 7 ) = 6 ( 2) + ( 2) ( 2 ) × ( −1) + ( −1) 
3 2
× ( −1) +
2 3
= 4 4 4

−3 =   =
( 2)
4
− ( −1)
4
= −4 − 2 7
2 +1 2 +1
( )=
1
39.2. = = = 2 +1 6 4
23 − 4 2 2 + 4 2 − 1
2 −1 ( 2 −1 )( 2 +1 ) 2 −1 =
2 −1

39.3.
2− 3
=
( 2− 3 )( 2− 3 )= = 64 8 + 64 2 − 6 2 − 6
2+ 3 ( 2+ 3 )( 2− 3) 40.4.
1
= A4 − B 4 = ( A − B ) ( A3 + A2 B + AB 2 + B 3 )
2−43
2−2 2 3+3
= = 1 A= 4 4 e B= 4 3
2−3 =4 =
4−43
5−2 6
= = 2 6 −5
( 4 ) + ( 4 ) 3 + ( 4 )( 3 ) + ( 3 )
3 2 2 3
4 4 4 4 4 4
−1
= =
( ) ( )= ( 4 ) − ( 3)
4 4
30 30 3 2 + 3 30 3 2 + 3 4 4

39.4. = =
3 2− 3 (3 2− 3 3 2+ 3 )( ) 18 − 3
=
4
43 + 4 42 4 3 + 4 4 4 32 + 4 32
=
(
30 3 2 + 3 ) =2 3 4−3
=
15
( 2+ 3 = ) = 4 64 + 4 48 + 4 36 + 4 27

( )( ) ( )
2
=6 2+2 3 41.1. 3 − 5 3 + 5 − 2 − 3 =

39.5.
a
=
(
a 2 a− b ) =
=9−5− 4−4 3 +3 = ( )
2 a+ b ( 2 a+ b 2 a− b )( ) = 4−7+4 3 = 4 3 −3

( ) ( )=
2
2a − ab 41.2. 2 − 2
2
− 6−4 2
= ,a>0eb>0
4a − b

a a ( 2+a − a ) =4−4 2 +2− 6−4 2 = ( )

39.6. = =
2+a + a ( 2+a + a )( 2+a − a ) = 6−4 2 −6+ 4 2 = 0

( )( ) ( )
2

=
a ( 2+a − a ) = a( 2+a − a ), a > 0 41.3. 3 2 − 2 3 3 2 + 2 3 + 1 + 2 2 =

(2 + a) − a = (3 2 ) − ( 2 3 ) + 1 + 4
2 2
2 2 +8=
1
40.1. 3 = A3 − B3 = ( A − B ) ( A2 + AB + B 2 ) = 18 − 12 + 1 + 4 2 + 8 = 15 + 4 2
2 −2 2
A= 3 2 e B=2= 38  1 
2
 2
( 2) + 2 2 + 4 = ( )
2
3 3
41.4. 1 − 2  − 2 1 − 2 1 +  =
=  2   2 
( 2) − 2
3
3 3
 2
1
= 1 − 2 + × 2 − 2 − 2 2 1 + 2 +  =
4  4 
( )
4 + 23 2 + 4
3
= =
3 
2−8 3
= − 2 − 2−2 2  + 2=
2 2 
( )
3
4 + 23 2 + 4
=−
6 3
= − 2 − 3+ 2 2 −3 2 − 2×2 =
2
5
2
( )
 2.1. Radicais

42.1. 4 + 2 3 = ( a + b )
2 2
 3
( )( ) ab = 3
2
41.5. 4  −1 −  − 1 − 3 2 + 3 3 =
( 3) + 2 ( 3)
2
2
 2  + 12 = 4
4+2 3 = 3 + 12 =
 3
= 4 1 + 3 +  − 1 − 3 4 + 12 3 + 27 =
 4
( )( ) = ( 3 + 1)
2

= 4 + 4 3 + 3 − 1 − 3 31 + 12 3 = ( )( ) 4+2 3 = ( 3 +1 )
2
= 3 +1
= 7 + 4 3 − 31 + 12 3 − 31 ( 3 − 36 ) =
42.2. 36 − 16 2 = ( a − b )
2
ab = 8 2 = 2 × 4 2

( 2 ) = 66
2
= 7 + 4 3 + 5 + 19 3 = 82 +
( )
2
36 − 16 2 = 4 2 − 16 2 + 22
= 12 + 23 3 ( 4 2 ) + 2 = 36
2
2

( )
2 2
= 4 2 −2
( )  − 12 − 33  =
2
41.6. 2 2 − 3
(4 )
2
36 − 16 2 = 2 −2 = 4 2 −2>0
1 3 3
(
= 4 2 − 3  +
4 3
+  =
9
) =4 2 −2

42.3. 7 + 2 10 = ( a + b )
2
7 3
( )
ab = 10 = 5 2
= 4 2 − 3  +  =
( 5 ) + 2 10 + ( 2 ) =
2 2
( 5) + ( 2 )
2 2

 12 3  7 + 2 10 = =7

7 2 3 7 3 
= ( 5 + 2)
2
= 4  + − − 1 =
6 3 12 
7 + 2 10 = ( 5 + 2 ) = 5 + 2
2
1 3 2 3
= 4  +  = +
6 12 3 3
  43.1. 10 − 4 6 = ( a − b )
2
ab = 2 6
41.7. 4 6 ( x − a ) : 2 4 ( x − a ) = ( 6)
3 2

( 6) − 4 6 + 2 =
2
2
+ 22 = 10
10 − 4 6 = 2

4 x−a
= = 2, x − a > 0 = ( 6 − 2)
2

2 x−a
3
128 − 3 16 + 3 54 =
10 − 4 6 = ( 6 − 2 ) = 6 − 2 =
41.8. 2
6 −2>0
= 64 × 2 − 8 × 2 + 27 × 2 =
3 3 3

= 3 43 × 2 − 3 23 × 2 − 3 33 × 2 = = −2 + 6 = 6 − 2
43.2. 29 + 12 5 = ( a + b )
2
=4 2 −2 2 +3 2 =
3 3 3
ab = 6 5 = 3 × 2 5 = ...
= 53 2
( ) ( 5 ) = 41 ≠ 29
2 2
29 + 12 5 = 32 + 12 5 + 2 5 = 62 +
41.9. 3
16 x + 54 x − −128 x =
4 3 4 3 4
+ ( 2 5 ) = 29
2

( )
2 32
= 3+ 2 5
= 8 x × 2 x + 27 x × 2 x + 64 x × 2 x =
3 3 3 3 3 3

( 2x) × 3 2 x + 3 ( 3x ) × 3 2 x + 3 ( 4 x ) × 3 2 x = (3 + 2 5 )
3 3 3 2
= 3
29 + 12 5 = = 3+ 2 5 = 2 5 +3
= 2 x × 2 x + 3x × 2 x + 4 x × 2 x =
3 3 3
43.3. 44 + 16 7 = ( a + b )
2
ab = 8 7 = 4 × 2 7 = ...
= ( 2 x + 3x + 4 x ) 3 2 x =
( ) ( 7 ) = 71
2 2

44 + 16 7 = 4 + 16 7 + 2 7
2
= 82 +
= 9x 3 2x
+ ( 2 7 ) = 44
2
42
( )
2
3
2 3 × 3 12 3 2 3 × 12 = 4+2 7
41.10. 6
= 6
=
27 27
(4 + 2 7 )
2
44 + 16 7 = =4+2 7 =2 7 +4
( 24 3 )
2
6
24 × 3 2
= 6
=6 = 44. 6 − 2 5 = ( a − b)
2
ab = 5 = 1× 5
27 27
(6 − 2 5 ) = ( 5 ) − 2 5 + 1 = ( 5) +1 = 6
2 2
2 2 2
242 6  24 
= =   = 38=2
6
 3 
= ( 5 − 1)
9 2

2 4 4 3 4 −1 2 4 3 4 3 × 4 −1
= =
6 − 2 5 = ( 5 − 1) = 5 − 1 ( 5 − 1 > 0 )
41.11. 2

23 4 3
23 × 4

2 4 3 42 3
42 1+ 5 1 + 5 (1 + 5 )( 5 + 1)
= = 2× 4 = = = =
5 − 1 ( 5 − 1)( 5 + 1)
( 2) 6−2 5
2 3
4 3 5 210
1+ 2 5 + 5 6 + 2 5
= = =
24 5 −1 4
= 24 3 = 212 2−6 =
210 3+ 5
=
= 2 2 −1 = 2 2 × 2 −1 = 2 2
 2.1. Radicais

45.1. x 4 − 10 x 2 + 1 = 0
( a + b)
2
b: ∀a, b ∈ ℝ, a2 + b2 =
Fazendo y = x2:
Proposição falsa
10 ± 100 − 4
y 2 − 10 y + 1 = 0 ⇔ y = ⇔
( −2 ) 3 + ( −2 )  = 1
2 2
2 Por exemplo, 32 + = 3+ 2 = 5 e
10 ± 96 10 ± 16 × 6
( a × b)
2
⇔ y= ⇔y= ⇔ c: ∀a, b ∈ ℝ, 3
a 2 × 3 b2 = 3

2 2
Proposição verdadeira, pois:
10 ± 4 6
⇔y= ⇔ y =5±2 6
( a × b)
2
2
3
a 2 × 3 b2 = 3 a 2 × b 2 = 3

Substituindo y por x2 : d: ∀a, b ∈ ℝ + , a 2 × b2 = b a

x2 = 5 + 2 6 ∨ x2 = 5 − 2 6 ⇔ 5−2 6 >0
Proposição falsa
⇔ x = ± 5+ 2 6 ∨ x = 5−2 6 Por exemplo, 52 × 12 = 5 e 1 × 5 = 5
a
e: ∀a ∈ ℝ \ {0} ,
Cálculo auxiliar:
=3a
5 + 2 6 = (a + b)
2
ab = 6 = 2 × 3 = ... 3 2
a
( 3) ( 2) ( 2 ) + ( 3)
2 2 2 2
5+2 6 = +2 6+ = =5 Proposição verdadeira, pois:
= ( 3 + 2)
3
2
a a3 a3 3
= = 3 = a
3
a 2 3
a 2 a2
( )
2
5+2 6 = 3+ 2 = 3+ 2
f: Proposição verdadeira
De igual modo: 3
13 6 36 33
6= = =
( )
2
5−2 6 = 3− 2 = 3− 2 2 3 3
2 8 4
Então: g: Proposição falsa, pois:

( )=
2
x = ± 5+2 6 ∨ x = ± 5−2 6 ⇔ 2 +1 2 +1
⇔x= 3+ 2∨x=− 3− 2∨x= 3− 2∨
( ) ( 2) + 2
2
4
2 +1 = 4 4
2 +1 = 2 +1 + 24 2
∨ x=− 3+ 2
S= { 3+ 2 , 3− 2 ,− 3+ 2 ,− 3− 2 } h:Proposição falsa
x8 = 2 ⇔ x = 8 2 ∨ x = − 8 2
45.2. x 4 − 8 3 x 2 − 16 = 0
i: Proposição falsa, pois:
Fazendo y = x2 :
– 1 é solução de x 4 = 1 e não é solução de x7 = 1
y 2 − 8 3 y − 16 = 0 ⇔
j: Proposição verdadeira, pois:
8 3 ± 192 + 64
( 2) − 2 ×( 2) + 2 −
3 2
⇔y= ⇔ 2=
2
= ( 2) − ( 2) + 0 = 0
3 3
8 3 ± 16
⇔ y= ⇔
2
k: Proposição falsa, pois:
⇔ y = 4 3 +8∨ y = 4 3 −8
( ) =( 2 )
14 14
= 21 ( 26 ) = (2 )
14 6 2
Substituindo:
3 7
64 21 6 3
=
x2 = 4 3 + 8 ∨ x2 = 4 3 − 8 = 3 212 = 2 4 ≠ 26
A segunda equação é impossível porque 4 3 − 8 < 0 . l: Proposição verdadeira, pois:
x2 = 4 3 + 8 ⇔ x = ± 4 3 + 8 ⇔ 13 < 7 < 33 ⇒ 1 < 3 7 < 3
⇔x=± ( 6+ 2 ⇔ ) 47. O octaedro é formado por duas pirâmides iguais.
É necessário calcular a altura de uma das pirâmides.
⇔x= 6+ 2∨x=− 6− 2
S= { 6+ 2,− 6− 2 }
Cálculo auxiliar:
4 3 + 8 = (a + b)
2
ab = 2 3 = 12 = 6 × 2...

( 6) ( 2) ( 3) = 7
2 2 2
4 3 +8 = +2 6 2+ = 22 +

= ( 6 + 2) 1 + ( 12 ) = 13
2 2
2

Diagonal da base:
( ) ( 6) +( 2)
2 2 2
4 3 +8 = 6+ 2 = 6+ 2 =8 d 2 = a2 + a2
d 2 = 2a 2 ⇔ d = 2a 2 ⇔ (a > 0)
Pág. 94 ⇔ d = 2a
46. a: ∀a, b ∈ ℝ + , a 2 + b2 = a + b 2a
Semidiagonal =
Proposição falsa 2
Por exemplo, 32 + 42 = 5 ≠ 3 + 4 .
 2.1. Radicais

2 2 2
Altura da pirâmide: 49.3. HC = HG + GC
2
 2 
( ) + ( 200 ) ⇔
2 2 2

h 2 +  a  = a 2 ⇔ HC = 6
200 6

 2 
= 2 × ( 200 ) ⇔
2 3

1 ⇔ HC 6

⇔ h2 = a2 − a2 ⇔
2
⇔ HC = 2 6 200 2 ⇔
1 2
⇔h =a − a ⇔
2 2

2 ⇔ HC = 2 × 3 200 ⇔

⇔ h2 =
1 2
a ⇔h=
1 2
a ⇔ ⇔ HC = 3
23 × 200 ⇔
2 2
⇔ HC = 6 23 × 2 × 100 ⇔
2 1
⇔h= a⇔h= a ⇔ HC = 6 2 4 × 102 ⇔
2 2
⇔ HC = 3 2 2 × 10 ⇔
Voctaedro = 2 × Vpirâmide
1 ⇔ HC = 3 40 cm
= 2 × × Abase × altura = 2 2 2
3 49.4. HB = DB + HD
( ) +( )
2 2 2
2 2 HB = 3
40 6
200 ⇔ DB = HC
= × a2 × a=
3 2 2
⇔ HB = 3 402 + 6 200 2 ⇔
2 3
= a 2
3 ⇔ HB = 3 1600 + 3 200 ⇔
2
CE ⇔ HB = 3 8 × 200 + 3 200 ⇔
48. = tg 30° 2
EB ⇔ HB = 2 3 200 + 3 200 ⇔
3 2
2 2 = EB × ⇔ ⇔ HB = 3 3 200 ⇔
3
⇔ HB = 3 3 200 ⇔
⇔ 6 2 = EB × 3 ⇔
6 2 ⇔ HB = 3
9 × 200 ⇔
⇔ EB = ⇔
3 ⇔ HB = 1800 6

6 2 3 BH = 6 1800 cm
⇔ EB = ⇔
3 3
6 6 Pág. 95
⇔ EB = ⇔
3 OE
50. = cos30°
⇔ EB = 2 6 EM
2 2 2
BC = EB + CE 4 = EM ×
3
⇔
( ) + (2 2 ) 2
2 2 2
BC = 2 6 ⇔
8
2 ⇔ EM = ⇔
⇔ BC = 24 + 8 ⇔ 3
⇔ BC = 32 ⇔ 8 3
⇔ EM =
⇔ BC = 16 × 2 ⇔ BC = 4 2 3
Perímetro: OM OM 3 4 3
= tg 30° ⇔ = ⇔ OM =
AD + DC + CB + AB = OE 4 3 3
8 3
=2 2+2 2+4 2+2 2+2 6 = AB = 2OM =
3
= 10 2 + 2 6 2
8 3 
(
Logo, o perímetro do trapézio é 10 2 + 2 6 cm. ) 2
Abase = AB = 
64 × 3 64
 3  = 9 = 3
 
49.1. a 3 = 2 50 ⇔ a = 3 2 50 8 3 8 3 64
×
⇔a= 3
4 × 50 ⇔ AM × EM 3 = 3 = 32
Aface = = 3
2 2 2 3
⇔ a = 6 200
64 32 64 + 128 192
O comprimento da aresta do cubo é 6
200 cm. Atotal = + 4× = = = 64
3 3 3 3
1
49.2. Vpirâmide = × Vcubo = A área total da superfície da pirâmide é 64 cm2.
3
51. BC = a
1 10 2
= × 2 50 = 2
51.1. BG = a 2 + a 2 ⇔ BG = 2a 2 ⇔ BG = 2a ⇔
3 3
P[ BGE ] = 3 × 2a = 3 2a
10 2
O volume da pirâmide [ABCDH] é cm3.
3
 2.1. Radicais

51.2. O triângulo [BGE] é equilátero de lado 2a . O ponto O também é o centro da circunferência circunscrita
2
 2  ao triângulo [ABC]. Como o triângulo é equilátero, então este
( )
2
h 2 +  a  = 2a ⇔ ponto também é o ponto de interseção das medianas. Logo:
 2  2 2
1 OC = MC = 3r
⇔ h 2 = 2a 2 − a 2 ⇔ 3 3
2
Seja [ON] o raio da circunferência exterior que passa em C.
3 2
⇔h = a ⇔
2
Então, OC + CN é igual ao raio da circunferência.
2
2
3 2 3r + r = 6 ⇔ 2 3r + 3r = 18
⇔h= a ⇔ 3
2
3 3 (
⇔ r 2 3 + 3 = 18 ⇔ r = ) 18
2 3+3
⇔
⇔h= a⇔h= a
18 ( 2 ) ( )⇔
2 2
3 −3 18 2 3 − 3
3 ⇔r= ⇔r=

A[ BGE ] =
2a × a
2 = 3 a2 ( 2 3 + 3)( 2 3 − 3) 12 − 9

2 2 ⇔ r = 6 ( 2 3 − 3) ⇔ r = 12 3 − 18
3 2
A área do triângulo [BGE] é
2
a . O raio de cada uma das circunferências é 18 − 2 3 cm. ( )
1 53. A altura da caixa deve ser igual ao diâmetro dos sabonetes, ou
51.3. Vpirâmide = A[ EBF ] × FG
3 seja, 6 cm.
1 a×a a3 Para determina as dimensões da base da caixa vamos
= × ×a = (1)
3 2 6 considerar o seguinte esquema onde se visualiza a planta da
Seja h a altura pedida: caixa com os sabonetes.
1 2 2 2
Vpirâmide = A[ BGE ] × h PR = QR + PQ Teorema de
3 Pitágoras
1 3 2 3a 2 h 6 2 = 32 + PQ ⇔
2
= a ×h= (2)
3 2 6
⇔ PQ = 36 − 9 ⇔
Como (2) = (1), vem:
⇔ PQ = 3 3
3a 2 h a 3 a3
= ⇔ 3a 2 h = a 3 ⇔ h = ⇔ Os triângulos [PSC] e [RQP]
6 6 3a 2
são semelhantes por terem dois ângulos iguais
a a 3 3
⇔h=
3
⇔h=
3 3
⇔h=
3
a ( ˆ = RQP
CSP ˆ = 90° e QPR ˆ = PCSˆ )
3 CS QR CS 3
A altura da pirâmide [EBGF] é a. = , ou seja, = ⇔ CS = 3 3
3 PQ PS 3 3 3
52. Sejam A, B e C os centros das circunferências interiores e O o Podemos finalmente, concluir que o lado do triângulo
centro da circunferência exterior. equilátero [ABC] é igual a:
CS + ST + TB = 3 3 + 6 + 3 3 =
=6+6 3
A caixa dos sabonetes tem a
forma de um prisma
triangular regular com 6 cm
(
de altura e 6 + 6 3 cm de )
aresta da base.

Pág. 96
Avaliação 1
 4
( ) > ( − 2 )  ⇔
3 3

 − ( −2 ) < − 2 ⇔ − ( −2 )
2 4 3 4 2 4 3
Seja M o ponto médio de [AB] e r o raio. 1.

AC = 2r e AM = r
⇔ 4 4 > 4 8 ⇔ −4 4 ( ) > ( − 8 )  ⇔
3 3
4
Como o triângulo [ABC] é equilátero: 

( )
2 2 2
AC = AM + MC ⇔ 4
4 > 4 8 ⇔ − 4 43 > − 4 83 ⇔
2 2
( 2r )
2
= r + MC ⇔ MC = 4r − r ⇔ MC = 3r ⇔
2 2 2 2

⇔( 4
4 > 4 8 ⇔ 4 43 < 4 83 ⇔ )
⇔ MC = 3r
⇔ (F ⇔ V) ⇔ F
Resposta: (C)
 2.1. Radicais

2. 4
( −2 )
4
= 4 24 = 2 5 2 2 5+ 2
Perímetro = 2 × a+ a= a
2 2 2
Resposta: (A)
Resposta: (C)
3. x6 = 4 ⇔ x = ± 6 4 ⇔ x = ± 6 22 ⇔ x = ± 3 2
⇔ x = 3 2 ∨ x = −3 2 Pág. 97
x12 = 16 ⇔ x = ±12 2 4 ⇔ x = ± 3 2 1 5
⇔ x = 3 2 ∨ x = −3 2 9.1. 3 + + =
(1− 5 )(1+ 5 ) 1 − 5 5 +1
Resposta: (C) (1+ 5 ) (1− 5 )

3 12 − ( 5 )  + 1 + 5 + 5 (1 − 5 )
2
a3b a3 b 6 a2 3 a 3 a
4. = 3 × = = = 
b a b3 a b2 b 3b = =
1 − ( 5)
2
2

1 3
b 3 b 3 a 2 3 ba 2
= = = ; a , b ∈ ℝ+
3
a 3
a 3 a 3 a2 a 3 × ( −4 ) + 1 + 5 + 5 − 5
= =
3
b 1− 5
Resposta: (D) −4 3 + 2 5 − 4
= =
( ) =( ) =( −4
4

)
4 4
3
24 − 3 9 3
8 × 3 − 6 32 3
83 3 − 3 3
5. 3 3 3
= = 3−
5
+1
3 3 3 2
(2 ) = ( 3)
4 4
3
3−33 3 3
24 − 3 81 3
8 × 3 − 3 27 − 3 2 3 3 − 33 3
( 3) = = =
3
= = 3
=3 9.2.
3
3 3
3 2 3 9 × 32 3
8 × 9 × 25
6
23 × 32 × 6 215
Resposta: (C) −3 3 −3 3 −3 3
= = = =
(1 − 3 )
2
6. =1− 2 3 + 3 = 4 − 2 3
6
2 × 2 ×3
3 15 2 6
2 ×3
18 2 6
2 × 6 32
18

−3 3 1 1
• x 2 − 2 3 = 4 ⇔ x 2 = 4 + 2 3 (não é solução) = =− =−
2 ×3 3
3
23 8
• x 2 + 4 3 = 7 ⇔ x 2 = 7 − 4 3 (não é solução)
1 A3 − B3 = ( A − B ) ( A2 + AB + B 2 )
• x 2 − 2 3x + 2 = 0 9.3. =
3
2 −1
4 − 2 3 − 2 3 1− 3 + 2 = 0 ⇔ ( ) A = 3 2 e B =1
( )
2
3
2 + 3 2 +1
⇔ 4−2 3−2 3+6+2=0⇔ = =
( 2)
3
3
− 13
⇔ 12 − 4 3 = 0 (falso)
• x + 2 3x + 2 = 0
2
= 3 4 + 3 2 +1
4 − 2 3 + 2 3 1− 3 + 2 ⇔ ( ) 10. 2x − 5x2 − 5 = 0 ⇔
4
y = x2

⇔ 2y2 − 5y − 5 = 0 ⇔
⇔ 4−2 3+2 3−6+2=0⇔
⇔ 0 = 0 (verdadeiro) 5 ± 5 + 40
⇔ y= ⇔
Resposta: (D) 4
7. r = 5 ⇔ 2r = 10 5 ± 9×5
⇔ y= ⇔
l 2 + l 2 = 102 ⇔ 4
⇔ 2l 2 = 100 ⇔ 5 ±3 5
⇔ y= ⇔
l >0 4
⇔ l 2 = 50 ⇔
5
⇔ l = 50 ⇔ ⇔ y= 5∨ y=−
2
⇔ l = 25 × 2 ⇔ l = 5 2
Para y = x2:
Resposta: (A) 5
8. Pelo Teorema de Pitágoras: x2 = 5 ∨ x2 = − (equação impossível)
2
2 2
a a ⇔x=− 5∨x= 5⇔
MN =   +   =
2 2
⇔ x = −4 5 ∨ x = 4 5
= 2×
a2
4
=
a2
2
= {
S = −4 5 , 4 5 }
n 2 4 6 5 6 5
a2 ab a a
= =
a 2
=
2
a (a > 0) 11. = ⇔ n a 2b4 = 6 a 3 × 6 b4 × ⇔
2 2 2 2 a 3 b2 a a
6
2 a 8b 4 a 8b 4
a a2 5 2 ⇔ n a 2b 4 = ⇔ n a 2b 4 = 6 ⇔
AM = AN = a 2 +   = a 2 + = a = a a6
2 4 4
⇔ n a 2b4 = 6 a 2b 4
5 2 5
= a = a, a > 0 Logo, n = 6
4 2
 2.1. Radicais

( 5) 7 − 4 3 = ( a − b)
2 2
12.1. ( x − 2 ) + x 2 =
2
⇔ 15. ab = 2 3

( 3) ( 3)
2 2
⇔ x2 − 4x + 4 + x2 − 5 = 0 ⇔ 7 − 4 3 = 22 − 4 3 + = 22 + =7

⇔ 2x2 − 4x − 1 = 0 ⇔
( )
2
= 2− 3
4 ± 16 + 8 4 ± 24
⇔x= ⇔x= ⇔
4 4
(2 − 3)
2
7−4 3 = = 2− 3 (2 − 3>0 )
4 ± 16 + 8 4 ± 24
⇔x= ⇔x= ⇔
4 4 De igual modo:

(2 + 3)
2
2± 6 7+4 3 = =2+ 3
⇔x=
2
2+ 6 7−4 3 + 7+4 3 = 2− 3+2+ 3 = 4
Como x > 0, temos x = .
2 16. AB = 6 cm

2+ 6
2
 2+ 6 −4
2 AC = BC = 9 cm
12.2. Aquadrado = ( x − 2 )
2
=  − 2  =   = Seja M o ponto médio de [AB].
 2   2  2 2 2
2 AC = AM + MC
 6 −2 6 − 4 6 + 4 10 − 4 6 5 2
=   = = = − 6 9 2 = 32 + MC ⇔
 2  4 4 2
⇔ MC = 81 − 27 ⇔
5 
A área do quadrado é  − 6  cm2. ⇔ MC = 54 ⇔ ( MC > 0)
2 
⇔ MC = 3 6
13. Seja a a aresta do cubo.
2 MO = MC − r ⇔
EB = a 2 + a 2
2 2 2 ⇔ MO = 3 6 − r
EC = EB + BC 2 2
2 AM + MO = r 2
EC = a 2 + a 2 + a 2 ⇔ EC = 3a 2 ⇔
( )
2
9+ 3 6 −r = r 2 ⇔ 9 + 54 − 6 6r + r 2 = r 2 ⇔
⇔ EC = 3a ( EC > 0 e a > 0)
63 21
Como EC = 12 , temos: ⇔ 6 6r = 63 ⇔ r = ⇔r= ⇔
6 6 2 6
12 12
3a = 12 ⇔ a = ⇔a= ⇔a=2 21 6 21 6 7
3 3 ⇔r= ⇔r= ⇔r= 6
2× 6 × 6 12 4
Vcubo = 23 = 8
7 6
1 8 8 16 O raio da circunferência circunscrita ao triângulo é cm.
Vpirâmide = × 2 2 × 2 = , logo V = 8 − = 4
3 3 3 3
17. Como AE = DC = 3 e ED // AC, então [ACDE] é um trapézio
O volume da parte do cubo não ocupada pela pirâmide é
16 3 isósceles.
cm .
3
14. 2 x 6 − 3 x3 − 3 = 0
Para x = 6 3 :

( 3) ( 3)
6 3
2 6
− 3× 6
−3=0⇔

⇔ 2 × 3 − 3 × 6 33 − 3 = 0 ⇔
⇔ 6− 3 3× 3 −3= 0 ⇔
⇔ 6−3−3= 0 ⇔ 0 = 0
3
Para x = − 6 :
4 ˆ = AED
ˆ = 120°
6 3
Logo, EDC
 3  3 Seja M ∈ [ AD ] tal que DM ⊥ AC e MDC
ˆ = 30°
2 ×  − 6  − 3 ×  − 6  − 3 = 0 ⇔
 4   4 Seja h a altura do trapézio.
3
3 3 DM 3 3 3
⇔ 2× + 3 × 6   − 3 = 0 ⇔ = cos30° ⇔ h = 3 × ⇔h=
4 4 DC 2 3
3 3 MC 1 3
⇔ + 3× −3= 0 ⇔ = sin 30° ⇔ x = 3 × ⇔ x =
2 4 DC 2 2
3
⇔
3
+ 3×
3
−3= 0 ⇔ AC = ED + 2 x = 6 + 2 × = 9
2 2 2
ˆ ˆ ˆ = 90° , ou seja, o
Se BAC = 30° e ACB = 60° , então CBA
3 3
⇔ + −3= 0 ⇔ 0= 0
2 2 triângulo [ABC] é retângulo em B.
 2.1. Radicais

BC BC 1 9 4 3
= sin 30° ⇔ = ⇔ BC = 18.2. V = π
AC 9 2 2 3
AB 3 9 3 3
= cos 30° ⇔ AB = 9 × ⇔ AB = Como r = a:
AC 2 2 2
3 2
A = Atrapézio + Atriângulo = 4  3  4  3 3
V = π ×  a  ⇔ V = π ×   × × a3 ⇔
9 9 3 3  2  3  2  2
×
6+9 3 3 2 2 =
= × + 4 3 3 3
2 2 2 ⇔V = π× × a ⇔
3 4 2
45 3 81 3 90 3 + 81 3 171 3
= + = = 3 3
4 8 8 8 ⇔V = π× a ⇔
2
171 3
A área do pentágono [ABCDE] é cm2. ⇔ 2V = π 3a 3 ⇔
8
2V
18.1. Sendo 2r é a diagonal espacial do cubo: ⇔ a3 = ⇔
π 3
d 2 = a2 + a2 ⇔
2V × 3
⇔ ( 2r ) = d 2 + a 2 ⇔
2
⇔a= 3 ⇔
π 3 3
⇔ ( 2r ) = a 2 + a 2 + a 2 ⇔
2

2 3V
⇔ 4r 2 = 3a 2 ⇔ ⇔a= 3
3π
3
⇔ r 2 = a2 ⇔
4
3 2
⇔r= a ⇔
4
3
⇔r= a ,a>0
2
 2.2. Potências de expoente racional

5
2.2. Potências de expoente racional 5 9 3
 1   1 3
  =  a 9 = a 12 = a 4 , a > 0
12
5.3. 3 5.4.
3 3
Pág. 98 3 1
3
Atividade inicial 2  a   a 6  a 2
5.5. 6   =   =   , a > 0
1
 1 1
×3
3
5 5 5
1.1. Se x = 8 3 , temos x 3 =  8 3  = 8 3 = 81 = 8 . 1
  1 1 1 −
6.1. = = 1 =3 2
1 3 3
32
Se x 3 = 8 , então x = 3 8 . Logo, 8 3 = 3 8 .
1
4 1 1 1 1 1 −
 1 1 1
×4 6.2. 6 =6 = = = 1 =9 3
1.2. Se x = 2 , vem x =  2 4  = 2 4 = 21 = 2 .
4 4
81 81 6 34 3 32
  93
5
1 1 1 1 −

Portanto, se x = 2 , então x = 2 . Logo, 2 = 2 .

4 4 4 4 6.3. 6 = = 5 =3 6
243 6 35
36
Pág. 99
1 Pág. 102
1
1 1 1 2 2 1
1.1. 25 = 25 = 5
2
1.2.   = =
9 9 3 7.1. 2 : 2 = 3 22 : 4 2 = 12 28 : 12 23 =
3 4

5
1
1
4
0,5
 4 2 4 2 = 12 28 : 23 = 12 28−3 = 12 25 = 212
1.3. 27 = 27 = 3 = 3
3 3 3 3
1.4.   =  = = p
9 9 9 3 m
q nq nq
1
7.2. a n : a q = n am : a p = a mq : a np =
mq − np
1.5. 0,01 = 0,01 = 0,1
2
a mq − np = a
nq nq
= a mq − a np = nq
=
1 1 1
mq np m p
2.1. 7 = 7
5 5
2.2. 0,01 = 0,01 3 3
2.3. 3 20
= 20
3 − −
=a nq nq
=a n q
,a>0
1
1
a a 5
2.4. a = 6 a, a >0
6
2.5.   = 5 , a ≥ 0
8 8 Pág. 103
1 2 2
1 1
1 1 3
8.1. 8 × 4 = 3 82 × 3 4 2 = 3 82 × 4 2 =
3 3
3.1. 2 = 22 3.2. 6
5 = 56 3.3. 3 = 
3  3 2 2

(8 × 4) = ( 8 × 4 ) 3 = 32 3
2
1 = 3
1
2 2 5
3.4. 4
a = a4 , a ≥ 0 3.5. 5 =  m m
3 3 8.2. a n × b n = n a m × n b m = n a m × bm =
m
(a × b) = ( a × b) n , a > 0 e b > 0
m
= n

Pág. 100 2
2
 3 5
( a) ( a)
2 2
4.1. 27 = 27 =
3 3 2 3
(3 ) 3 2
= 3
(3 ) 2 3
=3 =9 2
9.1.  a2  =
3 5
= 5 3
= 5
(a ) 3 2
=
 
5
4.2. 64 = 6 645 =
6 6
(2 ) 6 5
= 6
(2 ) 5 6
= 25 = 32
= 10 a 6 = a 10 = a 5
6 3

5 3
4.3. 8 3 = 3 85 = 3
(2 ) 3 5
= 3
(2 ) 5 3
= 25 = 32
9.2. (2 )
3
0,5 4  1 4
=  22  = ( 2)
3
4
= 4
( 2)
3
=
3
4 3 2  
 1 1  1 
2
3
 1  1  12 6

  =   =    =   =    = 3
4.4.
 16   16   2   2  2   = 4
23 = 8 23 = 2 8
6
1 1
=  = Pág. 104
 2  64 1 1 5
−3 −
4
2 × 2 −3
2
2 2
2 2
( 8a ) (2 a )
4 3
3 4
= 3 ( 2a )  = 3 ( 2a )  =
3 4
4.5. 3 3
= 3 3
10.1. = = =1
    1 5 5

(2 ) −5 2 − −
2 2
2 2
= ( 2a ) = 16a 4 , a ≥ 0
4
2 3 2 3
− −
2 53 × 4 2
−4 53 4 2
− 5 × 2 −4 =
4.6. 1000 = 3 3
(10 ) 3 2
= 3
(10 ) 2 3
= 102 = 100 10.2.
−
1 1
− 5× 2 =
−
1
× 1

3
5 ×4 3 2
5 3
4 2

4.7. 64 1,5
= (2 6 2
) = (10 ) 2 3
= (2 ) 9 2
= 2 = 512
9 2 1
+
3 1
− −
=5 ×4 3 3
− 5 × 2 −4 = 2 2
4 2
= 51 × 4−2 − 5 × 2 −4 =
4.8. 320,4 = 32 = 32 = 10 5 5
(2 )5 2
= 5
(2 ) 2 5
=4
1 1
= 5× 2 − 5× 4 =
4 2
Pág. 101 5 5
5 4 2 = − =
16 16
5.1. 8
25 = 2 8
5.2. 10
24 = 2 = 2 10 5
=0
 2.2. Potências de expoente racional

1
3 4 3 16 × 3 16
100 2 + 0,10 100 + 1 10 + 1 11 Alateral = 4 × a × h = 4 × × = =
10.3. = = = =1 9 5 45 15
11−3 × ( 3 × 22 − 1) 11−3 × 114 11−3 + 4 11
4

16 2
2 2 2
A área da superfície lateral do prisma é m.
11. AB + AE = BE AB = AE 15
4
22 13.2. Seja r o raio da esfera.
( 2) 2
2 2 2 2
2 AB = 4
⇔ AB = ⇔ AB =
2 2 4 3 2 3
2r = a ⇔ 2 r = ⇔r=
2 5 5
AB é a área do quadrado [ABDE].
2 1 2 3
Área de [ABCE] = + = h 9 5 3 5
2 2 2 = = =
r 2 3 9 × 2 3 18
3 2 2 2
= =3 =3 = 5
2 2 4 16
1
14. a = AF = 24
= 3 3 = 3 × ( 2 −3 ) 2 =
1 1
=3 b = CD = 9
8 2 3 3
 2
2  2
2
( ) ( )
3 2
−
= 3× 2 2 C = 24 3
+9  = 3 3
24 + 9  =
3 2
   
 − 
3  
A área do quadrilátero é  3 × 2 2  cm2. 3 3

2

2

2


2 2
=  3 24 + 3 ( 32 )  =

( 3
23 × 3 + 3 33 × 3 ) 2
=
12. AC = AB + BC 1
3 3

(2 ) ( ) = (5 3 ) =  53 × ( 3 ) 
2 2 3 2
4
32 = 2 AB ⇔ = 2 3 3 + 33 3 2 3 2 3
=

4 4 322 1 1 1 1
= ( 53 × 3) 2 = ( 5 × 52 × 3) 2 = ( 52 ) 2 × 15 2 =
2
⇔ AB = ⇔
2
2 1
⇔ AB = 2 32 ⇔ = 5 × 15 2
⇔ AB = 2 32 ⇔
Pág. 107
⇔ AB = 4 × 32 ⇔
Atividades complementares
⇔ AB = 4 22 × 25 ⇔ AB = 4 24 × 23 ⇔ 1 1

⇔ AB = 2 4 8 15.1. 8 3 = ( 23 ) 3 = 21 = 2
Altura do triângulo, h: 0,5
 1 
0,5
 1  2  1 1
1

( 8 ) = (2 8 ) =    =  =
2 2
h +
2 4 4
⇔h =4 8 − 8 ⇔
2 4 2 4 2 15.2.  
 25   5   5 5
⇔ h2 = 3 8 ⇔ h = 9 × 8 ⇔ h = 4 72 1 1 1
3×
 64  3  4  3  4 
3
3 4
2 8 × 72 4 4 15.3.   =  3  =   =
A[ AED] = =  27   3   3  3
2
15.4. 10 0000,25 = (104 )
0,25
= 101 = 10
= 4 8 × 72 = 4 23 × 2 × 36 =
1
= 4 24 × 6 2 = 2 2 × 6 = 15.5. 1, 44 2 = 1, 44 = 1, 2
1
0,2 5×0,2
= 2 6 = 2 × 62  1 
0,2
 1
0,2
 1 5  1 1 1
1

15.6.   = 5  =    =  =  =
  1
 32  2   2   2 2 2
A área do triângulo é  2 × 6  cm2. 2

  1 1
15.7. 64 6 = ( 26 ) 6 = 2
0,25
Pág. 105 1
0,25
1
0,25
 1  4  1
4×0,25
1
15.8.   = 4  =    = =
3  81  3   3   3 3
13.1. Altura do prisma: h = m
9 1

Abase = 1,92 m2 16.1. 5 2 = 5

3
Aresta da base: a 3
 1 2 1 1
192 192 2 16.2.   =   =
a = 1,92 = = 96 2 2 2 8
100 48 2 1
24 2 1
26 × 3
− 1  1 2 1
=
192
= =
12 2 16.3. x 2
= 1
=  = , x ∈ ℚ+
100 10 6 2  x x
3 3 x2
23 × 3 8 3 1 1
= =  3 2 3 3
10 10 16.4. 2 ×   = 2 = 4× = 6
 
2 2 2
4 3
=
5
 2.2. Potências de expoente racional

1 1 1 1 1 5
+
22 2 2 2 1  1 3  1  2  1 3 2  1 6
= = = =   ×     
5 5
16.5.
4 4 42 16 8  2 2  2  2  1 6  1 6
23.4. 5 5
= 5
= 5 =  : 2 =  
( 4 : 2)6 26  2   4 
5 5 1
−2
a2 a2 a2 a a 46 : 26
16.6. 2
= = = = , a ∈ ℚ+
2a 2 2 2 4
1 1 Pág. 108
17.1. 3
7 = 73 17.2. 4
20 = 20 4 1 1 1
1 1 24.1. 9 × 3 = 27 = 33 = 3 3
2 2 2
1  1 5 2  2 8
17.3. 5 =  17.4. 8 =  ,a>0  1 1 
2 2
  
1 1 2
7 7 a a 24.2.  20 5 : 4 5  = ( 20 : 4 ) 5  =  5 5  = 5 52 = 5 25
1      
17.5. 0,1 = 0,10,5 17.6. 20
ab = ( ab ) 20 , ab > 0 2 4 2 4
− − − −
: 3−2 = 6−2 : 3−2 = ( 6 : 3) =
−2
2 2 24.3. 6 3
×6 3
: 3−2 = 6 3 3

18.1. 1000 = (10 3

)
3 3
= 10 = 100 2

1
= 2 −2 =
18.2. 320,4 = ( 2 )
5 0,4
= 22 = 4 4
1
−
4 4 4
 1 1 7
18.3. 8 = ( 2 )
3× 2 − −
3 3 3
=2 3
= 2 = 16 4
24.4.  9 3  :3 6 :3 6
=
2 2 2
 
18.4. 64 = ( 26 ) 3 = 2
6×
3 3
= 2 4 = 16 −
1
−
1
−
7
=9 6
:3 6 :3 6
=
18.5. 91,5 = ( 32 )
1,5
= 32×1,5 = 33 = 27 1 −
7
= ( 9 : 3)
−
6 :3 6
=
5 5
18.6. 16 = ( 2 ) 1 7 1 7
4 4 4
= 2 = 32 5 − − − +
= 3 :3 6 6
=3 6 6
=
3 6
19.1. 2 = 4 23 = 4 8
4
=3 =3 6

2 1 1 1 6 5
−2 − −
19.2. 4 = 3 42 = 3 16
3
3 × 3−2
3
33 33 3
3 3

2 5
24.5. 1
= 5
= 5
= 5
=1
(3 ) −5 3 − − −
20.1. 3
22 = 2 3 20.2. 4
35 = 3 4 3 3
3 3
3 3

20 3 3
− − −3
20.3. 5
a 20 = a 5 = a 4 27 2
× 27 −3 : 27 −2 27 2
: 27 −2
1
24.6. = 1
=
20.4. 3
2 2= 3
8 = 6 8 = 6 23 = 2 = 2 2 27 −1 27
−
2

1 9 5
3 − +2 − 5 1
13 1 1 5  5 15 27 2
27 2 − +
20.5. 5 5= 5 3
  × 5 = 15 × 5 = 15 =   = 1
= 1
= 27 2 2
=
2 2 8 8  18  −
2
−
2
27 27
1
4
20.6. 3 = 2× 2× 2
3 = 3=3 8 8 − 1
= 27 2
= 27 −2 = =
1 3 27 2
21.1. 5 = 52 21.2. 53 = 5 2 1
4
=
729
21.3. 3
625 = 3 25 × 25 = 3 54 = 5 3
1
3 5 1000 3 + 0,010
21.4. 5 = 5 =5
3 4 3 4
21.5. 3 4
5 = 5 =5
5 12 5 12 24.7. 1 1
=
11 × 3 × 2 − ( 2 − 1) 
−
3 2 3 3
1
21.6. 3
5 = 3×2×2 5 = 512 1

1 1 1
1
2
=
(10 ) 3 3
+1
=
101 + 1
=
=  2  = ( 5 −2 ) 3 = 5
3 −
3
22.1. 3
−
1 1 −
1 1
25  5  11 3 × (18 − 7 ) 3 11 3 × 113
1
1 1  1 2 −
1 11 11
22.2. = =  =5 2 = = =
1 1 1 110
5 2 5 − +
5 3 3
1 5
= 11
= (10−5 ) 3 = 10 3
1 −
22.3. 3
5 3 2
10
a3 : 3 a2 a2 : a3
1 1 −
3 24.8. 2
= 2 1
=
22.4. = 3
=5 4
a3 : a a3 : a2
4 3
5 5 4
3 2
− 3 2 2 1
2 1 2 1 7 a2 3 − − +

23.1. 5 × 5 = 5
3 2
+
3 2
=5 6 = 2 1
= a2 3 3 2
=
−
3 2
3 1 3  1
− −  11 a
−
23.2. 10 5 :10 2
= 10 5  2
= 1010 4 4
− 2−
4 2

1 3 13 1 3 13 13 13 = a2 3
=a 3
= a3 =
+
23.3. 2 × 2 : 2 = 2
3 4 12 3 4
: 2 = 2 : 2 =1
12 12 12
= 3 a2 , a > 0
 2.2. Potências de expoente racional

3 1
 1 3 9 8 1 1
25.1.  8 2  = ( 23 ) 2 = 2 2 = 2 2 2 = 24 × 2 2 = 16 2
+
 2
( )
3
26.4.  2 2 2 : 8
2  =
   
1 1

( ( −2) ) = ( 2 )
1 4 1 1
1+
25.2.
4 3 4 3
= 23 = 2 3
= 2 × 23 = 2 3 2   3  2
= 2 8 :  28  =
−
1    
 1
 2 −
1 1
1
  2 4  2 8  3  8 3 12  
25.3.   =  =  = = 3 2

 3   3 2 2 =  2 4 8 : 28  =
   
3
2 3
2 3 22 3
3 × 2 2 3 12 1
= = = =  2 3
3
2 3 2 × 3 22 2 2 = 2 ×2 :2  =
4 3 8

1
 
−
 1
 3 −
1 1 1
 8 2 8  3 6 3 63  
3 2
25.4.   
6
=  =  = 6 = 6 = =  27 : 2 8  =
 3   3 8 8 8
   
1 1 1
6
3 6
3 6 3 2 6 3 6 23  7 3 2  7−3 2  4 2
= = = = = =  28 : 28  =  28 8  =  28  =
6
23 2 2 2 2
     
6
3 × 23 6 24 1
= = = 24 = 4 2
2 2
1  1 2

 32  3 26.5.  × a 3  : 6 a =
a  1
 a 
1 5 1
  =
a2
=
−
=
−
=
25.5. a 2 6
a 3
 1
2
1 5
 1 2
(a ) a6
5 6
=   × a 3  : 12 a =

 a  
3 2 3  
1 1 a a2
= = = = ,a>0  1 2
 1
= ( a −1 ) 2 × a 3  : a 12 =
1 3
3 a 3 a× a
3 2 a
a
4
 
 16   −1 2
 1
a  4
4 3 7 1 1 =  a 2 × a 3  : a 12 =
25.6.  1 = 1 = a 6 6 = a 6 = a 6 = a × a 2 = a 6 a , a > 0
a6 + 1+
 
− −
1 2 1
a 2 a 2 − +
2 2 2
=a 2 3
: a 12 =
 12 1
  1 1 1
 1 1 1 1 1
 3 + 2 2  − 5  32  + 2 × 32 × 2 2 +  2 2  − 5 = a 6 : a 12 = a 6
−
12
=
26.1.   =    = 1
3 2 32 × 2 =a 12
= 12 a , a > 0
1
27. Seja EF = a .
31 + 2 × 6 + 2 − 5 2
= 6
= 27.1. a 2 + a 2 = d 2 ⇔
18
⇔ 2a 2 = d 2 ⇔
2 6 2 4 62 d2
= 4
= 4 = ⇔ a2 = ⇔
18 18 2
36
= 24 = 24 2 d2
18 ⇔a= ⇔
2
1 1
1
 
1 3
1 1 1
 
1 3

( 3 × 5) −  5 × 52  ( 32 ) 2 × 5 2 −  51 × 52 
2 2
⇔a=d
1  1 2
⇔ a = d ×  ⇔
26.2.   =   = 2 2
1 1 1 1 1

( 2 × 5) : 4 (2 ) × 5 : (2 )
1
2 2 4 2 2 2 2 4 −
⇔ a = d ×2 2
,a>0ed>0
1 1
−
 3 3
A medida da aresta da base do prisma é d × 2 2
.
3 5 −  52  1

  3 5 − 52 3 5 − 5 2 5 27.2. AE = d
= 1
= = = = 2
2 5: 2 2 5: 2 5  − 
1
2 5 : 22 2 Vprisma = Abase × altura = a 2 × d =  d × 2 2  × d =
2
 
5× 2
= = 2  −1 
2
d3
5 = d 2 ×  2 2  × d = d 3 × 2 −1 =
1 1   2
1 1
  4  1− 1     2 12  4
4 2 4
  Vprisma = 27
=   2 3   =
2
26.3.  1  = 2 3  = 2  3
        
d3
 23        = 27 ⇔ d 3 = 54
2
1
Sabemos que 2a 2 = d 2 .
= 212 = 12 2
 2.2. Potências de expoente racional

( )
3 2 2
= (103 )
d = 2a 2 = 2a e d 3 = 2a − − 1
g: 1000 3 3 = 10 −2 = (Proposição verdadeira)
100
( 2) a
3
d3 = 3
⇔ d 3 = 2 2a 3 1
h: 3
a 3 = 6 a 3 = a = a 2 (Proposição verdadeira)
d 3 = 54 ⇔ 2 2a 3 = 54 ⇔ 1
1 1 6 2 3
54 27 2 i: a3 = 3 a3 × = a = a = a3
⇔a = 3
⇔a = 3
⇔ a a
2 2 2× 2
(Proposição verdadeira)
27 2 27 2 1
⇔a = ⇔a=3 ⇔ ∀a, b ∈ ℝ, ( a 4 b8 ) 4 = ab 2
3
30.
2 2
2 2 Por exemplo, se a = – 2 e b = 1:
⇔ a = 3 33 × ⇔ a = 33 ⇔ 1

( ) = (2 )
1 1
2
1
4
(a b )
4 8 4
= ( −2 ) × 18
4 4 4 4
= 2 e ab 2 = −2 × 12 = −2
1 1 6 1 1 1
⇔ a = 36 ⇔ a = 3×   ⇔ 23 × 3 4 + 2 × 3 4 ( 23 + 2 ) × 34 25 14 − 12
2 2 31.1. = = ×3 =
1
1 5 3 5
− 5× 3 2
⇔ a = 3× 2 6
1 4 3

( 3)
1 − −1 1 3 5
A medida da aresta da base do prisma é 3 × 2
−
6
. = 5× 3 4
= 5× 4
= 5× 4
= 5× = 4 27
3 4
3 4 33 3
1 1
2+ 3 5
a = 22,5 = 2 = 22 × 2 2 = 4 2
(2 ) × ( 23 ) 3
3 5
4 −4
2
28. −
16 4
× 83 1
1
31.2. : 3
2= : 23 =
b = 80,5 = ( 2 3 2
) = 22 × 2 = 2 2 −
1
2
−
1
2
2 2
1
c = 3× 22 = 3 2 2 −3 × 2 5 1
22 1
= 1
: 23 = 1
: 23 =
− −
a+b+c 4 2 +2 2 +3 2 9 2 2
2 2
s= = = 2
2 2 2 2+
1 1 1 1
2+ − 2+
1
=2 2
:2 = 2 3 2 3
=2 6
=
9 9  9  9 
A= 2 2 − 4 2  2 − 2 2  2 −3 2 = 1
2 2  2  2  = 22 × 2 = 4 6 2 6

9 1 5 3 18 − 50 + 12 − 75
= 2× 2× 2× 2= 31.3. 3 3
=
2 2 2 2 2 2 + 32
9 1 5 3
( 2)
4
= × × × × = 9 × 2 − 25 × 2 + 4 × 3 − 25 × 3
2 2 2 2 = =
23 + 33
9 15
= × × 22 = 3 2 −5 2 + 2 3 −5 3 2 2 −3 2
4 4 = = =
2 2 × 2 + 32 × 3 2 2 +3 2
3 15 3
=
2
×
2
×2 =
2
15
=
(
− 2 2 +3 2 ) = −1
3 2 2 +3 2
A área do triângulo [ABC] é 15 cm2.
2 32. Seja a a aresta do cubo.
Ab = a 2 ; V = a 3 ⇔ a = 3 V
Pág. 109 2

( V)
2
2 Então, Ab = a 2 = 3
= 3 V2 =V 3 .
  1
29. a:  2,3  = 2,31 = 2,3 (Proposição verdadeira)
2
2
  Ab = V 3
1
−0,5
 9   49  2 49 7 33. Seja a a aresta do cubo.
b:   =  = = (Proposição falsa)
 49   9  9 3 a
a = 2r ⇔ r =
1 1 1 1
+
1 2
 1 6  1 3  1 6 3  1 2 1
c:   ×   =   =  = V
33.1. V = a 3 ⇔ V = ( 2r ) ⇔ V = 8r 3 ⇔ r 3 =
3
2 2 2  
2 2 ⇔
8
(Proposição verdadeira) 1
1 1 1 1 V  V 3
1 1 1 1 1
3 6 2 2 ⇔r = 3 ⇔r = 
d:   ×   : =   :   = 1 (Proposição falsa) 8 8
2 2 2 2 2 3
4 3 4 a 4 a3 4 1 π
1
1
1 33.2. Vesfera = πr = π   = π × = × × π × V = V
50 2
 50  2 3 3 2 3 8 3 8 6
e: 1
× 4 2 =   × 4 = 25 × 2 = 5 × 2 = 10
2  2  34. Sejam r = 4 cm e h = 2 cm.
2
1 1
(Proposição verdadeira) A = π × 4 × ( 42 + 22 ) 2 = 4π ( 20 ) 2 = 4π 20 = 4π 4 × 5 =
1 1
 1 3  1 3 −
1
= 4π × 2 5 = 8π 5
f:   =   = 2 3 (Proposição verdadeira)
 4  2 A área da superfície do cone é 8π 5 cm2.
 2.2. Potências de expoente racional

2
Pág. 110 1 1
 1 2
10. • an × an = an  = an
Avaliação 2  
2
1 1
 1 2
2
1. • 5 3 × 5 3 =  5 3  = 5 3 = 3 52 1 1
 1  2 1

  • a 2n × a 2n =  a 2n  = a 2n = a n
1 1 1 1 3
 
− −
• 5 6 : 53 = 56 3
=5 10
Resposta: (B)
6 6 6
2 5 2 5 2 5 5 1 1
• 1
= = = 26 = 26 2 = 23 Pág. 111
2 5 6
5 3 53 5 5
5 1 1 2 1 2 1 2
2
2 ×3 :6
2 2 3 ( 2 × 3) 2 :6 3
6 :62 3
 1 31 1 1 1 1
11.1. = = =
• 10 :  2 2  = 10 3 : 2 3 = (10 : 2 ) 3 = 5 3 = 3 5
3 3 3 3

    1 1 5  1 1
+  5  56  5
6 × 6  2 3
6 2 3
 6 
Resposta: (D)      
1 1 1 2
−
   
1 3 1 3 1 2 1 2
62 3 − − −
2. A × B =  4 + 82  ×  4 − 82  = = 1
= 62 3 2
=6 3
=
    6 2
1
3 3
 1
 1
 3 1 1 6 6
=  4 + 8 2  4 − 8 2   = = 2
= = =
3
6 2 3
6 2 3
6 6
    6 3

1 1
2
  1 
2 3
2 ×3  1 
2
2 ×3 1
×  = × =
1
=  42 −  8 2   = (16 − 8 ) 3 = 11.2.
 2 × 3−2  2  2 × 3−2 4
  
3 1 1 27
1 1 = −2 × = 3 × 32 × =
= 8 3 = ( 23 ) 3 = 2 3 4 4 4

( ) : ( a − 1)
2 1
( a − 1)
2
Resposta: (B) 11.3. 2n n =
1
1 1 1
 1
( )
1 1

(2 2 ) ( ) = ( 2)
2 2 1 1
a − 1 : ( a − 1) n = n ( a − 1) : ( a − 1) n =
2
3. 2
: 22 = 2 2 : 2 2 2
=  22  = 24 = n

  2 1 1
= ( a − 1) n = ( a − 1) n = n a − 1, a − 1 > 0 e n ∈ ℕ
−
n
Resposta: (C)
2
 
1 3 1 12. EH = 4 32
( 5 xy )  × ( 25 x y ) × x =
2 2 3 2
4. 2
2 2 2
  DE + DH = EH
1 1
Como DE = DH :
= ( 5 xy ) 3 ( 25 x 2 y 2 ) 3 × x = 4
322
( ) 32
2 2 2 2
1 2 DE = 4
32 ⇔ DE = ⇔ DE = ⇔
= ( 5 xy × 25 x 2 y 2 3
) ×x= 2 3
2 32 2
⇔ DE = ⇔ DE = 8 ⇔
1
= ( 53 x 3 y )
3 3
x= 4
= 5 xy × x = 5 x 2 y ⇔ DE = 8 ⇔ DE = 4 8

( ) − ( EH ) = ( 2 8 ) − ( )
2 2 2 2
Resposta: (A) Acolorida = 2 DE 4 4
32 =
1
5. 2 2 n + 2 2 n = 2 × 2 2 n = 2 2 n +1 = ( 2 )
2 n +1 2
=
= 4 4 82 − 4 322 = 4 8 − 32 =
1 1
( 2 n +1) n+
= 4 4 × 2 − 16 × 2 = 8 2 − 4 2 =
=2 =2 2 2

Resposta: (B) =4 2

6. 2 × 4 = 2 × (2 n 2 n
) = 2 ×2 = 2 1 2n 2 n +1 ou
DE × DE
Resposta: (C) Acolorida = 4 × = 2× 4 8 × 4 8 =
2
7. Se a ∈ ℕ , então a > 0 e – a < 0.
= 2 × 4 82 = 2 8 = 4 2
• ( − a ) < 0 e ( −2a ) < 0 . Logo, ( − a ) × ( −2a ) > 0 .
3 −5 3 −5
1

−a −a 13. AG = 3 4
1 1 1 1
•   > 0 e ( − a ) < 0 . Logo,   × ( −a ) < 0 .
3 3
Seja a aresta do cubo.
2 2
AG = ± a 2 + a 2 + a 2
Resposta: (B) 1
1 1 1 1
+ 34
8. 1 = 1 . Logo, ∃x ∈ ℝ : x = x
2 2 3a = 3 ⇔ 3a = 3 ⇔ a =
2
⇔4 4

3
Resposta: (A) 1
1 1 1
1 1 34 − −

9. x =3 ⇔ x= 3 ⇔ x=
3 2
3
2 3
3 ⇔x= 3 6 ⇔d = 1
⇔ a = 34 2
⇔a=3 4

32
Resposta: (C)
 2.2. Potências de expoente racional

3
 −1  −
3
1 1 1× 4 3 4
3 15.
V = a3 =  3 4  = 3 4 = 3 = = =
 
4 3
3 4 3 4
3 3 3
34
4
3
A medida do volume do cubo é .
3
14. AD = a
2 2 2
14.1. HD + AD = HA ⇔

( )
2 2
⇔ HD + a 2 = 5a ⇔
2
⇔ HD = 5a 2 − a 2 ⇔
⇔ HD = 4a 2 ⇔ ( HD > 0 e a > 0) 2
SU + ( 4,5 − 2 ) = ( 4,5 + 2 ) ⇔
2 2

⇔ HD = 2a 2
Altura do prisma: 2a ⇔ SU = 6.52 − 2,52 ⇔
V = Aba se × altura ⇔ SU = 42, 25 − 6, 25 ⇔
= a 2 × 2a = 2a 3 ⇔ SU = 6
A medida do volume do prisma é 2a 3 .
14.2. Considerando [ACD] para base, temos:
1 AD × DC
Vpirâmide = × × HD =
3 2
1 a×a
= × × 2a =
3 2
1
= a3
3
1 3
A medida do volume da pirâmide é a .
3
14.3. AC = a 2 + a 2 = 2a 2 = 2a
Aplicando o Teorema de Pitágoras:
AH = HC = 5a 2
ST = ( 4,5 + x ) − ( 4,5 − x ) =
2 2

Seja h a altura do triângulo.

= ( 4,5 ) + 9 x + x 2 − ( 4,5 ) + 9 x − x 2 =
2 2 2
 2 
( )
2
h 2 +  a  = 5a ⇔
 2  = 18 x
1 ST = 18 x
⇔ h 2 = 5a 2 − a 2 ⇔ 2
TU = ( 2 + x ) − ( 2 − x ) =
2 2
2
9 2 3 = 4 + 4x + x2 − 4 + 4 x − x2 =
⇔ h2 = a ⇔h= a
2 2 = 8x
3 TU = 8 x
2a × a
AC × h 2 = 3 a2
A[ ACH ] = = Sabemos que SU = 6 e SU = ST + TU
2 2 2
Logo:
3 2
A medida da área do triângulo [ACH] é a . ST + TU = 6
2
14.4. Se a base da pirâmide é [ACH] e a altura é x, então o seu 18 x + 8 x = 6 ⇔
volume é: ⇔ 9 × 2x + 4 × 2x = 6 ⇔
1 ⇔ 3 × 2x + 2 2x = 6
V = × A[ ACH ] × x
3 6
⇔ 5 2x = 6 ⇔ 2x =
1 3 5
= × a2 × x
3 2 Como x > 0:
1 36 18
= a2 x 2x = ⇔x= ⇔ x = 0,72
2 25 25
1 O raio da circunferência de centro R é igual a 0,72 cm.
Sabemos que V = a 3 .
3
1 2 1 3 2a 3
a x = a ⇔ 3a 2 x = 2a 3 ⇔ x = 2 ⇔
2 3 3a
2
⇔x= a
3
2
A altura da pirâmide relativa à base [ACH] é a
3
 2.3. Operações com polinómios

1 
A ( x ) × C ( x ) =  x 2 + x − 1 × ( 6 x 2 − 12 ) =
2.3. Operações com polinómios 2
2.3.
 2 3 
Pág. 112 = 3 x 4 − 6 x 2 + 4 x 3 − 8 x − 6 x 2 + 12 =
Atividade inicial 3 = 3x 4 + 4 x 3 − 12 x 2 − 8 x + 12
1.1. Monómios constantes: C ( x ) = −1 e D ( x ) = 0 3.1. A(x) é de grau 5 e B(x) é de grau 3.
1.2. D ( x) = 0 3.2. O grau de A(x) × B(x) é 8 = 5 + 3.
1 2 3.3. A ( x ) × B ( x ) = ( x 5 − x 2 )( x 3 − 2 x + 1) =
1.3. Monómios na forma canónica: A ( x ) = x , C ( x ) = −1 e
2 = x8 − 2 x 6 + x5 − x5 + 2 x 3 − x 2 =
D ( x) = 0 = x8 − 2 x 6 + 2 x 3 − x 2
1 3 1
1.4. B ( x) = x × ( −3) x = − x 2 = − x 2 = E ( x )
6 6 2 Pág. 116
B ( x ) e E ( x ) são monómios iguais. 4.1. a)
1 1 5x3 x2
1.5. Os monómios A ( x ) = x 2 e E ( x ) = − x 2 são semelhantes 0 5x
2 2
Q ( x ) = 5x ; R ( x ) = 0
mas não iguais.
2. b)
Parte 2x3 + 0x2 + 3x + 0 x
Forma numérica Parte –2x3 2x2 + 3
Monómio Grau 3x
canónica ou literal
– 3x
coeficiente
0
1 2 1
A(x) x x2 2 Q ( x ) = 2x2 + 3 ; R ( x ) = 0
2 2
1 2 1 c)
B(x) − x − x2 2
2 2 2x – 3 x–5
C(x) –1 –1 Não tem 0 – 2x + 10 2
7
D(x) 0 0 Não tem Indeterminado
1 2 1 Q ( x) = 2 ; R ( x) = 7
E(x) − x − x2 2
2 2 d)
1 1 x2 + 2x –x+1
3. A ( x ) + B ( x ) = x 2 − x 2 = 0. A(x) + B(x) é o monómio nulo. – x2 + x –x–3
2 2
3x
– 3x + 3
Pág. 113 3
x2 1  1 1 Q ( x) = −x − 3 ; R ( x) = 3
1.1. 2x2 + 3 + − x + x4 = x4 +  2 +  x2 − x + 3 =
2 2  2  2
e)
5 1 3x3 – 2x2 + x – 1 x2 + x + 1
= x4 + x2 − x + 3
2 2 – 3x3 – 3x2 – 3x 3x – 5
Grau: 4, termos nulos: 0x3 ; termo independente: 3 – 5x2 – 2x – 1
+ 5x2 + 5x + 5
2x2 − 2 2x2 2
1.2. + x3 − x 2 = − + x 3 − x 2 = x3 − 1 3x + 4
2 2 2
Q ( x ) = 3 x − 5 ; R ( x ) = 3x + 4
Grau: 3, termos nulos: 0x2 e 0x ; termo independente: – 1
f)
2x 4 – 0x 3 – 3x 2 + 0x + 5 3x2 − 2 x + 1
Pág. 114
4 3 2 2 2 2 4 25
1 2 2 1 1 −2 x 4 + x – x x + x−
2. A( x) = x + x − 1 ; B ( x ) = 3 x3 − x 2 + x + 3 ; 3 3 3 9 27
2 3 2 3 4 3 11 2
x – x + 0x + 5
C ( x ) = 6 x 2 − 12 3 3
4 8 2 4
− x3 + x – x + 5
1 2   1 1 
2.1. A ( x ) + B ( x ) =  x 2 + x − 1 +  3 x 3 − x 2 + x + 3  = 3 9 9
2 3   2 3  –
25 2
x –
4
x + 5
9 9
1 1 2 1
= 3 x3 + x 2 − x 2 + x + x − 1 + 3 = 3 x 3 + x + 2 25 2 50 25
2 2 3 3 + x – x +
9 27 27
1 2 2   3 1 2 1 
A ( x ) − B ( x ) =  x + x − 1 −  3 x − x + x + 3  =
62 160
2.2. – x +
2 3   2 3  27 27
2 2 4 25 62 160
1 2 2 1 1
= x + x − 1 − 3 x 3 + x 2 − x − 3 = −3 x3 + x 2 + x − 4
1 Q ( x) = x + x− ; R ( x) = − x +
2 3 2 3 3 3 9 27 27 27
 2.3. Operações com polinómios

4.2. 6.2. A ( x ) = 7 x 3 + 2 x 2 − 5 x + 10 ; B ( x ) = x + 2
2
A (x) x +1 7 2 –5 10
1 x–1 –2 – 14 24 – 38
A ( x ) = ( x 2 + 1) ( x − 1) + 1 ⇔ A ( x ) = x3 − x 2 + x − 1 + 1 ⇔ 7 – 12 19 – 28
A ( −2 ) = 7 × ( −2 ) + 2 × ( −2 ) − 5 × ( −2 ) + 10 = −28
3 2
⇔ A( x) = x − x + x
3 2

4.3. Seja H (x) a expressão para a altura do triângulo. Q ( x ) = 7 x 2 − 12 x + 19 ; R ( x ) = −28 ; A ( −2 ) = −28

( 5 x + 3) × H ( x ) = 10 x 2 + 6 x ⇔ 6.3. A ( x ) = 6 x3 + 2 x − 3 ; B ( x ) = x − 5
2 60 2 –3
⇔ ( 5 x + 3) × H ( x ) = 20 x 2 + 12 x ⇔ 5 30 150 760
6 30 152 757
⇔ H ( x ) = ( 20 x 2 + 12 x ) : ( 5 x + 3)
A ( 5 ) = 6 × 5 + 2 × 5 − 3 = 757; Q ( x ) = 6 x 2 + 30 x + 152 ;
3

20x2 + 12x 5x + 3 R ( x ) = 757 ; A ( 5 ) = 757

– 20x2 – 12x 4x
6.4. A ( x ) = x5 + 1 ; B ( x ) = x + 3
0
1 0 0 0 0 1
H ( x) = 4x
–3 –3 9 – 27 81 – 243
1 –3 9 – 27 81 – 242
A ( −3) = ( −3) + 1 = −242
5
Pág. 118
2 1
5. A ( x ) = 12 x 3 + x −1 ; B ( x) = x + Q ( x ) = x 4 − 3 x 3 + 9 x 2 − 27 x + 81 ; R ( x ) = −242 ;
3 3
A ( −3) = −242
5.1. a)
2 1 1
12x3 + 0x 2 + x – 1 x+ 6.5. A ( x ) = x 4 − x3 − 1 ; B ( x ) = x −
3 3 3
−12 x 3 – 4x 2 12 x − 4 x + 2
2 1 –1 0 0 –1
1 1 2 2 2
2 − − −
– 4x 2 + x – 1 3 3 9 27 81
3
2 2 2 83
4 1 − − − −
+ 4x 2 + x 3 9 27 81
3
4 3
2x – 1 1 1 1
A  =   −   −1 =
2 3  3 3
– 2x –
3 1 1 1 3 81 83
= − −1 = − − = −
5 81 27 81 81 81 81
–
3 2 2 2 83 1 83
Q ( x ) = x3 − x 2 − x − ; R ( x) = − ; A  = −
Q ( x ) = 12 x 2 − 4 x + 2 ; R ( x ) = −
5 3 9 27 81  
3 81
3
b) Pág. 119
2  2
12 0 –1 7.1. 3x 2 − 4 x + 1 ; 3x − 2 = 3  x − 
3
 3
1 4 2 3 –4 –1
− –4 −
3 3 3 2 4
2 −
5 3 3
12 –4 2 −
3 1
3 –2 −
5
Q ( x ) = 12 x 2 − 4 x + 2 ; R ( x ) = − 3
3 2
3 3Q ( x ) = 3x − 2 ⇔ Q ( x ) = x −
 1  1 2  1 3
5.2. A  −  = 12 ×  −  + ×  −  − 1 =
 3  3 3  3 2
Q ( x) = x −; R ( x) = −
1
12 2 4 2 9 15 5 3 3
= − − −1 = − − = − = −
1 1
27 9 9 9 9 9 3 7.2. x − 1 ; x + 1 = ( x + 2)
4

6.1. A ( x ) = x3 − 2 x 2 − 3 x − 5 2 2

B ( x) = x − 2
1 0 0 0 –1
1 –2 –3 –5 –2 –2 4 –8 16
2 2 0 –6 1 –2 4 –8 15
1 0 –3 – 11 1
A ( 2 ) = 23 − 2 × 22 − 3 × 2 − 5 = −11 Q ( x ) = x3 − 2 x 2 + 4 x − 8 ⇔
2
Q ( x ) = x 2 − 3 ; R ( x ) = −11 ; A ( 2 ) = −11 ⇔ Q ( x ) = 2 x 3 − 4 x 2 + 8 x − 16
Q ( x ) = 2 x 3 − 4 x 2 + 8 x − 16 ; R ( x ) = 15
 2.3. Operações com polinómios

 1  3
7.3. x 4 − 3x 2 − 2 x ; 2 x + 1 = 2  x +  b) 2x + 3 = 2 x + 
 2  2
1 0 –3 –2 0 3
 3  3  3
1 1 1 11 5 P  −  = 4 ×  −  − 13 ×  −  − 6 =
− −  2  2  2
2 2 4 8 16
27 39 27 39
1 11 5 5 = −4 × + −6=− + −6
1 − − − 8 2 2 2
2 4 8 16
12
1 11 5 =− +6=0
2Q ( x ) = x 3 − x 2 − x − ⇔ 2
2 4 8
 3
1 1 11 5 P  −  = 0 . Logo, P(x) é divisível por (2x + 3).
⇔ Q ( x ) = x3 − x 2 − x −  2
2 4 8 16
14. P ( x ) = x3 + 8x 2 − 7
1 1 11 5 5
Q ( x ) = x3 − x 2 − x − ; R ( x) =
14.1. P ( −1) = ( −1) + 8 × ( −1) − 7 = −1 + 8 − 7 = 0
3 2
2 4 8 16 16
8. −2 x 2 − 18 x + 16 = mx 2 + ( n − 3) x + 4 p ⇔
P(– 1) = 0. Logo, P(x) é divisível por x + 1.
−2 = m m = −2 14.2.
 
⇔ −18 = n − 3 ⇔ n = −15 1 8 0 –7
16 = 4 p p = 4 –1 –1 –7 7
  1 7 –7 0
Logo, m = – 2, n = – 15 e p = 4. P ( x ) = ( x + 1) ( x + 7 x − 7 )
2

x 2 − 8x + 7 = ( x − k ) − b ⇔
2
9.
15. P ( x ) = x 4 − x3 + x − 1
⇔ x 2 − 8 x + 7 = x 2 − 2kx + k 2 − b
P (1) = 14 − 13 + 1 − 1 = 0
−8 = −2k k = 4 k = 4
⇔ ⇔ ⇔ P(1) = 0. Logo, P(x) é divisível por x – 1.
7 = k − b 7 = 4 − b b = 9
2 2

Logo, k = 4 e b = 9. 1 –1 1 –1
10. x 3 − 2 = ( x + 1) ( ax 2 + bx + c ) + d 1 1 0 1
1 0 1 0
⇔ x 3 − 2 = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + ax 2 + bx + c + d
P ( x ) = ( x − 1) ( x + 1)3
⇔ x 3 − 2 = ax 3 + ( a + b ) x 2 + ( b + c ) x + ( c + d )
Logo, Q ( x ) = x 3 + 1 .
a = 1 a = 1 a = 1
a + b = 0

1 + b = 0

b = −1
 16. P ( x ) = 2 x3 − 5x 2 + x + a
⇔ ⇔ ⇔ ⇔
 b + c = +  b + c = 0 −1 + c = 0 P ( 2 ) = 2 × 23 − 5 × 2 2 + 2 + a =
c + d = −2 c + d = −2 c + d = −2 = 16 − 20 + 2 + a = −2 + a
a = 1 a = 1 P ( 2 ) = 0 ⇔ −2 + a = 0 ⇔ a = 2
b = −1 
 b = −1 17. P ( x ) = ax 3 + (1 − 3a ) x 2 + 2ax + a − 6
⇔ ⇔
c = 1 c = 1 P ( 2 ) = a × 23 + (1 − 3a ) × 2 2 + 2a × 2 + a − 6
1 + d = −2 d = −3
= 8a + 4 − 12a + 4a + a − 6
Logo, a = 1, b = – 1, c = 1 e d = – 3. =a−2
P ( 2) = 0 ⇔ a − 2 = 0 ⇔ a = 2
Pág. 120
P ( x ) = 2 x3 − 5x 2 + 4 x − 4
11. P ( x ) = x − 2 x + 3x + 5
3 2

2 –5 4 –4
P ( −3) = ( −3) − 2 × ( −3) + 3 × ( −3) + 5
3 2
2 4 –2 4
= −27 − 18 − 9 + 5 = −49 2 –1 2 0
O resto da divisão de P(x) por x + 3 é P(– 3) = – 49. P ( x ) = ( x − 2) ( 2x − x + 2)
2

12. P ( x ) = x 2 − 3x + a Logo, Q ( x ) = 2 x 2 − x + 2 .
P ( 5 ) = 52 − 3 × 5 + a = 25 − 15 + a = 10 + a
P ( 5 ) = 0 ⇔ 10 + a = 0 ⇔ a = −10 Pág. 123
Atividades complementares
18. 3 x 5 − x10 + 7 − x 2 = − x10 + 3 x 5 − x 2 + 7
Pág. 121
13. P ( x ) = 4 x 3 − 13 x − 6 18.1. O termo independente é 7.
18.2. O coeficiente do termo de grau 2 é – 1.
a) P ( 2 ) = 4 × 23 − 13 × 2 − 6 = 32 − 26 − 6 = 0
18.3. O polinómio tem grau 10.
P ( 2 ) = 0 . Logo, P(x) é divisível por x – 2. ( x − 2)
2
x −1 5
19. P ( x) = − −
3 2 3
 2.3. Operações com polinómios

x2 − 4x + 4 x 1 5 27.1. A ( x ) = − x 3 + 3x 2 + 2 ; B ( x ) = − x 2 − 2 x + 1
19.1. P ( x ) = − + −
3 2 2 3 – x3 + 3x2 + 0x + 2 – x2 – 2x + 1
x 2
4 4 x 1 5 + x3 + 2x2 – x x–5
= − x+ − + − 5x2 – x + 2
3 3 3 2 2 3
– 5x2 – 10x + 5
1 11 1
= x2 − x + – 11x + 7
3 6 6
Q ( x ) = x − 5 ; R ( x ) = −11x + 7
19.2. a) O polinómio tem grau 2.
1 27.2. A ( x ) = x3 + 1 ; B ( x ) = x + 1
b) O termo independente é .
6 x3 + 0x2 + 0x + 1 x+1
– x3 – x2 x2 – x + 1
20.1. Um polinómio completo de grau 4 tem cinco termos.
– x2 + 0x + 1
20.2. Um polinómio completo de grau n + 1 tem n + 2 termos. + x2 + x
20.3. Um polinómio completo de grau n – 2 tem n – 2 + 1 = n – 1 x + 1
termos. – x – 1
21. Um polinómio de grau n tem pelo menos um termo (o termo de 0
Q ( x ) = x2 − x + 1 ; R ( x ) = 0
grau n).
22. A ( x ) = 5 x 4 − 3x − 3 ; B ( x ) = 3 x 4 − 6 x 2 − 3 x + 3 27.3. A ( x ) = 3 x + 2 ; B ( x ) = x + 1

22.1. A ( x ) + B ( x ) = 5 x − 3 x − 3 + ( 3 x − 6 x − 3x + 3) =
4 4 2
3x + 2 x+1
– 3x – 3 3
= 8x4 − 6 x2 − 6x
22.2. A ( x ) − B ( x ) = 5 x 4 − 3 x − 3 − ( 3 x 4 − 6 x 2 − 3 x + 3) =
–1
Q ( x ) = 3 ; R ( x ) = −1
= 5 x 4 − 3x − 3 − 3x 4 + 6 x 2 + 3x − 3 =
1 3 1
= 2x4 + 6x2 − 6 27.4. A ( x ) = x + 2 x 2 − 22 x + 1 ; B ( x ) = x + 3
2 3
22.3. 2 A ( x ) − B ( x ) = 2 ( 5 x 4 − 3 x − 3) − ( 3 x 4 − 6 x 2 − 3 x + 3) =
10 10 1 3 1
x + 2x 2 – 22x + 1 x+3
3 3 2 3
= 10 x 4 − 6 x − 6 − 10 x 4 + 20 x 2 + 10 x − 10 = 1
− x3 –
9 2
x
2 2 15
x − x+
3
2 2 3 2 2
= 20 x 2 + 4 x − 16
5
23. C ( x ) × D ( x ) = ( x 2 + 9 x + 3)( x3 − 3 x + 1) = − x2 –
2
22x + 1

5 2 45
= x 5 − 3 x3 + x 2 + 9 x 4 − 27 x 2 + 9 x + 3 x 3 − 9 x + 3 = 2
x +
2
x

= x 5 + 9 x 4 − 26 x 2 + 3 1
x + 1
24.1. ( x 2 + 2 − 4 x ) ( 3 x − 2 ) = 2
1 9
– x –
= 3 x3 − 2 x 2 + 6 x − 4 − 12 x 2 + 8 x = 2 2
= 3x 3 − 14 x 2 + 14 x − 4 –
7
2
24.2. ( x − 3)( x + 2 ) − ( 2 x + 2 ) =
2

3 2 15 3 7
Q ( x) = x − x + ; R ( x) = −
= x 2 + 2 x − 3x − 6 − ( 4 x 2 + 8 x + 4 ) = 2 2 2 2
= x2 − x − 6 − 4x2 − 8x − 4 =
= −3 x 2 − 9 x − 10 Pág. 124
 2  x + 5x + 3
2
3
24.3.  4 x 2 − 3 x  x + 1  × ( 4 x − 1) = 28.1. = x +3−
  x+2 x+2
 3
x2 + 5x + 3 x+2
= ( 4 x 2 − 2 x 2 − 3 x ) × ( 4 x − 1) = – x2 – 2x x+3
= ( 2 x 2 − 3 x ) ( 4 x − 1) = 3x + 3
– 3x – 6
= 8 x 3 − 2 x 2 − 12 x 2 + 3 x = 8 x3 − 14 x 2 + 3 x –3
24.4. ( 2 x + 1)( x − 1) − ( x + 4 )( x − 4 ) = 5 x 2 + 3x − 1 35
28.2. = 5 x − 12 +
x+3 x+3
= 2 x 2 − 2 x + x − 1 − ( x 2 − 16 ) =
5x2 + 3x – 1 x+2
= x 2 − x + 15 – 5x2 – 15x x+3
25.1. A ( x ) + B ( x ) é de grau 5. – 12x – 1
+ 12x + 36
25.2. A ( x ) − B ( x ) é de grau 5. 35
25.3. A ( x ) × B ( x ) é de grau 5 + 3 = 8. x3 − x + 3 2x − 3
28.3. =x− 2
x2 + 1 x +1
25.4.  A ( x )  é de grau 5 × 2 = 10.
2

x3 – x + 3 x+1
26. (−x 2
− x + 1) × A ( x ) = x5 − 29 x + 12 – x3 – x 3
2 + grau (A(x)) = 5, logo grau (A(x)) = 3. – 2x + 3
 2.3. Operações com polinómios

29.1. A ( x ) = 3 x 2 − 5 x + 4 ; B ( x ) = x − 2 3
3x2 – x + 1 x−
3 –5 4 2
2 6 2 9 7
– 3x2 + x 3x +
3 1 6 2 2
Q ( x ) = 3x + 1 ; R ( x ) = 6 7
x + 1
29.2. A ( x ) = − x 4 − x3 + x 2 + 5 ; B ( x ) = x + 2 2
–1 –1 1 0 5 7 21
– x +
–2 2 –2 2 –4 2 4
–1 1 –1 2 1 25
Q ( x ) = − x3 + x 2 − x + 2 ; R ( x ) = 1 4
29.3. A ( x ) = x 4 − x 3 + 1 ; B ( x ) = x + 2 R( x) =
25
, nos dois casos.
1 –1 0 0 1 4
–2 –2 6 – 12 24 32.1. A ( x ) = x 2 − 3 x + 1 ; B ( x ) = x + 1
1 –3 6 – 12 25
a × A( x ) = x + b × ( B ( x ))
2

Q ( x ) = x3 − 3 x 2 + 6 x − 12 ; R ( x ) = 25
⇔ a ( x 2 − 3 x + 1) = x + b ( x + 1) ⇔
2
1
29.4. A ( x ) = 8 x3 − 2 x − 1 ; B ( x ) = x +
2 ⇔ ax 2 − 3ax + a = x + b ( x 2 + 2 x + 1) ⇔
8 0 –2 –1
1 ⇔ ax 2 − 3ax + a = bx 2 + (1 + 2b ) x + b ⇔
− –4 2 0
2 a = b
 a = b
8 –4 0 –1 ⇔ −3a = 1 + 2b ⇔  ⇔
Q ( x ) = 8 x 2 − 4 x ; R ( x ) = −1 a = b −3b = 1 + 2b

29.5. A ( x ) = x5 + 1 ; B ( x ) = x + 1  1
1 0 0 0 0 1 a = b a = − 5
⇔ ⇔
–1 –1 1 –1 1 –1 5b = −1 b = − 1
1 –1 1 –1 1 0  5
Q ( x ) = x 4 − x3 + x 2 − x + 1 ; R ( x ) = 0 32.2. A ( x ) − 1 = B ( x ) × ( ax + b ) + c
30.1. A ( x ) = 2 x 3 − 4 x + 1 ; B ( x ) = 2 x − 4 = 2 ( x − 2 ) x 2 − 3 x = ( x + 1)( ax + b ) + c ⇔
2 0 –4 1
2 4 8 8 ⇔ x 2 − 3x = ax 2 + bx + ax + b + c ⇔
2 4 4 9 ⇔ x 2 − 3x = ax 2 + ( b + a ) x + b + c ⇔
2Q ( x ) = 2 x 2 + 4 x + 4 ; Q ( x ) = x 2 + 2 x + x ; R ( x ) = 9 a = 1 a = 1 a = 1
  
 1 ⇔ b + a = −3 ⇔ b + 1 = −3 ⇔ b = −4
30.2. A ( x ) = 4 x3 − 3 ; B ( x ) = 2 x − 1 = 2  x −  b + c = 0 c = −b c = 4
 2   
4 0 0 –3 Logo, a = 1, b = – 4 e c = 4.
1 1 33. A ( x ) = 2 x3 − 4 x 2 + 3x + 1
2 1
2 2
33.1. B ( x ) = x − 2
5
4 2 1 −
2 A ( 2 ) = 2 × 23 − 4 × 2 2 + 3 × 2 + 1 =
1
2Q ( x ) = 4 x + 2 x + 1 ; Q ( x ) = 2 x + x + ; R ( x ) = −
2 2 5 = 2×8 − 4× 4 + 6 +1 = 7
2 2 R = A( 2) = 7
1 1
30.3. A ( x ) = 8 x 2 − 5 x + 3 ; B ( x ) = x + 1 = ( x + 2 ) 33.2. C ( x ) = x + 3
2 2
A ( −3) = 2 × ( −3) − 4 × ( −3) + 3 × ( −3) + 1 =
3 2
8 –5 3
–2 – 16 42
= −54 − 36 − 9 + 1 = −98
8 – 21 45
1 R = A ( −3) = −98
Q ( x ) = 8 x − 21 ; Q ( x ) = 16 x − 42 ; R ( x ) = 45
2 33.3. D ( x ) = x = x − 0 ; D ( 0 ) = 1 ; R = D ( 0 ) = 1
3x2 – x + 1 2x – 3
31.  1
9 3 7 33.4. E ( x ) = 2 x − 1 = 2  x − 
– 3x2 + x x+  2
2 2 4 3 2
1 1 1 1
7
x + 1 A  = 2 ×   − 4 ×   + 3× + 1 =
2 2 2 2 2
7 21 2 3 7
– x + = −1 + +1 =
2 4 8 2 4
25 1 7
R = A  =
4 2 4
 2.3. Operações com polinómios

34. Seja P ( x ) = a0 x n + a1 x n −1 + ... + an −1 x + an um polinómio Como ∀n ∈ ℕ, Pn ( −3) = 0 e Pn ( −4 ) = 0 , então Pn ( x ) é

qualquer e B ( x ) = x = x − 0 . divisível por x + 3 e por x + 4. Logo, ∀n ∈ ℕ, Pn ( x ) é
O resto da divisão de P ( x ) por B ( x ) é igual a P ( 0 ) e divisível por ( x + 3)( x + 4 ) .
P ( 0 ) = a0 × 0 + a1 × a
n n −1
+ ... + an −1 × a + an = an 41. Seja Pn ( x ) = x 2 n +1 − nx − 1 + n .
Logo, o resto da divisão de P ( x ) por x é o termo Pn (1) = 12 n +1 − n − 1 + n = 1 − 1 = 0
independente an . Como ∀n ∈ ℕ, Pn (1) = 0 , podemos concluir que
35. P ( x ) = x 4 − x 2 + ax + 2 ; B ( x ) = x − 1 ∀n ∈ ℕ, Pn ( x ) é divisível por x + 1.
P (1) = 14 − 12 + a + 2 = a + 2 42. P ( x ) = x 200 − x
P (1) = 2 ⇔ a + 2 = 2 ⇔ a = 0 P (1) = 1200 − 1 = 1 − 1 = 0
36. A ( x ) = x3 − 3 x + 2 O resto da divisão de x 200 − x por x – 1 é 0.
36.1. B ( x ) = x − 1 ; A (1) = 1 − 3 + 2 = 0 Resposta: (D)
43. P ( x ) = x n − 1 ; P (1) = 1n − 1 = 0
Como A(1) = 0, A(x) é divisível por x – 1.
36.2. B ( x ) = x + 3 ∀n ∈ ℕ, P (1) = 0 . Logo, ∀n ∈ ℕ, P ( x ) é divisível por x – 1.

A ( −3) = ( −3) − 3 × ( −3) + 2 = −27 + 9 + 2 = −16

3 44. P ( x ) = xn + an

P ( −a ) = ( − a ) + a n = ( −1) × a n + a n =
n n
Como A(– 3) ≠0, A(x) não é divisível por x + 3.
37. A ( x ) = x3 − 3 x 2 + 5 x + 9 = −an + an = 0
37.1. A ( −1) = ( −1) − 3 × ( −1) + 5 × ( −1) + 9 = −1 − 3 − 5 + 9 = 0 pois, se n é ímpar, então ( −1) = −1 .
3 2 n

Como A(–1) = 0, A(x) é divisível por x + 1. Se n é ímpar, P ( −a ) = 0 . Logo, se n é ímpar P(x) é divisível
37.2. por x + a.
–3 1 5 9 45. P ( x ) = x3 − 2 x + 1
–1 –1 4 –9
45.1. P ( −2 ) = ( −2 ) − 2 × ( −2 ) + 1 = −8 + 4 + 1 = −3
3
1 –4 9 0
Q ( x ) = x − 4 x + 9 e tem grau 2.
2
Como P ( −2 ) = −3 , o resto da divisão de P(x) por x + 2 é – 3.
38. A ( x ) = x3 − 6 x 2 + 11x − 6
45.2.
38.1. A (1) = 13 − 6 × 12 + 11 × 1 − 6 = 1 0 –2 1
–2 –2 4 –4
=1− 6 + 5 = 0 1 –2 2 –3
38.2. P ( x ) = ( x + 2) × ( x2 − 2 x + 2) − 3
1 –6 11 –6
1 1 –5 6 ⇔ P ( x ) + 3 = ( x + 2) ( x2 − 2x + 2)
1 –5 6 0
Q ( x ) = x2 − 2x + 2

Q ( x ) = x2 − 5x + 6 46. Grau de A(x): n + 2

Grau de B(x): n – 1
Grau de Q ( x ) = ( n + 2 ) − ( n − 1) = n + 2 − n + 1 = 3
Pág. 125
39. x2+ 4 é um polinómio do 2.º grau. Se for o quadrado de um Grau de R(x) é menor que o de B(x).
polinómio, terá de ser de um polinómio do 1.º grau. O grau de Q(x) é 3 e o de R(x) é menor que n – 1 ou R (x) é o
x 2 + 4 = ( ax + b ) ⇔ polinómio nulo.
2

47. Como x ( x − 1) tem grau 2, R(x), resto da divisão de P(x) por

⇔ x 2 + 4 = a 2 x 2 + 2abx + b 2
x ( x − 1) , tem grau não superior a 1.
a 2 = 1 a = 1 ∨ a = −1
  R ( x ) = ax + b
⇔ 2ab = 0 ⇔ a = 0 ∨ b = 0
 2 b = 2 ∨ b = −2 Então, P ( x ) = x ( x − 1) Q ( x ) + ax + b .
b = 4 
O sistema é impossível. Logo, x2 + 4 não é o quadrado de um Sabemos que P ( 0 ) = 9 e P (1) = 7 , pelo que:
polinómio.  P ( 0 ) = 9 0 × ( 0 − 1) × Q ( 0 ) + a × 0 + b = 9
 ⇔ ⇔
Seja Pn ( x ) = ( x + 4 ) + ( x + 3) − 1
n 2n
40.  P (1) = 7 1 × (1 − 1) × Q (1) + a + b = 7
Pn ( −3) = ( −3 + 4 ) + ( −3 + 3) − 1 = 1n + 0 n − 1 = 0
n 2n
0 + b = 9 b = 9
⇔ ⇔ ⇔
Pn ( −4 ) = ( −4 + 4 ) + ( −4 + 3) − 1 = 0 + ( −1) − 1 =
n 2n n 2n
 0 + a + b = 7 a + 9 = 7
2 n
b = 9
= ( −1)  − 1 = 1n − 1 = ⇔
  a = −2
= 1−1 = 0 Logo, R(x) = −2 x + 9 .
 2.3. Operações com polinómios

48. P ( a + 3) = 2a 2 − 3a + 1 53.1. P ( x ) = 2 x 2 n − ( n + 1) x − ( n + 3)
48.1. a) a + 3 = −1 ⇔ a = −4 P ( −1) = 2 × ( −1) − ( n + 1) × ( −1) − n − 3 =
2n

P ( −1) = 2 × ( −4 ) − 3 × ( −4 ) + 1 =
2

( )
n
= 2 × ( −1)
2
+ n +1− n − 3 =
= 32 + 12 + 1 = 45
b) a + 3 = 2 ⇔ a = 2 − 3 ⇔ a = −1 = 2 × 1n − 2 = 2 − 2 = 0
Como ∀n ∈ ℕ, P ( −1) = 0 , então ∀n ∈ ℕ, P ( x ) é divisível
P ( 2 ) = 2 × ( −1) − 3 × ( −1) + 1 = 2 + 3 + 1 = 6
2

por x + 1.
48.2. a + 3 = x ⇔ a = x − 3
53.2. B ( x ) = ( x + 1) + 3x n +1 + 2
n

P ( x ) = 2 ( x − 3) − 3 ( x − 3) + 1 =
2

A( x) = x = x − 0
= 2 ( x 2 − 6 x + 9 ) − 3x + 9 + 1 =
B ( 0 ) = ( 0 + 1) + 3 × 0n +1 + 2 =
n

= 2 x 2 − 12 x + 18 − 3 x + 9 + 1 =
= 2 x 2 − 15 x + 28 =1+ 0 + 2 = 3
P ( x ) = 0 ⇔ 2 x 2 − 15 x + 28 = 0 ⇔ Como ∀n ∈ ℕ, B ( 0 ) = 3 , então o resto da divisão de B(x) por
x é 3, ∀n ∈ ℕ .
15 ± 152 − 4 × 2 × 28
⇔x= ⇔
4
Pág. 126
15 ± 1
⇔x= ⇔ Avaliação 3
4
2
⇔x= ∨x=4
7 1. A expressão 2 x −1 + 3 x = + 3x não representa um polinómio.
2 x
7 Resposta: (B)
Os zeros de P ( x ) são e 4.
P ( x ) = ( 2 x − 1) − ( 2 x − 3)( 2 x + 3) =
2
2 2.
49. P ( x ) = x 3 − px + 1 ; 2 x − 4 = 2 ( x − 2 ) = 4x2 − 4 x + 1 − ( 4x2 − 9)
9
P ( 2 ) = 0 ⇔ 23 − 2 p + 1 = 0 ⇔ 2 p = 9 ⇔ p = = 4 x + 10
2
O polinómio P(x) tem grau 1.
50. P ( x ) = ( p − 1) x 3 − 2 x 2 − 3qx + 1
Resposta: (B)
Se p = 3q + 2 , então p − 1 = 3q + 2 − 1 = 3q + 1 e 3. P ( x ) = ( x − 20 )( x − 15 )( x − n )
P ( x ) = ( 3q + 1) x 3 − 2 x 2 − 3qx + 1 .
P (10 ) = 400 ⇔ (10 − 20 )(10 − 15 )(10 − n ) = 400 ⇔
P (1) = ( 3q + 1) × 13 − 2 × 12 − 3q × 1 + 1 =
⇔ −10 × ( −5 ) × (10 − n ) = 400 ⇔
= 3q + 1 − 2 − 3q + 1 = 0 ⇔ 50 × (10 − n ) = 400 ⇔
Portanto, se p = 3q + 2 , então o polinómio P(x) é divisível
400
por x – 1. ⇔ 10 − n = ⇔
50
51. A ( x ) = ( m − 2) x3 − 2 x + m ⇔ 10 − n = 8 ⇔
 1 ⇔n=2
2x − 1 = 2  x − 
 2 P ( x ) = ( x − 20 )( x − 15 )( x − 2 )
P ( x ) = 0 ⇔ x = 20 ∨ x = 15 ∨ x = 2
3
1 1 1
A  = 0 ⇔ ( m − 2) ×   − 2 × + m = 0 ⇔
 2 2 2 V = 20 × 15 × 2 = 600
1 1 1 5
⇔ m − 2 × −1+ m = 0 ⇔ m + m = ⇔ Resposta: (A)
8 8 8 4 4. Da definição de divisão inteira, temos:
P ( x ) = Q ( x ) × ( x 2 − x − 2 ) + ( 2 x − 1)
10
⇔ m + 8m = 10 ⇔ 9m = 10 ⇔ m =
9
52. P ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c O resto da divisão de P(x) por x + 1 é P(– 1).

P ( 0) = 0 c = 0 c = 0
( 2
)
P ( −1) = Q ( −1) × ( −1) − ( −1) − 2 + ( 2 × ( −1) − 1) =
  
 P ( 3) = 0 ⇔ 9a + 3b + c = 0 ⇔ 9a = −3b ⇔ = Q ( −1) × (1 + 1 − 2 ) + ( −2 − 1) =
 9a − 3b + c = 1 −3b − 3b = 1 = Q ( −1) × 0 + ( −3) =
 P ( −3) = 1  
  =–3
c = 0 a = 0 Resposta: (A)
 
  1  1 5. • Se A(x) tem grau 2 e B(x) tem grau 3, então A ( x ) + B ( x )
⇔ 9a = −3 ×  −  ⇔ a =
  6   18 tem grau 3.
 1  1
b = − b = − 6 • Se  A ( x ) + B ( x )  tem grau 3 e C ( x ) tem grau 4, então
 6 
1 2 1  A ( x ) + B ( x )  × C ( x ) tem grau 3 + 4 = 7.
P ( x) = x − x
18 6 Resposta: (B)
 2.3. Operações com polinómios

6. P ( x ) = x1001 13. x 2 − 1 = ( x − 1)( x + 1)

A ( x ) = 2 x + 2 = 2 ( x + 1) P ( x ) = x 3 − mx 2 + nx + 1
O resto da divisão de P(x) por 2 ( x + 1) é P(– 1).  P ( −1) = 0 −1 − m − n + 1 = 0 m + n = 0
 ⇔ ⇔ ⇔
P ( −1) = ( −1)  P (1) = 0 1 − m + n + 1 = 0 m − n = 2
1001
= −1
Resposta: (A) m = − n m = −n m = 1
⇔ ⇔ ⇔
7. A ( x ) =  B ( x )  ⇔
2
− n − n = 2 −2n = 2 n = −1
P(x) é divisível por x2 – 1 se m = 1 e n = – 1.
⇔ ax 2 + bx + 1 = ( cx + 1) ⇔
2

14.
⇔ ax 2 + bx + 1 = c 2 x 2 + 2cx + 1 ⇔ 1 a 2a – 2a 8
a = c 2 α –8
⇔ –4 0
b = 2c
14.1. O polinómio-divisor é x − α .
Se b = 2c, então b 2 = ( 2c ) = 4c 2 . Como c 2 = a , b 2 = 4a .
2
α × ( −4 ) = −8 ⇔ α = 2
Resposta: (D) O polinómio-divisor é x – 2.
8. P ( a − 1) = a 3 − 3a + 5 14.2.
a −1 = 1 ⇔ a = 2 1 a 2a – 2a 8
P ( 2 − 1) = 23 − 3 × 2 + 5 2 2 2a + 4 8a + 8 –8
1 a + 2 4a + 4 6a + 8 0
P (1) = 8 − 6 + 5 = 7 60 + 8 = −4 ⇔ 60 = −12 ⇔ a = −2
Resposta: (D) 14.3. a = – 2 ; 2a = – 4 ; – 2a = 4
 2 P ( x ) = x 4 − 2 x3 − 4 x 2 + 4 x + 8
9. 3x − 2 ⇔ 3  x − 
 3
( x − 1)
2
15. = x2 − 2x + 1
3 16 0 –8
2 ax3 + bx2 + 0x – 1 x2 – 2x + 1
2 12 8 – ax3 – 2ax2 – ax ax + 2a + b
3
(2a+b)x2 – ax – 1
3 18 12 0 – (2a+b)x2 + (4a + 2b)x – 2a – b
3Q ( x ) = 3 x + 18 x + 12 ⇔ Q ( x ) = x 2 + 6 x + 4
2
(3a + 2b)x – 2a – b – 1
Q (0) = 4
Resposta: (C)
( 3a + 2b ) x − 2a − b − 1 = 0 x + 0 ⇔
10. A ( x ) = ( x + a )( x + 3a ) ; B ( x ) = x − a 3a + 2b = 0 3a + 2 ( −2a − 1) = 0
 ⇔ ⇔
A ( x ) = x 2 + 3ax + ax + 3a 2 −2a − b − 1 = 0 b = −2a − 1
= x 2 + 4ax + 3a 2 3a − 4a − 2 = 0 a = −2
⇔ ⇔
1 4a 3a 2
b = −2 a − 1 b = 3
a a 5a 2 a=–2 eb=3
1 5a 8a 2
16. P ( x ) = x 2 + bx + 1
Q ( x ) = x + 5a e R ( x ) = 8a 2 P ( 2 ) = P ( −2 ) ⇔
Resposta: (C) ⇔ 4 + 2b + 1 = 4 − 2b + 1 ⇔
⇔ 2b + 2b = 0 ⇔
Pág. 127 ⇔ 4b = 0 ⇔
11. P ( x ) = ( m − 1) x + ( m + 1) x + x + 3
2 4 3 2
⇔b=0
a
m 2 − 2 = 0 m 2 = 1 m = −1 ∨ m = 1 17. A ( x ) = x3 + x + b
 ⇔ ⇔  ⇔ m = −1 2
m + 1 = 0 m = −1 m = −1 B ( x ) = − x 4 + bx + a
12. P ( x ) = x3 − 2 x 2 + 3x − 5
 A ( −2 ) = 0 −8 − a + b = 0
3 2
 ⇔ ⇔
1 1 1 1 ( − ) = −16 − 2b + a = 0
P  =   − 2×   + 3× − 5 =  B 2 0
2 2 2 2
a = b − 8
1 1 3 ⇔ ⇔
= − + −5= −2b + b − 8 = 16
8 2 2
1 a = b − 8
= +1− 5 ⇔ ⇔
8 −b = 24
1 31 a = −32
= −4=− ⇔
8 8
b = −24
31
O resto da divisão de P(x) por B(x) é − . a = – 32 e b = – 24
8
 2.3. Operações com polinómios

18. O resto da divisão inteira de P(x) por x2 – 1 tem grau não 21. P ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c
superior a 1. P (0) = 1 ⇔ c = 1
R ( x ) = ax + b
P ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + 1
P ( x ) = Q ( x ) × ( x − 1) + ( ax + b )
2
P (1) + P ( 2 ) = ( a + b + 1) + ( 4a + 2b + 1) =

 ( ) (
 P (1) = 3 Q 1 × 12 − 1) + ( a + b ) = 3 = 5a + 3b + 2
 ⇔ ⇔
( )
 P ( −1) = 1 Q ( −1) × ( −1) − 1 + ( − a + b ) = 1

2 P ( 2 ) − 4 P (1) = ( 4a + 2b + 1) − 4 ( a + b + 1) =
= 4a + 2b + 1 − 4a − 4b − 4
0 × Q (1) + a + b = 3 0 + a + b = 3
⇔ ⇔ ⇔ = −2b − 3
0 × Q ( −1) − a + b = 1 0 + b = 1 + a
 P (1) + P ( 2 ) = 11
 ⇔
a + 1 + a = 3  2 a = 2 a = 1  P ( 2 ) − 4 P (1) = 1
⇔ ⇔ ⇔
b = 1 + a b = 1 + a b = 2 5a + 3b + 2 = 11 5a − 6 + 2 = 11
R ( x) = x + 2 ⇔ ⇔ ⇔
−2b − 3 = 1 b = −2
19. P ( x ) = ( x − 2 )( x − 3)( ax + b ) 5a = 15 a = 3
⇔ ⇔
O termo x 3 é ax 3 . Logo, a = 2  b = −2 b = −2
P ( x ) = ( x − 2 )( x − 3)( 2 x + b ) P ( x ) = 3x − 2 x + 1
2

P (1) = −2 ⇔ (1 − 2 )(1 − 3)( 2 + b ) = −2 ⇔ P ( 3) = 3 × 9 − 2 × 3 + 1 = 27 − 6 + 1 = 22

⇔ −1 × ( −2 ) × ( 2 + b ) = −2 ⇔ 22. P ( x ) = ( a + 4 ) x3 + 3ax 2 + ( a + 2 ) x − 4a
⇔ 2 + b = −1 ⇔ P ( −1) = 0 ⇔
⇔ b = −3
⇔ ( a + 4 ) × ( −1) + 3a × 1 + ( a + 2 ) × ( −1) − 4a = 0 ⇔
P ( x ) = ( x − 2 )( x − 3)( 2 x − 3)
⇔ −a − 4 + 3a − a − 2 − 4a = 0 ⇔
O termo independente é P(0). ⇔ −3a = 6 ⇔
P ( 0 ) = −2 × ( −3) × ( −3) = −18
⇔ a = −2
20. A ( x ) = B ( x) + x2 + 1 Assim:
A (1) = 0 ; B ( 2 ) = 0 a + 4 = −2 + 4 = 2
• A (1) = B (1) + 12 + 1 ⇔ A (1) = 0
3a = 3 × ( −2 ) = −6

⇔ 0 = B (1) + 2 ⇔ a + 2 = −2 + 2 = 0
−4a = −4 × ( −2 ) = 8
⇔ B (1) = −2
Logo, P ( x ) = 2 x 3 − 6 x 2 + 8 .
• A ( 2 ) = B ( 2 ) + 22 + 1 ⇔ B ( 2) = 0
2 –6 0 8
⇔ A( 2) = 0 + 5 ⇔ –1 –2 8 –8
⇔ A ( 2) = 5 2 –8 8 0
Q ( x ) = 2x2 − 8x + 8
A ( 2 ) − B (1) = 5 + 2 = 7
 2.4. Fatorização de polinómios. Resolução de equações e inequações de grau superior ao segundo

2.4. Fatorização de polinómios. Resolução de equações e 1 

2
1  1 
inequações de grau superior ao segundo 3.11. K ( x ) =  − x  − 25 =  − x − 5  − x + 5  =
2  2  2 
 9  11   9  11 
=  − x −  − x +  =  x +  x − 
Pág. 128  2  2  2  2
Atividade inicial 4 2
1 
3.12. L ( x ) =  − x  − (1 − x ) =
2
1.1. P ( x ) = 2 x + 3x + 4 x − 7
3 2
2 
B ( x) = x + 2  1    1  
=  − x  − (1 − x )   − x  + (1 − x )  =
R = P ( −2 ) = 2 × ( −2 ) + 3 × ( −2 ) + 4 × ( −2 ) − 7  2    2 
3 2

= −16 + 12 − 8 − 7 = −19 13  3
= −  − 2x  = x −
1.2. P ( x ) = 3 x 4 − 21x 2 − 3x − 5 22  4
4.1. D6 = {−6 , − 3 , − 2 , − 1 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 6}
B ( x) = x − 3
4.2. D27 = {−27 , − 9 , − 3 , − 1 , 1 , 3 , 9 , 27}
R = P ( 3) = 3 × 34 × 21 × 32 − 3 × 3 − 5 =
4.3. D8 = {−8 , − 4 , − 2 , − 1 , 1 , 2 , 4 , 8}
= 243 − 189 − 9 − 5 = 40
1.3. P ( x ) = −2 x 3 + 11x 2 + 7 x − 6
Pág. 131
B ( x) = x + 6
1.1. 2x2 − x − 1 = 0 ⇔
R = P ( −6 ) = −2 × ( −6 ) + 11 × ( −6 ) + 7 × ( −6 ) − 6 =
3 2
1± 1+ 8 1± 3
⇔x= ⇔x= ⇔
= 432 + 396 − 42 − 6 = 780 4 4
2.1. A ( x ) = x2 + 4 1
⇔ x = − ∨ x =1
A(x) não tem zeros porque a equação x 2 + 4 = 0 é impossível 2
 1
em ℝ . 2 x 2 − x − 1 = 2  x +  ( x − 1)
2.2. B ( x ) = ( x − 3)
5  2
7 ± 49 − 24
( x − 3) 3x 2 − 7 x + 2 = 0 ⇔ x = ⇔
5
=0⇔ x=3 1.2.
6
B(x) tem um zero. 7±5 1
⇔x= ⇔ x= ∨x=2
2.3. C ( x ) = x2 + 2x + 1 6 3
x 2 + 2 x + 1 = 0 ⇔ ( x + 1) = 0 ⇔ x = −1
2
 1
3x − 7 x + 2 = 3  x −  ( x − 2 )
2

 3
C(x) tem um zero.
1.3. 5 x 2 + 10 x + 5 = 0 ⇔
2.4. D ( x ) = ( x 2 + 3) ( x − 1)
−10 ± 100 − 100
⇔x= ⇔
(x 2
+ 3) ( x − 1) = 0 ⇔ x 2 + 3 = 0 ∨ x − 1 = 0 ⇔ x = 1 10
D(x) tem um zero. ⇔ x = −1 (– 1 é uma raiz dupla)
A ( x ) = x 2 − x = x ( x − 1) 5 x 2 + 10 x + 5 = 5 ( x + 1)
2
3.1.
1 1  1  2 ± 4 − 168
3.2. B ( x) = − x 2 =  − x  + x  1.4. 7 x2 − 2x + 6 = 0 ⇔ x =
4 2  2  2
3.3. C ( x ) = 7 x 2 − 14 x = 7 x ( x − 2 ) O polinómio não é fatorizável porque não tem raízes reais.
3.4. D ( x ) = 1 − ( x − 3) = 1 − ( x − 3)  1 + ( x − 3)  =
2 4 ± 16 + 16
1.5. x 2 − 4 x − 4 = 0 ⇔ x = ⇔
2
= ( 4 − x )( x − 2 )
4 ± 16 × 2 4 ± 16 × 2
3.5. E ( x ) = 12 x 3 − 3 x 2 = 3 x 2 ( 4 x − 1) ⇔x= ⇔x= ⇔
2 2
F ( x ) = ( x − 1) − 2 ( x − 1) =
2
3.6. 4±4 2
⇔x= ⇔ x =2±2 2
= ( x − 1) ( x − 1) − 2  = ( x − 1)( x − 3) 2

3.7. G ( x ) = 16 − 4 x 2 = 4 2 − ( 2 x ) = ( 4 − 2 x )( 4 + 2 x )
2 (
x2 − 4x − 4 = x − 2 + 2 2 x − 2 − 2 2 )( )
2 ± 2 + 16
H ( x ) = ( 2 x − 3) − ( 2 x − 3) = ( 2 x − 3) (1 − ( 2 x − 3) ) =
2 3 2
3.8. 1.6. x2 − 2 x − 4 = 0 ⇔ x = ⇔
2
= ( 2 x − 3) ( 4 − 2 x )
2
2 ± 9× 2 2 ±3 2
2
⇔x= ⇔x= ⇔
1 1  1  1  2 2
3.9. I ( x ) = x 2 − 1 =  x  − 12 =  x − 1 x + 1
4 2  2  2  2 +3 2 2 −3 2
⇔x= ∨x= ⇔
3.10. J ( x ) = (1 − 3 x ) − ( 2 − 5 x ) = 2 2
2 2

⇔ x=2 2∨x=− 2
= (1 − 3 x ) − ( 2 − 5 x )  (1 − 3 x ) + ( 2 − 5 x )  =
= ( 2 x − 1)( 3 − 8 x )
(
x − 2x − 4 = x − 2 2 x + 2
2
)( )
 2.4. Fatorização de polinómios. Resolução de equações e inequações de grau superior ao segundo

9 − 4 2 = ( a − b ) = a 2 − 2ab + b 2 1 –1 –1 1
2
2.1.
1 1 0 –1
1 0 –1 0
−2ab = −4 2 ⇔ ab = 2 2
C ( x ) = x ( x − 1) ( x − 1) =2

Se a = 2 e b = 2 , a 2 + b 2 = 4 + 2 = 6 ≠ 9 .
= x ( x − 1)( x − 1)( x + 1) =
Se a = 2 2 e b = 1, a 2 + b 2 = 8 + 1 = 9 .
= x ( x − 1) ( x + 1)
2

( )
2
9 − 4 2 = 2 2 −1
4.4. D ( x ) = x 4 + 3 x 3 + 11x 2 + 27 x + 18

(2 )
1 3 11 27 18
(2 )
2
9−4 2 = 2 −1 = 2 2 −1 2 −1 > 0 –1 –1 –2 –9 – 18
1 2 9 18 0
2.2. x2 + 2 2x + x + 2 2 = 0 ⇔ –2 –2 0 – 18
(
⇔ x2 + 2 2 + 1 x + 2 2 = 0 ⇔) 1 0 9 0
D ( x ) = ( x + 1)( x + 2 ) ( x 2 + 9 )
(2 )
2
−2 2 − 1 ± 2 +1 − 8 2 x2 + 9 não pode ser fatorizado porque não tem raízes reais.
⇔x= ⇔
2
−2 2 − 1 ± 8 + 4 2 + 1 − 8 2 Pág. 133
⇔x= ⇔ 5.1. P ( x) = 2x + 9x + 7x − 6
3 2
2
−2 2 − 1 ± 9 − 4 2 Divisores inteiros de – 6: –1, 1 , –2, 2, –3, 3, –6, 6.
⇔x= ⇔ P ( −1) = −6 ; P (1) = 12 ; P ( −2 ) = 0
2

⇔x=
−2 2 − 1 ± 2 2 − 1 ( )⇔ – 2 é uma raiz de P(x)
2 9 7 –6
2 –2 –4 – 10 6
− 2 2 −1+ 2 2 −1 −2 2 − 1 − 2 2 + 1 2 5 –3 0
⇔x= ∨x= ⇔
2 2 −5 ± 25 + 24
2x + 5x − 3 = 0 ⇔ x =
2
⇔
−4 2 4
⇔ x = −1 ∨ x = ⇔ −5 ± 7 1
2 ⇔x= ⇔ x = −3 ∨ x =
4 2
⇔ x = −1 ∨ x = −2 2
 1
x + 2 2 x + x + 2 2 = ( x + 1) x + 2 2
2
( ) P ( x ) = 2 ( x + 2 )( x + 3)  x − 
 2
3. Por exemplo, P ( x ) = ( x − 2 )( x + 3) e P ( x ) = 2 ( x − 2 )( x + 3) 5.2. P ( x ) = 2 x 3 + x 2 − 11x − 10
Divisores inteiros de –10: –1, 1, –2, 2, –5, 5, –10, 10
Pág. 132 P ( −1) = 0
4.1. A ( x ) = 3 x3 + 7 x 2 − 22 x − 8
– 1 é uma raiz de P(x)
3 7 – 22 –8 2 1 – 11 – 10
1 –1 –2 1 10
− –1 –2 8 2 –1 – 10 0
3
3 6 – 24 0 1 ± 1 + 80
2 x 2 − x − 10 = 0 ⇔ x = ⇔
3 x 2 + 6 x − 24 = 0 ⇔ 4
−6 ± 36 + 288 −6 ± 324 1± 9 5
⇔x= ⇔x= ⇔ ⇔x= ⇔ x = −2 ∨ x =
6 6 4 2
−6 ± 18  5
⇔x= ⇔ x = x = −4 ∨ x = 2 P ( x ) = 2 ( x + 1)( x + 2 )  x − 
6  2
 1 5.3. P ( x ) = 4 x 3 − 20 x 2 − x + 5
A ( x ) = 3( x − 2)  x +  ( x + 4)
 3 Divisores inteiros de 5: 1, –1, 5, –5
4.2. B ( x ) = 2 x3 − x 2 − 3x P (1) = −12 ; P ( −1) = −18 ; P ( 5 ) = 0
= x ( 2 x 2 − x − 3) 5 é uma raiz de P(x)
4 – 20 –1 5
1 ± 1 + 24 5 20 0 –5
2x2 − x − 3 = 0 ⇔ x = ⇔
4 4 0 –1 0
1± 5 3 1 1 1
⇔x= ⇔ x = −1 ∨ x = 4x2 − 1 = 0 ⇔ x2 = ⇔ x = − ∨ x =
4 2 4 2 2
 3  1  1
B ( x ) = 2 x ( x + 1)  x −  P ( x ) = 4 ( x − 5 )  x +  x − 
 2  2  2
4.3. C ( x ) = x 4 − x3 − x 2 + x = 5.4. P ( x ) = 9 x3 − 9 x 2 − x + 1
= x ( x3 − x 2 − x + 1) Divisores inteiros de 1: –1, 1
 2.4. Fatorização de polinómios. Resolução de equações e inequações de grau superior ao segundo

P ( −1) = −16 ; P (1) = 0 A ( −1) = −10 ; A (1) = −6 ; A ( −2 ) = −66 ; A ( 2 ) = −22

1 é raiz de P(x) A ( −4 ) = −376 ; A ( 4 ) = 0
9 –9 –1 1 3 – 12 –1 4
1 9 0 –1 4 12 0 –4
9 0 –1 0 3 0 –1 0
1 1 1 3 x − 12 x − x + 4 = 0 ⇔
3 2
9x − 1 = 0 ⇔ x = ⇔ x = − ∨ x =
2 2

⇔ ( x − 4 ) ( 3 x 2 − 1) = 0 ⇔
9 3 3
 1  1
P ( x ) = 9 ( x − 1)  x +  x −  ⇔ x − 4 = 0 ∨ 3x 2 − 1 = 0 ⇔
 3  3
1
P ( x ) = ( x + 1) − 4 x − 4 ⇔ x = 4 ∨ x2 = ⇔
3
5.5.
3
= ( x + 1) − 4 ( x + 1)
3
1 1
⇔ x = 4∨ x = − ∨x= ⇔
3 3
= ( x + 1) ( x + 1) − 4 
2
  1 1
⇔ x = 4∨ x = − ∨x= ⇔
= ( x + 1)( x + 1 − 2 )( x + 1 + 2 ) 3 3
= ( x + 1)( x − 1)( x + 3) 3 3
⇔ x = 4∨ x = − ∨x=
P ( x ) = ( x3 − 1) − ( 3x + 1) =
2 2 3 3
5.6.
 3 3 
= ( x 3 − 1) − ( 3 x + 1)  ( x3 − 1) + ( 3 x + 1)  S = − , , 4
 3 3 
= ( x3 − 1 − 3 x − 1)( x3 − 1 + 3x + 1) 6.3. 4x + 4x + x = 0 ⇔
4 3 2

= ( x − 3 x − 2 )( x + 3 x )
3 3 ⇔ x 2 ( 4 x 2 + 4 x + 1) = 0 ⇔

= ( x + 1) ( x + 2 ) x ( x 2 + 3)
2 ⇔ x2 = 0 ∨ 4x2 + 4x + 1 = 0 ⇔
−4 ± 16 − 16
= x ( x − 2 )( x + 1) ( x 2 + 3) ⇔ x =0∨ x = ⇔
2
8
Cálculos auxiliares: 1
⇔ x =0∨ x = −
Seja A ( x ) = x 3 − 3x − 2 . 2
 1 
Divisores de – 2: –1, 1, –2, 2 S = − , 0 
A(–1) = 0  2 
–1 é zero de A(x) 6.4. 4 x 4 − 3x 2 = x ⇔ 4 x 4 − 3x 2 − x = 0 ⇔

–1
1 0
–1
–3
1
–2
2
⇔ x ( 4 x 3 − 3 x − 1) = 0
1 –1 –2 0
Fatorização de A ( x ) = 4 x3 − 3 x − 1
1± 1+ 8
x − x−2=0⇔ x=
2
⇔
2 Divisores de 1: –1, 1
⇔ x = −1 ∨ x = 2 A ( −1) = −2 ; A (1) = 0
A ( x ) = ( x + 1)( x + 1)( x − 2 ) = 4 0 –3 –1
= ( x + 1) ( x + 2 )
2 1 4 4 1
4 4 1 0
x ( 4 x 3 − 3 x − 1) = 0 ⇔
Pág. 134
6.1. A( x) = 2x + x + 3 3 ⇔ x ( x − 1) ( 4 x 2 + 4 x + 1) = 0 ⇔

⇔ x = 0 ∨ x − 1 = 0 ∨ ( 2 x + 1) = 0 ⇔
2
Divisores de 3: –1, 1, –3, 3
A ( −1) = 0 ⇔ x = 0 ∨ x = 1 ∨ 2x + 1 = 0 ⇔
–1 é raiz de A(x) 1
⇔ x = 0 ∨ x = 1∨ x = −
2 0 1 3 2
–1 –2 2 –3
 1 
2 –2 3 0 S = − , 0 , 1
 2 
2 x + x + 3 = 0 ⇔ ( x + 1) ( 2 x 2 − 2 x + 3) = 0 ⇔
3

7. P ( x ) = 12 x 3 − 8 x 2 − x + 1
⇔ x + 1 = 0 ∨ 2x2 − 2x + 3 = 0 ⇔
7.1. Divisores de 1: –1 e 1
2 ± 4 − 24
⇔ x = −1 ∨ x = ⇔ P ( −1) = −18 e P (1) = 4
4
⇔ x = −1 ∨ x ∈ ∅ ⇔ Os divisores inteiros do termo independente não são raízes de
⇔ x = −1 P (x). Logo, P(x) não tem raízes inteiras.
S = {−1} 7.2.
12 –8 –1 1
6.2. A ( x ) = 3 x 3 − 12 x 2 − x + 4 1
− –4 4 –1
Divisores de – 4: –1, 1, –2, 2, –4, 4 3
12 – 12 3 0
 2.4. Fatorização de polinómios. Resolução de equações e inequações de grau superior ao segundo

12 x 3 − 8 x 2 − x + 1 = 0 ⇔ x 6 + 7 x3 − 8 = 0 ⇔ ( x 3 ) + 7 x 3 − 8 = 0
2
10.
 1
⇔  x +  (12 x 2 − 12 x + 3) = 0 ⇔ Considerando y = x 3 :
 3
−7 ± 49 + 32
⇔ x + = 0 ∨ 3 ( 4 x 2 − 4 x + 1) = 0 ⇔
1 y2 + 7 y − 8 = 0 ⇔ y = ⇔
3 2
−7 ± 9
1
⇔ x = − ∨ ( 2 x − 1) = 0 ⇔
2 ⇔ y= ⇔
3 2
1 ⇔ y = 1 ∨ y = −8 ⇔ y = x3
⇔ x = − ∨ 2x −1 = 0 ⇔ Para x 3 = 1 ∨ x 3 = −8 ⇔
3
1 1 ⇔ x = 3 1 ∨ x = 3 −8 ⇔
⇔x=− ∨x=
3 2 ⇔ x = 1 ∨ x = −2
 1 1 S = {−2 , 1}
S = − , 
 3 2 11.1. P ( x ) = x 4 − 3x 2 − 4
8. P ( x ) = 16 x − 8 x + 1
4 2
Considerando y = x 2 :
x 4 − 3x 2 − 4 = 0 ⇔ y 2 − 3 y − 4 = 0 ⇔
16 0 –8 0 1
3 ± 9 + 16 3±5
1 ⇔ y= ⇔y= ⇔
8 4 –2 –1 2 2
2
16 8 –4 –2 0 ⇔ y = −1 ∨ y = 4
1 y 2 − 3 y − 4 = ( y + 1)( y − 4 )
8 8 2
2 Como y = x 2 , vem:
x 4 = 3 x 2 − 4 = ( x 2 + 1)( x 2 − 4 ) =
16 16 4 0
16 x 2 + 16 x + 4 = 0 ⇔ 4 x 2 + 4 x + 1 = 0 ⇔
= ( x 2 + 1) ( x − 2 )( x + 2 ) =
−4 ± 16 − 16 1
⇔x= ⇔ x=−
8 2 = ( x − 2 )( x + 2 ) ( x 2 + 1)
 1 1 11.2. P ( x ) = x 4 − 6 x 2 + 8
S = − , 
 2 2
Se y = x 2 :
x4 − 6x2 + 8 = 0 ⇔
Pág. 135
⇔ y2 − 6 y + 8 = 0 ⇔
9.1. 4 x 4 − 25 x 2 + 6 = 0
Considerando x 2 = y : 6 ± 36 − 32
⇔ y= ⇔
2
4 y 2 − 25 y + 6 = 0 ⇔
6±2
25 ± 252 − 96 25 ± 529 ⇔y= ⇔ y = 2∨ y = 4
⇔ y2 = ⇔y= ⇔ 2
8 8 y 2 − 6 y + 8 = ( y − 2 )( y − 4 )
25 ± 23
⇔y= ⇔ Como y = x 2 :
8
1 x 4 − 6 x 2 + 8 = ( x 2 − 2 )( x 2 − 4 ) =
⇔ y = 6∨ y = y = x2
4
1
( )( )
= x − 2 x + 2 ( x − 2 )( x + 2 )
⇔ x 2 = 6 ∨ x2 =
4
1 1 Pág. 136
⇔x=− 6∨x= 6∨x=− ∨x=
2 2 12. ( x − 3)( x + 1) ≤ 0
 1 1  x −3= 0 ⇔ x =3; x + 2 = 0 ⇔ x = 2
S = − 6 , − , , 6
 2 2  x −∞ –2 3 +∞
9.2. 3x 4 − 2 x 2 − 8 = 0 x–3 – – – 0 +
Considerando x 2 = y : (x + 2) – 0 + + +
3 y2 − 2 y − 8 = 0 ⇔ (x – 3) (x + 2) + 0 – 0 +

⇔y=
2 ± 4 + 96
⇔ y=
2 ± 10
⇔
( x − 3 )( x + 2 ) ≤ 0 ⇔ x ∈ [ , 3]
−2
6 6 S = [ −2 , 3]
4
⇔ y = 2∨ y = − ⇔ y = x2 13.1. − x ( x + 3) ≤ 0 ⇔
3
4 ⇔ ( − x ≤ 0 ∧ x + 3 ≥ 0) ∨ ( − x ≥ 0 ∧ x + 3 ≤ 0) ⇔
⇔ x2 = 2 ∨ x2 = − ⇔
3 ⇔ ( x ≥ 0 ∧ x ≥ −3) ∨ ( x ≤ 0 ∧ x ≤ −3) ⇔
⇔x=− 2∨x= 2 ⇔ x ≥ 0 ∨ x ≤ −3 ⇔ x ∈ ]−∞ , − 3] ∪ [ 0 , + ∞[
{
S= − 2 , 2 } S = ]− ∞ , − 3] ∪ [ 0 , + ∞[
 2.4. Fatorização de polinómios. Resolução de equações e inequações de grau superior ao segundo

x −∞ –3 0 +∞ 15.2. x 3 − x < 0 ⇔
–x + + + 0 – ⇔ x ( x 2 − 1) < 0 ⇔
x+3 – 0 + + + ⇔ x ( x − 1)( x + 1) < 0 ⇔
– x (x + 3) – 0 + 0 –
⇔ x ∈ ]−∞ , − 1[ ∪ ]0 , 1[
− x ( x + 3) ≤ 0 ⇔ x ∈ ]−∞ , − 3] ∪ [ 0 , + ∞[
x −∞ –1 0 1 +∞
S = ]− ∞ , − 3] ∪ [ 0 , + ∞[
x – – – 0 + + +
13.2. (1 − x )( x − 2 ) > 0 ⇔
x+1 – 0 + + + + +
⇔ (1 − x > 0 ∧ x − 2 > 0 ) ∨ (1 − x < 0 ∧ x − 2 < 0 ) ⇔ x–1 – – – – – 0 +
⇔ ( x < 1 ∧ x > 2) ∨ ( x > 1 ∧ x < 2) ⇔ x (x – 1) (x + 1) – 0 + 0 – 0 +

⇔ x ∈ ∅ ∨ x ∈ ]1 , 2[ ⇔ x ∈ ]1 , 2[ S = ]− ∞ , − 1[ ∪ ]0 , 1[
S = ]1 , 2[ 15.3. P ( x ) = x 3 − x 2 − 4 x + 4 < 0
x 1 2 Divisores de 4: –1, 1, –2, 2, –4 e 4
1–x + 0 – – – P ( −1) = 6 ; P (1) = 0
x–2 – – – 0 + 1 é raiz de P(x)
(1 – x) (x – 2) – 0 + 0 – 1 –1 –4 4
(1 − x )( x − 2 ) > 0 ⇔ x ∈ ]1 , 2[ 1 1 0 –4
1 0 –4 0
x − x + 4 x + 4 < 0 ⇔ ( x − 1) ( x 2 − 4 ) < 0 ⇔
3 2

Pág. 137
⇔ ( x − 1)( x − 2 )( x + 2 ) < 0 ⇔
14.1. − x 2 − 1 ≤ 0 ⇔ x 2 + 1 ≥ 0
⇔ x∈ℝ (Condição universal) ⇔ x ∈ ]−∞ , − 2[ ∪ ]1 , 2[
S =ℝ x −∞ –2 1 2 +∞
14.2. − ( x − 1) ≥ 0 ⇔ ( x − 1) ≤ 0 ⇔ x = 1
2 2
x–1 – – – 0 + + +

S = {1} x–2 – – – – – 0 +

14.3. x 2 − 5 x + 6 ≥ 0 x+2 – 0 + + + + +
(x – 1) (x – 1) (x + 1) – 0 + 0 – 0 +
5 ± 25 − 24
x2 − 5x + 6 = 0 ⇔ x = ⇔ x = 2∨ x =3
2 S = ]− ∞ , − 2[ ∪ ]1 , 2[
x 2 − 5 x + 6 ≥ 0 ⇔ ( x − 2 )( x − 3) ≥ 0 15.4. x 3 − 3 x 2 > 6 − 2 x ⇔ x 3 − 3 x 2 + 2 x − 6 > 0
x −∞ 2 3 +∞ Seja P ( x ) = x 3 − 3x 2 + 2 x − 6
(x – 2) – 0 + + + Divisores de – 6: –1, 1, –2, 2, –3, 3, –6 e 6
(x – 3) – – – 0 + P ( −1) = −12 ; P (1) = −6 ; P ( −2 ) = −30
(x – 2) (x – 3) + 0 – 0 + P ( 2 ) = −6 ; P ( −3) = −66 ; P ( 3) = 0
( x − 2 )( x − 3) ≥ 0 ⇔ x ∈ ]−∞ , 2] ∪ [3 , +∞[ 3 é uma raiz de P(x).
S = ]− ∞ , 2] ∪ [3 , + ∞[ 1 –3 2 –6
3 3 0 6
14.4. ( x − 1) < ( x − 1)( x + 1) ⇔
2
1 0 2 0
x − 3 x + 2 x − 6 > 0 ⇔ ( x − 3) ( x 2 + 2 ) > 0
3 2
⇔ ( x − 1) − ( x − 1)( x + 1) < 0 ⇔
2

Como x 2 + 2 > 0, ∀x ∈ ℝ , então:

⇔ ( x − 1) ( x − 1) − ( x + 1)  < 0 ⇔
( x − 3) ( x 2 + 2 ) > 0 ⇔ x−3> 0⇔ x >3
⇔ ( x − 1)( −2 ) < 0 ⇔
S = ]3 , + ∞[
⇔ x −1 > 0 ⇔ x > 1
S = ]1 , + ∞[ 15.5. x 4 ≥ x 2 ⇔ x 4 − x 2 ≥ 0 ⇔
⇔ x 2 ( x 2 − 1) ≥ 0 ⇔
15.1. 2 x 3 − 3 x 2 ≥ 0 ⇔
3  ⇔ x 2 ( x − 1)( x + 1) ≥ 0 ⇔
⇔ x 2 ( 2 x − 3) ≥ 0 ⇔ x ∈ {0} ∪  , + ∞ 
2  ⇔ x ∈ ]−∞ , − 1] ∪ {0} ∪ [1 , + ∞[
3
x −∞ 0 +∞ x −∞ –1 0 1 +∞
2 2
x + + + 0 + + +
x2 + 0 + + +
x–1 – – – – – 0 +
2x – 3 – – – 0 +
x+1 – 0 + + + + +
x2 (2x – 3) – 0 – 0 + 2
x (x – 1) (x + 1) + 0 – 0 – 0 +
3 
S = {0} ∪  , + ∞  S = ]− ∞ , − 1[ ∪ {0} ∪ ]1 , + ∞[
2 
 2.4. Fatorização de polinómios. Resolução de equações e inequações de grau superior ao segundo

15.6. x 3 + 9 x > 6 x 2 ⇔ 17.1. P ( x ) = x 3 − 8 ; P ( 2 ) = 0

⇔ x3 − 6 x 2 + 9 x > 0 ⇔ 1 0 0 –8
⇔ x ( x − 6x + 9) > 0 ⇔
2 2 2 4 8
1 2 4 0
⇔ x ( x − 3) > 0 ⇔
2
x + 2x + 4 = 0 ⇔
2

⇔ x ∈ ]0 , 3[ ∪ ]3 , + ∞[ ⇔x=
−2 ± 4 − 16
⇔
2
x −∞ 0 3 +∞
⇔ x∈∅
x – 0 + + +
P ( x ) = ( x − 2) ( x2 + 2x + 4)
(x – 3)2 + + + 0 +
x (x – 3)2 – 0 + 0 + 17.2. P ( x ) = x 3 + 5 x 2 − x − 5 ; P ( −5 ) = 0
1 5 –1 –5
S = ]0 , 3[ ∪ ]3 , + ∞[ –5 –5 0 5
1 0 –1 0
Pág. 139 P ( x ) = ( x + 5 ) ( x 2 − 1) = ( x + 5 )( x − 1)( x + 1)
Atividades complementares 17.3. P ( x ) = x 3 + 19 x 2 − 42 x =
16.1. A ( x ) = 0 ⇔ 3 x 2 + 7 x + 2 = 0 ⇔
= x ( x 2 + 19 x − 42 ) =
−7 ± 49 − 24 −7 ± 5
⇔x= ⇔x= ⇔ −19 ± 192 + 168
6 6 x 2 + 19 x − 42 = 0 ⇔ x = ⇔
2
1
⇔ x = −2 ∨ x = − −19 ± 23
3 ⇔x= ⇔ x = −21 ∨ x = 2
2
 1
A ( x ) = 3 x +  ( x + 2) P ( x ) = x ( x − 2 )( x + 21)
 3
16.2. B ( x ) = 0 ⇔ 2 x 2 + 9 x + 4 = 0 ⇔ 17.4. P ( x ) = x 4 + x 3 − 3 x 2 − x + 2
1 1 –3 –1 2
−9 ± 81 − 32 −9 ± 7 1 1 2 –1 –2
⇔x= ⇔x= ⇔
4 4 1 2 –1 –2 0
1 1 1 3 2
⇔ x = −4 ∨ x = − 1 3 2 0
2
x 2 + 3x + 2 = 0 ⇔
 1
B ( x ) = 2 ( x + 4)  x +  −3 ± 9 − 8
 2 ⇔x= ⇔ x = −2 ∨ x = −1
2
16.3. C ( x ) = 0 ⇔ 6 x 2 + 19 x + 10 = 0 ⇔
P ( x ) = ( x − 1) ( x + 1)( x + 2 )
2

−19 ± 19 − 240 −19 ± 11

2
⇔x= ⇔x= ⇔ 18. Por exemplo:
12 12
18.1. P ( x ) = ( x − 1)
3
5 2
⇔x=− ∨x=−
18.2. P ( x ) = x 2 ( x − 1)
2
2 3
 5  2
C ( x ) = 6  x +  x +  19.1. P ( x ) = x 3 − 2 x 2 − 5 x + 6
 2  3
16.4. D ( x ) = 0 ⇔ 12 x 2 + 19 x + 4 = 0 ⇔ Divisores de 6: –1, 1, –2, 2, –3, 3, –6 e 6
P ( −1) = 8 ; P (1) = 0 ; P ( −2 ) = 0
−19 ± 192 − 192 −19 ± 13
⇔x= ⇔x= ⇔ P ( 2 ) = −4 ; P ( −3) = −24 ; P ( 3) = 0
24 24
4 1 P(x) é do 3.º grau e tem as raízes 1, –2 e 3.
⇔x=− ∨x=− Logo, P ( x ) = ( x − 1)( x + 2 )( x − 3) .
3 4
 4  1 19.2. P ( x ) = x 3 + 3 x 2 − 6 x − 8
D ( x ) = 12  x +  x + 
 3  4 Divisores de –8: –1, 1, –2, 2, –4, 4, –8 e 8
16.5. E ( x ) = 0 ⇔ 8 x 2 − 3 x − 5 = 0 ⇔ P ( −1) = 0
3 ± 9 + 169 3 ± 13 –1 é uma raiz de P(x).
⇔x= ⇔x= ⇔
16 16 1 3 –6 –8
5 –1 –1 –2 8
⇔ x = 1∨ x = − 1 2 –8 0
8
−2 ± 4 + 32
 5 x2 + 2x − 8 = 0 ⇔ x = ⇔
E ( x ) = 8 ( x − 1)  x +  2
 8
⇔ x = −4 ∨ x = 2
16.6. F ( x ) = 9 x 2 + 6 x + 1 =
P ( x ) = ( x + 1)( x + 4 )( x − 2 )
= ( 3 x ) + 2 × 3 x + 12 =
2
19.3. P ( x ) = 2 x 3 + x 2 − 4 x − 3
= ( 3 x + 1) = ( 3 x + 1)( 3 x + 1)
2
Divisores de –3: –1, 1, –3 e 3
 2.4. Fatorização de polinómios. Resolução de equações e inequações de grau superior ao segundo

P ( −1) = 0 2 x 2 + 13 x + 6 = 0 ⇔
–1 é uma raiz de P(x) −13 ± 169 − 48 −13 ± 11
⇔x= ⇔x= ⇔
2 1 –4 –3 4 4
–1 –2 1 3 1
2 –1 –3 0 ⇔ x = −6 ∨ x = −
2
2x2 − x − 3 = 0 ⇔
2 x 3 + 11x 2 − 7 x − 6 = 0 ⇔
1 ± 1 + 24
⇔x= ⇔ ⇔ x = 1 ∨ x = −6 ∨ x = −
1
4 2
1± 5 3
⇔x= ⇔ x = ∨ x = −1  1 
4 2 S = −6 , − , 1
 2 
 3
P ( x ) = ( x + 1)  x −  ( x + 1) ⇔ 22.1. x 3 + 3 x 2 + x = −3 ⇔ x3 + 3 x 2 + x + 3 = 0
 2
P ( x ) = x 3 + 3x 2 + x + 3
2 3
= ( x + 1)  x −  Divisores de 3: –1, 1, –3 e 3
 2
P ( −1) = 4 ; P (1) = 8 ; P ( −3) = 0
20.1. P ( x ) = x − x − 2 x + 2
3 2

1 3 1 3
Divisores de 2: –1, 1, 2 e –2 –3 –3 0 –3
P ( −1) = 2 ; P (1) = 0 1 0 1 0
x + 3x + x + 3 = 0 ⇔ ( x + 3) ( x 2 + 1) = 0 ⇔
3 2
1 é uma raiz de P(x).
1 –1 –2 2 ⇔ x + 3 = 0 ∨ x2 + 1 = 0 ⇔
1 1 0 –2
⇔ x = −3 ∨ x ∈ ∅ ⇔ x = −3
1 0 –2 0
S = {−3}
P ( x ) = ( x − 1) ( x − 2 ) = ( x − 1)  x 2 − ( 2 ) 
2
2

 22.2. x 3 − x 2 = x − 1 ⇔ x 3 − x 2 − x + 1 = 0
(
P ( x ) = ( x − 1) x − 2 x + 2 )( ) P ( x ) = x3 − x 2 − x + 1

20.2. P ( x ) = x − 3x + x + 1
3 2 Divisores de 1: –1 e 1
P ( −1) = 0
Divisores de 1: 1 e –1
1 –1 –1 1
P (1) = 0 –1 –1 2 –1
1 –3 1 1 1 –2 1 0
1 1 –2 –1 x 3 − x 2 − x + 1 = 0 ⇔ ( x − 1) ( x 2 − 2 x + 1) = 0 ⇔
1 –2 –1 0
⇔ x − 1 = 0 ∨ ( x − 1) = 0 ⇔
2
x2 − 2x − 1 = 0 ⇔
2± 4+4 2±2 2 ⇔ x = 1 ∨ x = −1
⇔x= ⇔x= ⇔
2 2 S = {−1 , 1}
⇔ x =1− 2 ∨ x =1+ 2 23.1. 7 x 4 − 30 x 2 + 8 = 0 ⇔ 7 y 2 − 30 y + 8 = 0 ⇔ x2 = y
(
P ( x ) = ( x − 1) x − 1 + 2 x − 1 − 2 )( ) 30 ± 900 − 224 30 ± 26
⇔y= ⇔ y= ⇔
21.1. P ( x ) = x − 3 x + x + 4
4 3 2
14 14
2 2
Divisores de 4: –1, 1, –2, 2, –4 e 4 ⇔ y = ∨ y = 4 ⇔ x2 = ∨ x2 = 4 y = x2
7 7
P ( −1) = 9 ; P (1) = 3 ; P ( −2 ) = 48 ; P ( 2 ) = 0
2 2
Verificação se 2 é uma raiz dupla: ⇔x=− ∨x= ∨ x = −2 ∨ x = 2 ⇔
7 7
1 –3 1 0 4
2 2 –2 –2 –4 2 7 2 7
⇔x=− ∨x= ∨ x = −2 ∨ x = 2 ⇔
1 –1 –1 –2 0 7 7
2 2 2 2
14 14
1 1 1 0 ⇔x=− ∨x= ∨ x = −2 ∨ x = 2
7 7
−1 ± 1 − 4
x2 + x + 1 = 0 ⇔ x = ⇔ x ∈∅
2  14 14 
S = −2 , − , , 2
x 4 − 3 x3 + x 2 + 4 = 0 ⇔ ( x − 2 ) ( x 2 + x + 1) = 0 ⇔
2 2
 7 7 
23.2. 12 x 4 − 20 x 2 = 8 ⇔ 12 x 4 − 20 x 2 − 8 = 0 ⇔ x2 = y
⇔ x=2
⇔ 12 y − 20 y − 8 = 0 ⇔ 3 y − 5 y − 2 = 0 ⇔
2 2
S = {2}
5 ± 25 + 24 1
21.2. P ( x ) = 2 x 3 + 11x 2 − 7 x − 6 ⇔y= ⇔ y = 2∨ y = − ⇔ y = x2
6 3
Divisores de –6: –1, 1, –2, 2, –3, 3, –6 e 6 1
⇔ x2 = 2 ∨ x2 = − ⇔ x = − 2 ∨ x = 2 ∨ x ∈ ∅ ⇔
P (1) = 0 3
2 11 –7 –6 ⇔x=− 2∨x= 2
{ }
1 2 13 6
2 13 6 0 S= − 2 , 2
 2.4. Fatorização de polinómios. Resolução de equações e inequações de grau superior ao segundo

24.1. P ( x ) = 2 x 4 + 13x 2 − 15 26.2. ( x − 2 )( x − 3) ≤ x 2 − 4 ⇔

2 x 4 + 13 x 2 − 15 = 0 ⇔ 2 y 2 + 13 y − 15 = 0 ⇔ x2 = y ⇔ ( x − 2 )( x − 3) − ( x − 2 )( x + 2 ) ≤ 0 ⇔
⇔ 2 y + 13 y − 15 = 0 ⇔
2
⇔ ( x − 2 ) ( x − 3) − ( x + 2 )  ≤ 0 ⇔
−13 ± 169 + 120 ⇔ ( x − 2 )( −5 ) ≤ 0 ⇔
⇔y= ⇔
4
⇔ 5( x − 2) ≥ 0 ⇔
−13 ± 17 15
⇔y= ⇔ y = − ∨ y =1
4 2 ⇔x≥2
2 y 2 + 13 y − 15 = 2 ( y + 15 )( y − 2 ) y=x 2 S = [ 2, + ∞[

27.1. ( 2 x − 3) ≤ 0 ⇔ 2 x − 3 = 0 ⇔
2
 15 
2 x 4 + 13x 2 − 15 = 2  x 2 +  ( x 2 − 1) =
 2 3
⇔x=
= ( 2 x 2 + 15 ) ( x − 1)( x + 1) 2
P ( x ) = ( 2 x 2 + 15 ) ( x − 1)( x + 1) 3
S= 
2
24.2. Q ( x ) = x 4 + x 2 − 2 ⇔ x 4 + x 2 − 2 = 0 ⇔ x2 = y
( )
3
27.2. x − 2 >0⇔ x− 2 >0⇔ x> 2
−1 ± 1 + 9
⇔ y + y−2=0⇔ y =
2
⇔
2 S =  2 , + ∞ 
⇔ y = 1 ∨ y = −2
27.3. ( x − 1) < 0 ⇔ x ∈∅
4

y 2 + y − 2 = ( y − 1)( y + 2 ) y = x2
S =∅
x 4 + x 2 − 2 = ( x 2 − 1)( x 2 + 2 ) = ( x − 1)( x + 1) ( x 2 + 2 )
28.1. P ( x ) = x3 − 2 x 2 + x =
25.1. ( x − 5 )( − x + 2 ) ≤ 0 ⇔ x ∈ ]−∞ , 2] ∪ [5 , + ∞[
= x ( x 2 − 2 x + 1) =
x −∞ 2 5 +∞
= x ( x − 1)
2

x–5 – – – 0 +
x 3 − 2 x 2 + x ≤ 0 ⇔ x ( x − 1) ≤ 0
2
–x+2 + 0 – – –
(x – 5) (–x + 2) – 0 + 0 – x −∞ 0 1 +∞
S = ]− ∞ , 2] ∪ [5 , + ∞[ x – 0 + + +
( x − 1)
2

(
25.2. − x − 2 ( − x + 3) < 0 ⇔) + + + 0 +
x − 2x + x
3 2
– 0 + 0 +
( )
⇔ x − 2 ( − x + 3) > 0 ⇔ x ∈  2 , 3
S = ]− ∞ , 0] ∪ {1}
x −∞ 2 3 +∞
28.2. 2 x3 + 9 x 2 + 7 x − 6 ≤ 0
x− 2 – 0 + + + 2 9 7 –6
−x + 3 + + + 0 – –2 –4 – 10 6
( x − 2 ) ( − x + 3) – 0 + 0 –
2 5 –3 0
2x2 + 5x − 3 = 0 ⇔
S =  2 , 3 −5 ± 25 + 24 −5 ± 7
⇔x= ⇔x= ⇔
4 4
26.1. 2 x 2 − x − 1 = 0 ⇔
1
1± 1+ 8 1± 3 ⇔ x = −3 ∨ x =
⇔x= ⇔x= 2
4 4
2 x3 + 9 x 2 + 7 x − 6 ≤ 0 ⇔
1
⇔ x = − ∨ x =1  1
2 ⇔ 2 ( x + 2 )( x + 3)  x −  ≤ 0 ⇔
 2
 1
2 x 2 − x − 1 ≥ 0 ⇔ 2  x +  ( x − 1) ≥ 0  1
 2 ⇔ x ∈ ]−∞ , − 3] ∪  −2 , 
 2
 1
⇔  −∞ , −  ∪ [1 , + ∞[ 1
 2 x −∞ –3 –2 2 +∞
1
x −∞ − 1 +∞
x+2 – – – 0 + + +
2 x+3 – 0 + + + + +
1 1
x+ – 0 + + + x− – – – – – 0 +
2 2

x–1 – – – 0 + 2x + 9x + 7 x − 6
3 2
– 0 + 0 – 0 +

2x − x − 1
2
+ 0 – 0 +  1
S = ]− ∞ , − 3] ∪  −2 , 
 1  2
S =  − ∞ , −  ∪ [1 , + ∞[
 2
 2.4. Fatorização de polinómios. Resolução de equações e inequações de grau superior ao segundo

28.3. x 3 − x 2 + 9 x − 9 > 0 ⇔ 6 ± 36 + 64
4x2 − 6x − 4 = 0 ⇔ x = ⇔
⇔ x 2 ( x − 1) + 9 ( x − 1) > 0 ⇔ 8
⇔ ( x − 1) ( x 2 + 9 ) > 0 ⇔ ⇔x=
6 ± 10
⇔ x = 2∨ x = −
1
8 2
⇔ x −1 > 0 ⇔ (x 2
+ 9 > 0, ∀x ∈ ℝ )
 1  1
P ( x ) = 4  x −  x +  ( x − 2 )
⇔ x >1  2  2
S = ]1 , + ∞[ 34.4. P ( x ) = x 5 − 5 x 3 + 4 x = x ( x 4 − 5 x 2 + 4 )
x4 − 5x2 + 4 = 0 ⇔ x2 = y
Pág. 140 ⇔ y2 − 5 y + 4 = 0 ⇔
29.1. P(x) tem três zeros distintos: 3, –2 e 1
5 ± 25 − 16
29.2. –2 tem multiplicidade 2 porque 2 é o maior número natural ⇔ y= ⇔
2
para o qual P(x) é divisível por ( x + 2 )
2
⇔ y = 1∨ y = 4
Por exemplo, ( x 2 + 2 ) ( x − 2 ) . y 5 − 5 y + 4 = ( y − 1)( y − 4 )
2
30. y = x2

31.1. x 3 − x 2 > 0 ⇔ x 2 ( x − 1) > 0 x 4 − 5 x 2 + 4 = ( x 2 + 1)( x 2 − 4 )

⇔ x ∈ ]1 , + ∞[ P ( x ) = x ( x 2 − 1)( x 2 − 4 ) = x ( x − 1)( x + 1)( x − 2 )( x + 2 )
x −∞ 0 1 +∞ 34.5. P ( x ) = 36 x 4 − 13x 2 + 1
x2 + 0 + + + 36 x 4 − 13x 2 + 1 = 0 x2 = y
x–1 – – – 0 + 36 y 2 − 13 y + 1 = 0 ⇔
x2 (x – 1) – 0 – 0 +
13 ± 132 − 144
⇔ y= ⇔
31.2. 1 − x > 0 ⇔ (1 − x )(1 + x ) > 0
2
72
⇔ x ∈ ]−1 , 1[ ⇔y= ∨y=
1 1
9 4
x −∞ –1 1 +∞
 1  1
1–x + + + 0 – 36 y 2 − 13 y + 1 = 36  y −  y −  y = x2
 9  4
1+x – 0 + + +
 1  1
1 – x2 – 0 + 0 – 36 x 4 − 13 x 2 + 1 = 36  x 2 −  x 2 − 
 9  4
32.1. Uma potência de expoente par é sempre não negativa.  1  1  1  1
P ( x ) = 36  x −  x +  x −  x + 
32.2. Uma potência de expoente ímpar tem o sinal da base.  3  3  2  2
32.3. ( x − 3) = 0 ⇔ x = 3
6
34.6. P ( x ) = −4 x 3 + 3 x + 1

Se x ≠ 3, ( x − 3) > 0 . Logo, ( x − 3) ≤ 0 ⇔ x = 3
6 6
Divisores de 1: –1 e 1
P ( −1) = 2 ; P (1) = 0
33.1. 0 4 + 02 = 0 e, para x ≠ 0, x + x > 0 porque a soma de dois
4 2

–4 0 3 1
números positivos é um número positivo. 1 –4 –4 –1
33.2. x 2 n + x 2 n + 2 = ( x n ) + ( x n +1 )
2 2
–4 –4 –1 0
4 ± 16 − 16 1
A soma de dois quadrados é nula se e somente se as bases −4 x 2 − 4 x − 1 = 0 ⇔ x = ⇔x=−
−8 2
forem nulas. 2
 1
7 ± 49 − 24 P ( x ) = −4 ( x − 1)  x + 
34.1. x 2 − 7 x + 6 = 0 ⇔ x = ⇔  2
2
7±5 35.1. P ( x ) = x + 5 x + 8 x + 4
3 2

⇔x= ⇔ x = 6 ∨ x =1
2 1 5 8 4
–2 –2 –6 –4
P ( x ) = ( x − 1)( x − 6 )
1 3 2 0
5 ± 25 − 24 –2 –2 –2
34.2. 6 x − 5 x + 1 = 0 ⇔ x =
2
⇔ 1 1 0
12
P ( x ) = ( x + 2 ) ( x + 1)
2
4 6 1 1
⇔x= ∨x= ⇔x= ∨x=
12 12 3 2 –2 tem grau de multiplicidade 2.
 1  1 35.2. P ( x ) = 2 x 5 + 8 x 4 − 32 x 2 − 32 x
P ( x ) = 6  x −  x − 
 3  2 2 8 0 – 32 –32 0
34.3. P ( x ) = 4 x 3 − 8 x 2 − x + 2 –2 –4 –8 16 22 0
2 4 –8 – 16 0 0
4 –8 –1 2
–2 –4 0 16 0
1 2 0 –8 0 0
2 –3 –2
2 –2 –4 8 0
4 –6 –4 0 2 –4 0 0
 2.4. Fatorização de polinómios. Resolução de equações e inequações de grau superior ao segundo

P ( x ) = ( x + 2) ( 2x2 − 4 x )
3
P ( x ) = ( x − 1)( x − 8 ) ( x 2 + 3 x + 26 )

P ( x ) = 2x ( x + 2) ( x − 2)
3 P ( x) = 0 ⇔ x = 1∨ x = 8

–2 tem grau de multiplicidade 3. S = {1 , 8}

36. P ( x ) = x 3 + 2 x 2 − 13 x + 10 39. P ( x ) = x 4 − 5 x 3 − 7 x 2 + 41x − 30
36.1. −2 ± 4 + 12
1 2 – 13 10 x2 + 2x − 3 = 0 ⇔ x = ⇔
2
1 1 3 – 10
1 3 – 10 0 ⇔ x = −3 ∨ x = 1
P ( −3) = P (1) = 0
−3 ± 9 + 40
x 2 + 3 x − 10 = 0 ⇔ x = 1 –5 –7 41 – 30
2
1 1 –4 – 11 30
⇔ x = −5 ∨ x = 2 1 –4 – 11 30 0
S = {−5 , 1 , 2} –3 –3 21 – 30
1 –7 10 0
36.2. P ( x ) = ( x + 5 )( x − 1)( x − 2 )
7 ± 49 − 40
37.1. (1 − x )( 5 x − 4 ) = 0 ⇔ x 2 − 7 x + 10 = 0 ⇔ x = ⇔
2
⇔ 1 − x = 0 ∨ 5x − 4 = 0 ⇔ ⇔ x = 2∨ x =5
⇔ x = 1∨ x =
4 P ( x ) = 0 ⇔ x = −3 ∨ x = 1 ∨ x = 2 ∨ x = 5
5
S = {−3 , 1 , 2 , 5}
 4
S = 1 , 
40.1. ( x − 1) − ( 2 x − 3) = 0 ⇔
2 2
 5
37.2. ( x 2 − x ) ( 7 − 3 x ) = 0 ⇔ ⇔ ( x − 1 − 2 x + 3)( x − 1 + 2 x − 3) = 0 ⇔
⇔ x − x = 0 ∨ 7 − 3x = 0 ⇔
2 ⇔ − x + 2 = 0 ∨ 3x − 4 = 0 ⇔
⇔ x ( x − 1) = 0 ∨ 3 x = 7 ⇔ ⇔ x = 2∨ x =
4
3
7
⇔ x = 0 ∨ x = 1∨ x = 4 
3 S =  , 2
 7 3 
S = 0 , 1 , 
 3 40.2. ( x 3 + x )( 8 x 2 − 2 x − 1) = 0 ⇔
37.3. ( x 2 − 2 x + 1)( 25 − x 2 ) = 0 ⇔ ⇔ x3 + x = 0 ∨ 8x 2 − 2 x − 1 = 0 ⇔
2 ± 4 + 32
⇔ x 2 − 2 x + 1 = 0 ∨ 25 − x 2 = 0 ⇔ ⇔ x ( x 2 + 1) = 0 ∨ x = ⇔
16
⇔ ( x − 1) = 0 ∨ x 2 = 25 ⇔
2

2±6
⇔ x = 1 ∨ x = −5 ∨ x = 5 ⇔ x = 0 ∨ x2 + 1 = 0 ∨ x = ⇔
16
S = {−5 , 1 , 5} 1 1
⇔ x = 0 ∨ x∈∅ ∨ x = − ∨ x = ⇔
9 ± 81 − 32 4 2
38.1. x 2 − 9 x + 8 = 0 ⇔ x = ⇔ x = 1∨ x = 8
2 1 1
⇔ x = − ∨ x =0∨ x =
x 2 − 9 x + 8 = ( x − 1)( x − 8) 4 2
 1 1
P ( x ) = x 4 − 6 x 3 + 7 x 2 + mx + n S = − , 0 , 
 4 2
P(x) é divisível por x – 1 e por x – 8
40.3. P ( x ) = x 4 − 3 x 3 − 2 x 2 + 12 x − 8
 P (1) = 0 1 − 6 + 7 + m + n = 0
 ⇔ 4 ⇔ 1 –3 –2 12 –8
 P ( 8 ) = 0 8 − 6 × 8 + 7 × 8 + 8m + n
3 2
2 2 –2 –8 8
1 –1 –4 4 0
m + n + 2 = 0 2 2 2 –4
⇔
8m + n + 1472 = 0 1 1 –2 0
Logo, m + n = – 2. −1 ± 1 + 8
x +x−2=0⇔ x=
2
⇔
n = − m − 2 n = − m − 2 n = 208 2
38.2.  ⇔ ⇔
8m − m − 2 + 1472 = 0 7 m = −1470 m = −210 ⇔ x = −2 ∨ x = 1
P ( x ) = 0 ⇔ ( x − 2 ) ( x + 2 )( x − 1) = 0 ⇔
2
P ( x ) = x 4 − 6 x3 + 7 x 2 − 210 x + 208
1 –6 7 – 210 208 ⇔ x = 2 ∨ x = −2 ∨ x = 1
1 1 –5 2 – 208 S = {−2 , 1 , 2}
1 –5 2 – 208 0
8 8 24 208
1 3 26 0 Pág. 141
x + 3 x + 26 = 0 ⇔ x =
2 −3 ± 9 − 104
⇔ 41. P ( x ) = − x 3 − 3 x 2 + 25 x + 75
2
P ( −3) = 0
⇔ x∈∅
 2.4. Fatorização de polinómios. Resolução de equações e inequações de grau superior ao segundo

–1 –3 25 75 −1 ± 1 + 48
–3 3 0 – 75 43.2. x 2 + x − 12 = 0 ⇔ x = ⇔ x = −4 ∨ x = 3
–1 0 25 0 2
P ( x ) = 0 ⇔ ( x + 3) ( − x 2 + 25 ) = 0 ⇔ x 2 + x − 12 ≤ 0 ⇔
⇔ ( x + 4 )( x − 3) ≤ 0 ⇔
⇔ x + 3 = 0 ∨ − x 2 + 25 = 0 ⇔
⇔ ( x + 4 ≤ 0 ∧ x − 3 ≥ 0) ∨ ( x + 4 ≥ 0 ∧ x − 3 ≤ 0) ⇔
⇔ x = −3 ∨ x = −5 ∨ x = 5
S = {−5 , − 3 , 5} ⇔ ( x ≤ −4 ∧ x ≥ 3) ∨ ( x ≥ −4 ∧ x ≤ 3) ⇔

42.1. ( x + 2 )( x + 3) > 0 ⇔ ⇔ x ∈ ∅ ∨ −4 ≤ x ≤ 3 ⇔
⇔ x ∈ [ −4 , 3]
⇔ ( x + 2 > 0 ∧ x + 3 > 0) ∨ ( x + 2 < 0 ∧ x + 3 < 0) ⇔
S = [ −4 , 3]
⇔ ( x > −2 ∧ x > −3) ∨ ( x < −2 ∧ x < −3) ⇔
⇔ x > −2 ∨ x < −3 ⇔ 6 ± 36 − 32
43.3. x 2 − 6 x + 8 = 0 ⇔ x = ⇔ x = 2∨ x = 4
⇔ x ∈ ]−∞ , − 3[ ∪ ]−2 , + ∞[ 2
− x2 + 6x − 8 ≥ 0 ⇔
S = ]− ∞ , − 3[ ∪ ]−2 , + ∞[
⇔ x2 − 6x + 8 ≤ 0 ⇔
( )
42.2. ( 2 − x ) x − 2 < 0 ⇔ ⇔ ( x − 2 )( x − 4 ) ≤ 0 ⇔

⇔ ( 2 − x < 0 ∧ x − 2 > 0) ∨ ( 2 − x > 0 ∧ x − ⇔ ( x − 2 ≤ 0 ∧ x − 4 ≥ 0) ∨ ( x − 2 ≥ 0 ∧ x − 4 ≤ 0) ⇔

)
2<0 ⇔
⇔ ( x ≤ 2 ∧ x ≥ 4) ∨ ( x ≥ 2 ∧ x ≤ 4) ⇔
⇔ (x > 2 ∧ x > 2) ∨ (x < 2 ∧ x < 2) ⇔
⇔ x ∈∅ ∨ 2 ≤ x ≤ 4 ⇔
⇔ x > 2∨ x < 2 ⇔ ⇔ x ∈ [ 2 , 4]
⇔ x ∈  − ∞ , 2  ∪ ]2 , + ∞[ S = [ 2 , 4]
S =  − ∞ , 2  ∪ ]2 , + ∞[ 44.1. ( x − 3) > 0 ⇔ x − 3 ≠ 0 ⇔ x ≠ 3 ⇔
4

42.3. 2 x 2 + 7 x < 0 ⇔ x ( 2 x + 7 ) < 0 ⇔ ⇔ x ∈ ℝ \ {3}

⇔ ( x < 0 ∧ 2x + 7 > 0) ∨ ( x > 0 ∧ 2x + 7 < 0) ⇔ S = ℝ \ {3}
 7  7 44.2. ( x − 3) ( x − 1) < 0
2
⇔x<0∧ x >− ∨x >0∧ x< −  ⇔
 2  2
x −∞ 1 3 +∞
7
⇔ − < x < 0 ∨ x∈∅ ⇔ ( x − 3)
2

2 + + + 0 +

 7  x–1 – 0 + + +
⇔ x ∈  − , 0
 2  P – 0 + 0 +
( x − 3) + ( x − 1) < 0 ⇔ x ∈ ]−∞ , 1[
2
 7 
S =  − , 0
 2  S = ]− ∞ , 1[
(
42.4. ( x − 3)( 2 − x ) x + 2 > 0 ⇔ ) 44.3. x 3 − 6 x ≥ 0 ⇔
⇔ x ∈  −∞ , − 2  ∪ ]2 , 3[ ⇔ x ( x2 − 6) ≥ 0 ⇔

x −∞ − 2 2 3 +∞ (
⇔ x x− 6 x+ 6 ≥0 )( )
x –3 – – – – – 0 + x −∞ − 6 0 6 +∞
2–x + + + 0 – – – x – – – 0 + + +
x+ 2 – 0 + + + + + x− 6 – 0 + + + + +
P + 0 – 0 + 0 – x+ 6 – – – – – 0 +

S =  − ∞ , − 2  ∪ ]2 , 3[ P – 0 + 0 – 0 +

5 ± 25 − 16 x 2 − 6 x ≥ 0 ⇔ x ∈  − 6 , 0  ∪  6 , + ∞ 
43.1. x 2 − 5 x + 4 = 0 ⇔ x = ⇔ x = 1∨ x = 4
2 S =  − 6 , 0  ∪  6 , + ∞ 
x 2 − 5 x + 4 > 0 ⇔ ( x − 1)( x − 4 ) > 0 ⇔
44.4. x 5 + 2 x 4 + x3 < 0 ⇔
⇔ ( x − 1 > 0 ∧ x − 4 > 0) ∨ ( x − 1 < 0 ∧ x − 4 < 0) ⇔
⇔ x 3 ( x 2 + 2 x + 1) < 0 ⇔
⇔ ( x > 1 ∧ x > 4) ∨ ( x < 1 ∧ x < 4) ⇔
⇔ x 3 ( x + 1) < 0 ⇔
2

⇔ x > 4 ∨ x <1 ⇔
⇔ x ∈ ]−∞ , 1[ ∪ ]4 , + ∞[ ⇔ x < 0 ∧ x ≠ −1 ⇔
⇔ x ∈ ]−∞ , − 1[ ∪ ]−1 , 0[
S = ]− ∞ , 1[ ∪ ]4 , + ∞[
S = ]− ∞ , − 1[ ∪ ]−1 , 0[
 2.4. Fatorização de polinómios. Resolução de equações e inequações de grau superior ao segundo

45. P ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c P( x) < 0 ⇔
 P ( 0 ) = −20 c = −20 ⇔ x ∈ ]−1 , 2[ ∪ ]2 , 10[
 
 P (1) + P ( 2 ) = −18 ⇔ a + b + c + 4a + 2b + c = −18 ⇔ S = ]−1 , 2[ ∪ ]2 , 10[
 a + b + c − 3 4a + 2b + c = 6
 P (1) − 3P ( 2 ) = 6  ( ) 47. P ( x ) = x3 − 6 x 2 + 3 x + 10
c = −20 c = −20 Divisores de 10: –1, 1, –2, 2, –5, 5, –10 e 10
  P ( −1) = 0 ; P (1) = 8 ; P ( −2 ) = −28 ; P ( 2 ) = 0
⇔ 5a + 3b = −18 + 40 ⇔ 5a + 3b = 22 ⇔
a + b − 12a − 6b + c − 3c = 6 −11a − 5b = 6 − 40
  P ( −5) = −280 ; P ( 5 ) = 0
 P ( x ) = ( x + 1)( x − 2 )( x − 5 )
c = −20
 c = −20  47.1. P ( x ) = 0 ⇔ x = −1 ∨ x = 2 ∨ x = 5
  22 − 5a
⇔ 3b = 22 − 5a ⇔ b = ⇔
3 S = {−1 , 2 , 5}
11a + 5b = 34 
  22 − 5a 47.2. P ( x ) ≥ 0 ⇔ ( x + 1)( x − 2 )( x − 5 ) ≥ 0
11a + 5 × = 34
 3
x −∞ –1 2 5 +∞
c = −20 c = −20
  c = −20 x+1 – 0 + + + + +
 22 − 5a  22 − 5a 
⇔ b = ⇔ b = ⇔ b = 9 x–2 – – – 0 + + +
 3  3 a = −1
33a + 110 − 25a = 102 8a = −8  x–5 – – – – – 0 +
P(x) – 0 + 0 – 0 +
P ( x ) = − x 2 + 9 x − 20
P ( x ) = 0 ⇔ − x 2 + 9 x − 20 = 0 ⇔ P( x) > 0 ⇔
⇔ x ∈ [ −1 , 2] ∪ [5 , + ∞[
−9 ± 81 − 80
⇔x= ⇔ S = [ −1 , 2] ∪ [5 , + ∞[
−2
⇔ x = 4∨ x =5 48. P ( x ) = x 5 − 2 x 4 + x3 − 2 x 2 − 2 x + 4
P ( x ) < 0 ⇔ − ( x − 4 )( x − 5 ) < 0 ⇔ 48.1.
⇔ ( x − 4 )( x − 5 ) > 0 ⇔ 1 –2 1 –2 –2 4
2 2 0 2 0 –4
⇔ ( x − 4 > 0 ∧ x − 5 > 0) ∨ ( x − 4 < 0 ∧ x − 5 < 0) ⇔ 1 0 1 0 –2 0
⇔ ( x > 4 ∧ x > 5 ) ∨ ( x < 4 ∧ x < 5) ⇔ Q ( x ) = x4 + x2 − 2

⇔ x > 5 ∨ x < 4 ⇔ x ∈ ]−∞ , 4[ ∪ ]5 , + ∞[ Q ( 2 ) = 24 + 22 − 2 = 18

S = ]− ∞ , 4[ ∪ ]5 , + ∞[ P ( x ) = ( x − 2) Q ( x ) e Q ( 2) ≠ 0

46.1. Q ( x ) = x 2 − 9 x − 10 Q ( x ) = x4 + x2 − 2

9 ± 81 + 40 48.2. Q ( x ) = x 4 + x 2 − 2 = y = x2
x 2 − 9 x − 10 = 0 ⇔ x = ⇔
2 = y2 + y − 2
9 ± 11 y2 + y − 2 = 0 ⇔
⇔x= ⇔ x = −1 ∨ x = 10
2
−1 ± 1 + 8
Q ( x ) = ( x + 1)( x − 10 ) ⇔y= ⇔
2
P ( x ) = x 4 − 13 x3 + 30 x 2 + 4 x − 40 ⇔ y = −2 ∨ y = 1
1 – 13 30 4 – 40 y 2 + y − 2 = ( y + 2 )( y − 1) y = x2
–1 –1 14 – 44 40
1 – 14 44 – 40 0 x4 + x − 2 =
10 10 – 40 40 = ( x 2 + 2 )( x 2 − 1) =
1 –4 4 0
S ( x) = x2 − 4x + 4 = ( x 2 + 2 ) ( x − 1)( x + 1)

4 ± 16 − 16 P ( x ) = ( x − 2 )( x − 1)( x + 1) ( x 2 + 2 )
46.2. x 2 − 4 x + 4 = 0 ⇔ x =
2 48.3. x 2 + x > 0, ∀x ∈ ℝ
⇔ x=2
x −∞ –1 1 2 +∞
x − 4x + 4 = ( x − 2)
2 2
x–2 – – – – – 0 +

P ( x ) = ( x + 1)( x − 10 )( x − 2 )
2
x–1 – – – 0 + + +
x+1 – 0 + + + + +
x −∞ –1 2 10 +∞
P(x) – 0 + 0 – 0 +
x+1 – 0 + + + + +
x – 10 – – – – – 0 + P ( x ) ≥ 0 ⇔ x ∈ [ −1 , 1] ∪ [ 2 , + ∞[
(x + 2) 2
+ + + 0 + + + S = [ −1 , 1] ∪ [ 2 , + ∞[
P(x) + 0 – 0 – 0 +
 2.4. Fatorização de polinómios. Resolução de equações e inequações de grau superior ao segundo

49. P ( x ) = 4 x 5 + 8 x 4 + x3 − 5 x 2 − x + 1 52.1. A ( x ) × B ( x ) = C ( x )
49.1. (x 2
+ ax + 1) × ( x 2 + bx + 1) = x 4 + 1 ⇔
4 8 1 –5 –1 1
–1 –4 –4 3 2 –1 ⇔ x 4 + bx 3 + x 2 + ax3 + abx 2 + ax + x 2 + bx + 1 = x 4 + 1 ⇔
4 4 –3 –2 1 0 ⇔ x 4 + ( a + b ) x 3 + ( ab + 2 ) x 2 + ( a + b ) x + 1 = x 4 + 1 ⇔
–1 –4 0 3 –1
4 0 –3 1 0 a + b = 0 b = − a b = −a
⇔ ⇔ ⇔ 2 ⇔
–1 –4 4 –1
 ab + 2 = 0  − a × a = −2 a = a
4 –4 1 0
–1 4 0 b = −a
4 0
⇔
1≠0 a = 2 ∨ a = − 2
–1 tem grau de multiplicidade 3.
a = 2 e b = − 2 ou a = − 2 e b = 2
49.2. P ( x ) = ( x + 1) ( 4 x 2 − 4 x + 1)
3

(
52.2. C ( x ) = x 2 − 2 x + 1 x 2 + 2 x + 1)( )
= ( x + 1) ( 2 x − 1)
3 2

( )
2
Como ± 2 − 4 = −2 < 0 , os polinómios x 2 − 2 x + 1 e
1
2x − 1 = 0 ⇔ x =
2 x 2 + 2 x + 1 ao tem raízes.
1 53. P ( x ) = x n + 2 − 2 x n +1 + x n − x 2 + 2 x − 1, n ∈ ℕ
x −∞ –1 +∞
2
53.1. P ( 2 ) = 2n + 2 − 2 ( 2 ) + 2n − 2 2 + 2 ( 2 ) − 1 =
n +1

( x − 1)
3
– 0 + + +
= 2n + 2 − 21 × 2n +1 + 2n − 4 + 4 − 1 =
( 2 x − 1)
2
+ + + 0 + = 2n + 2 − 2n +1+1 + 2 n − 1 =
P – 0 + 0 + = 2n + 2 − 2n + 2 + 2n − 1 =

1  = 2n − 1
P ( x ) ≤ 0 ⇔ x ∈ ]−∞ , − 1] ∪   53.2. P ( x ) = x n × x 2 − 2 x n × x + x n − ( x 2 − 2 x + 1) =
2
 
1 = x n ( x 2 − 2 x + 1) − ( x 2 − 2 x + 1) =
S = ]− ∞ , 1] ∪  
2
= ( x 2 − 2 x + 1)( x n − 1) =
50. P ( x ) = 2 x 3 + 7 x 2 + ax − b
= ( x − 1) ( x n − 1)
2

50.1.
2 7 a –b 53.3. P (1) = (1 − 1) (1n − 1) = 0 × 0 = 0
2

–2 –4 –6 – 2a + 12
2 3 a–6 – 2a – b +12 Vimos que 1 é raiz de x – 1 e de xn – 1.
–2 –4 2 Vamos dividir x n − 1 por x – 1.
2 –1 a–4
x n − 1 = x n + 0 x n −1 + 0 x n − 2 + ... + 0 x − 1

a − 4 = 0 a = 4 n – 1 zeros
 ⇔ ⇔
−2a − b + 12 = 0 −8 − b + 12 = 0 n – 1 zeros

a = 4 1 0 0 0 … 0 –1
⇔
b = 4 1 1 1 1 … 1 1
1 1 1 1 … 1 0
a=4eb=4
50.2. P ( x ) = ( x + 2 ) ( 2 x − 1)
2 n termos

51. ax 3 − 4ax 2 + ( 3a + 1) x − a + 1 = 0 x n − 1 = ( x − 1) ( x n −1 + x n − 2 + ... + x + 1)

51.1. a × 33 − 4a × 32 + ( 3a + 1) × 3 − a + 1 = 0
Como P ( x ) = ( x − 1) ( x n − 1) e substituindo x n − 1 :
2

⇔ 27 a − 36a + 9a + 3 − a + 1 = 0
P ( x ) = ( x − 1) × ( x − 1) ( x n −1 + x n − 2 + ... + x + 1)
2
⇔ −a + 4 = 0 ⇔ a = 4
51.2. 4 x3 − 16 x 2 + 13 x − 3 = 0 P ( x ) = ( x − 1) × Q ( x ) com Q ( x ) = x n −1 + x n + 2 + ... + x + 1
3

4 – 16 13 –3 x parcelas
3 12 – 12 3
Q (1) = 1 + 1 + ... + 1 + 1 = n × 1 = n
4 –4 1 0
P ( x ) = ( x − 1) × Q ( x ) com Q (1) ≠ 0
3
1
4 x − 4 x + 1 = 0 ⇔ ( 2 x − 1) = 0 ⇔ x =
2 2

2
A raiz 1 tem multiplicidade 3.
1 
S =  , 3
 2  Pág. 142
52. A ( x ) = x 2 + ax + 1
Avaliação 4
B ( x ) = x 2 + bx + 1 1. ( x + 1)
2
> 0 ⇔ x + 1 ≠ 0 ⇔ x ≠ −1 ⇔
C ( x ) = x4 + 1 ⇔ x ∈ ℝ \ {−1}
 2.4. Fatorização de polinómios. Resolução de equações e inequações de grau superior ao segundo

(x 2
− 1) ≤ 0 ⇔ ( x − 1)( x + 1) ≤ 0 ⇔ 7. P ( x ) = x4 + x2 + k

⇔ ( x − 1 ≤ 0 ∧ x + 1 ≥ 0) ∨ ( x − 1 ≥ 0 ∧ x + 1 ≤ 0) ⇔ P ( a ) = a4 + a2 + k

⇔ ( x ≤ 1 ∧ x ≥ −1) ∨ ( x ≥ 1 ∧ x ≤ −1) ⇔ P ( −a ) = ( − a ) + ( −a ) + k = a 4 + a 2 + k = P ( a )
4 2

⇔ −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 ∨ x ∈ ∅ ⇔ x ∈ [ −1 , 1] P(x) é divisível por x − a ⇒

⇒ P ( a ) = 0 ⇒ P ( −a ) = 0
(x 2
+ 4 ) ( x + 1) ≤ 0 ⇔
2

⇒ P ( x ) é divisível por x + a.
⇔ ( x + 1) ≤ 0 ⇔
2
( ∀x ∈ ℝ, x 2
+ 4 > 0)
Resposta: (B)
⇔ x + 1 = 0 ⇔ x = −1
Sabemos que P ( x ) = ( x − 3) × Q ( x ) como Q ( 3) ≠ 0
2
8.
S = {−1}
Se P ( x ) = ( x − 3) × Q ( x ) , então Q ( x ) = ( x − 3) Q1 ( x )
1

Resposta: (C)
2. P ( x ) = a ( x − 1)( x − 2 )( x − 3)( x − 4 )( x − 5 ) pelo que Q ( 3) = 0

P (6) = 1 ⇔ a × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 ×1 = 1 ⇔ Resposta: (B)

( x − 2 ) ( x − 1)
2 3
1 9. ≤0
⇔a=
120 x −∞ 1 2 +∞
1
P ( x) = ( x − 1)( x − 2 )( x − 3)( x − 4 )( x − 5) ( x − 2)
2
+ + + 0 +
120
( x − 1)
3
1 – 0 + + +
P (0) = ( 0 − 1)( 0 − 2 )( 0 − 3)( 0 − 4 )( 0 − 5) =
120 P – 0 + 0 +
1
= × ( −1) × ( −2 ) × ( −3) × ( −4 ) × ( −5 ) = S = ]−∞ , 1] ∪ {2}
120
1 Resposta: (C)
= × ( −120 ) = −1
120 10. P ( x ) = 2 x 4 − 5x3 − 2 x 2 − 4 x + k
Resposta: (C)
( 2 x − 1) = 2  x −
1
3. A ( x ) = x3 − 2 x − 4 ; A ( 2 ) = 0 
 2
1 0 –2 –4
1
2 2 4 4 P  = 0 ⇔
1 2 2 0 2
4 3 2
−2 ± 4 − 8 1 1 1 1
x2 + 2x + 2 = 0 ⇔ x = ⇔ ⇔ 2×  − 5×  − 2×  − 4× + k = 0 ⇔
2 2 2 2 2
⇔ x∈∅ 1 5 1
⇔ − − −2+k =0⇔ k =3
S = {2} 8 8 2
Resposta: (D) Resposta: (A)
4. Seja P ( x ) = 2 x 3 − x 2 − 2 x + 1
Pág. 143
Divisores de 1: – 1 e 1
11. P ( x ) = 2 x 3 − 4 x 2 + mx + 4
Verifiquemos se – 1 ou 1 são raízes de P(x)
2 –1 –2 1  1
11.1. 2 x − 1 = 2  x − 
–1 –2 3 –1  2
2 –3 1 0
1
1 2 –1 P  = 3 ⇔
2 –1 0 2
2 x3 − x 2 − 2 x + 1 = 0 ⇔ 1
3
1 1
2

⇔ 2×  − 4×  + m× + 4 = 3 ⇔
⇔ ( x + 1)( x − 1)( 2 x − 1) = 0 ⇔ 2 2 2
1 2 m
⇔ x = −1 ∨ x = 1 ∨ x = ⇔ −1+ +1 =0⇔
2 8 2
Resposta: (D) 1 2m
⇔ + = 0 ⇔ 2m = −1 ⇔
P ( x ) = ( x − 1)( x − 2 ) ( x − 3) × Q ( x ) ; 1 + 2 + 3 = 6
2 3
5. 4 4
1
P (x) tem grau maior ou igual a 6. ⇔m=−
2
Resposta: (A) 11.2. P ( x ) = 2 x 3 − 4 x 2 − 2 x + 4
6. P ( x ) = x 2 + ax − 4 ; Q ( x ) = ( x + b )( x − b ) = x 2 − b 2
2 –4 –2 4
a = 0 a = 0 2 4 0 –4
P ( x) = Q ( x) ⇔  2 ⇔ 2 0 –2 0
 −b = −4 b = 2 ∨ b = −2
P ( x ) = ( x − 2 ) ( x − 1) = 2 ( x − 2 ) ( x 2 − 1) =
2

⇔ a = 0 ∧ ( b = 2 ∨ b = −2 )
= 2 ( x − 2 )( x − 1)( x + 1)
Resposta: (A)
 2.4. Fatorização de polinómios. Resolução de equações e inequações de grau superior ao segundo

11.3. 2 x3 − 4 x 2 − 2 x + 4 ≤ 0 ⇔ 16. P ( x ) = −2 x 3 − 7 x 2 − 4 x + k
⇔ 2 ( x − 2 )( x − 1)( x + 1) ≤ 0 ⇔ x ∈ ]−∞ , − 1] ∪ [1 , 2] 16.1.
x −∞ –1 1 2 +∞ –2 –7 –4 k
–2 4 6 –4
x–2 – – – – – 0 + –2 –3 2 k–4
x–1 – – – 0 + + + –2 4 –2
x+1 – 0 + + + + +
–2 1 0
k −4=0⇔k =4
P(x) – 0 + 0 – 0 +
16.2. P ( x ) = ( x + 2 ) ( −2 x + 1)
2

S = ]− ∞ , − 1] ∪ [1 , 2]
P ( x ) − 2 x = 4 ⇔ ( x + 2 ) ( −2 x + 1) − 2 x − 4 = 0 ⇔
2

12. 2 x 4 + 7 x 3 − 2 x 2 − 13 x + 6 = 0
⇔ ( x + 2 ) ( −2 x + 1) − 2 ( x + 2 ) = 0 ⇔
2
2 7 –2 – 13 6
1
1 4 1 –6 ⇔ ( x + 2 ) ( ( x + 2 )( −2 x + 1) − 2 ) = 0 ⇔
2
2 8 2 – 12 0 ⇔ ( x + 2 ) ( −2 x 2 + x − 4 x + 2 − 2 ) = 0 ⇔
–2 –4 –8 12
2 4 –6 0 ⇔ ( x + 2 ) ( −2 x 2 − 3 x ) = 0 ⇔
2x + 4x − 6 = 0 ⇔ x + 2x − 3 = 0 ⇔
2 2
⇔ x ( x + 2 )( −2 x − 3) = 0 ⇔
−2 ± 4 + 12 3
⇔x= ⇔ x = −3 ∨ x = 1 ⇔ ⇔ x = 0 ∨ x = −2 ∨ x = −
2 2
 1 
S = −3 , − 2 ,
 2
, 1
 {x ∈ ℝ : P ( x ) − 2 x = 4} = −2 , −
3 
, 0
 2 
13. x4 + x2 − 6 ≤ 0 17. P ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c
x4 + x2 − 6 = 0 ⇔ x2 = y
 P ( −3) = 0 9a − 3b + c = 0 c = −3
⇔ y + y−6=0⇔2
  
P ( 0) + 3 = 0 ⇔ c + 3 = 0 ⇔ a + b = 11 ⇔
−1 ± 1 + 24  c + a + b + c = 5 9a − 3b = 3
⇔ y= ⇔ y = −3 ∨ y = 2
2  P ( 0 ) + P (1) = 5  
y 2 + y − 6 = ( y + 3)( y − 2 ) y = x2 c = −3 c = −3 c = −3 c = −3
   
x + x − 6 = ( x + 3)( x − 2 )
4 2 2 2 ⇔ b = 11 − a ⇔ b = 11 − a ⇔ b = 11 − a ⇔ b = 8
3a − b = 1 3a − 11 − a = 1 4a = 12 a = 3
x4 + x2 − 6 ≤ 0 ⇔
  ( )  
P ( x ) = 3x + 8 x − 3
2
⇔ ( x 2 + 3)( x 2 − 2 ) ≤ 0 ⇔ ∀x ∈ ℝ, x 2 + 3 > 0
18. P ( x ) = x 3 − bx 2 + bx − 4 ; P ( b ) = 0
(
⇔ x− 2 x+ 2 ≤0 ⇔ )( ) b3 − b × b 2 + bb − 4 = 0 ⇔ b 2 = 4 ⇔ b = −2 ∨ b = 2
⇔ x ∈  − 2 , 2  19. P ( x ) = x 4 − ax 2 + ( a − 1) x , a ∈ ℝ

x −∞ − 2 2 +∞ 19.1. P ( 3) = 0 ⇔ 81 − 9a + 3 ( a − 1) = 0 ⇔
x− 2 – – – 0 + ⇔ 81 − 9a + 3a − 3 = 0 ⇔
x+ 2 – 0 + + + ⇔ −6a + 78 = 0 ⇔ a = 13
P + 0 – 0 + 19.2. P ( x ) = x 4 − 13 x 2 + 12 x =
= x ( x3 − 13 x + 13)
S =  − 2 , 2 
1 0 – 13 12
P ( x ) = ( x + 2 ) ( ax + b )
2
14. 3 3 9 – 12
1 3 –4 0
 P ( −1) = 4 − a + b = 4 a = 1 − 4 a = −3 x 2 + 3x − 4 = 0 ⇔
 ⇔ ⇔ ⇔
 P ( 0 ) = 4  4b = 4 b = 1 b = 1 −3 ± 9 + 16
⇔x= ⇔
P ( x ) = ( x + 2 ) ( −3 x + 1)
2
2
⇔ x = −4 ∨ x = 1
15. P ( y − 1) = y 2 − 5 y + 6
P ( x ) = x ( x − 3)( x − 1)( x + 4 )
x = y −1 ⇔ y = x +1
20. P ( x ) = 2 x 4 + ax3 + bx 2 + c ; a , b ∈ ℝ
P ( x ) = ( x + 1) − 5 ( x + 1) + 6
2

 P ( −1) = 0 2 − a + b + c = 0 −a + b = −3
P ( x ) = x2 + 2x + 1 − 5x − 5 + 6   
 P ( 0 ) = 1 ⇔ c = 1 ⇔ c = 1 ⇔
P ( x ) = x 2 − 3x + 2  2 + a + b + c = 4 a + b = 1
 P (1) = 4  
P ( x ) = 0 ⇔ x 2 − 3x + 2 = 0 ⇔
c = 1 c = 1
3± 9−8  
⇔x= ⇔ x = 1∨ x = 2 ⇔ a = b + 3 ⇔ a = 2
2 b + 3 + b = 1 b = −1
 
S = {1 , 2}
 2.4. Fatorização de polinómios. Resolução de equações e inequações de grau superior ao segundo

P ( x ) = 2 x 4 + 2 x3 − x 2 + 1 22.2. P ( x ) = x 3 − 27 x + 54 =
2 2 –1 0 1
= ( x − 3) ( x + 6 )
2

–1 –2 0 1 –1
( x − 3) ( x + 6 ) > 0 ⇔
2
2 0 –1 1 0 ∀x ∈ ℝ, ( x − 3) ≥ 0
2

–1 –2 2 –1
2 –2 1 0 ⇔ x ≠ 3∧ x + 6 > 0 ⇔
P ( x ) = ( x + 1) ( 2 x − 2 x + 1)
2 2 ⇔ x ≠ 3 ∧ x > −6 ⇔
⇔ x ∈ ]−6 , 3[ ∪ ]3 , + ∞[
Q ( x ) = 2x2 − 2x + 1
S = ]−6 , 3[ ∪ ]3 , + ∞[
Q ( −1) = 2 + 2 + 2 = 5
23. A ( x ) = ax 3 − 8 x 2 + ( 2a + 1) x − 2
P ( x ) = ( x + 1) × Q ( x ) com Q ( −1) = 5 ≠ 0
2

 2
21. P ( x ) = x 3 − ax 2 − bx + b 3x − 2 = 3  x − 
 3
21.1. x 2 − 4 = ( x − 2 )( x + 2 ) 2
P  = 0 ⇔
 P ( −2 ) = 0 −8 − 4a + 2b + b = 0 3
 ⇔ ⇔ 3 2
 P ( 2 ) = 0 8 − 4a − 2b + b = 0 2 2 2
⇔ a ×   − 8 ×   + ( 2a + 1) × − 2 = 0 ⇔
3 3 3
−4a + 3b = 8 −4a − 12a + 24 = 8
⇔ ⇔ ⇔ 8 4 4 2
 −4 a − b = −8 b = −4a + 8 ⇔ a× − 8× + a + − 2 = 0 ⇔
27 9 3 3
−16a = −16 a = 1 8a 36a 32 6 18
⇔ ⇔ ⇔ + = − + ⇔
b = −4a + 8 b = 4 27 27 9 9 9
a=1eb=4 449 44
⇔ = ⇔ 44a = 44 × 3 ⇔ a = 3
21.2. x2 + 4 não tem raízes. 27 9
( 3)
x3 – ax2 – bx + b x2 + 4
– x3 – 4x x–a A ( x ) = 3x − 8 x 2 + 7 x − 2
3

– ax2 + (–b – 4)x b 3 –8 7 –2

ax2 + 4a 2
(–b – 4)x + 4a + b 2 –4 2
3
−b − 4 = 0 b = −4
( −b − 4 ) x + 4a + b = 0 ⇔  ⇔ 3 –6 3 0
4 a + b = 0 a = 1 3x 2 − 6 x + 3 = 0 ⇔
a=1eb=–4 ⇔ x2 − 2x + 1 = 0 ⇔
21.3. – 4 é uma raiz dupla. ⇔ ( x − 1)
2

 2
A ( x ) = 3  x −  ( x − 1)
2
1 –a –b b
–4 –4 16 + 4a – 64 – 16a + 4b  3 
1 – 4 – a 16 + 4a – b – 64 – 16a + 5b A( x ) > 2x − 2 ⇔
–4 –4 32 + 4a
 2
1 –8 – a 48 + 8a – b ⇔ 3  x −  ( x − 1) − 2 ( x − 1) > 0 ⇔
2

−64 − 16a + 5b = 0 −16a + 5 ( 8a + 48 ) = 64  3

 ⇔ ⇔
+ − = ⇔ ( x − 1) ( 3 x − 2 )( x − 1) − 2  > 0 ⇔
 48 8 a b 0 b = 8a + 48

−16a + 40a + 240 = 64 24a = −176 ⇔ ( x − 1) ( 3 x 2 − 3 x − 2 x + 2 − 2 ) > 0 ⇔
⇔ ⇔ ⇔
b = 8a + 48 b = 8a + 48 ⇔ ( x − 1) ( 3 x 2 − 5 x ) > 0 ⇔
 22  22
 −176 a=− a=− ⇔ x ( x − 1)( 3 x − 5 ) > 0
a =  3  3
⇔ 24 ⇔  ⇔ 5
b = 8a + 48 b = −8 × 22 32 −∞ +∞
+ 48 b = − x 0 1 3
 3  3
x – 0 + + + + +
22 32
a=− e b=− x–1 – – – 0 + + +
3 3
22. P ( x ) = x 3 + ax + b 3x – 5 – – – – 0 +
P – 0 + 0 – 0 +
22.1.
1 0 a b 5 
3 3 9 3a + 27 S = ]0 , 1[ ∪  , + ∞ 
3 
1 3 a + 9 3a + b +27
3 3 18 24. P ( x) = x −1
n

1 6 a + 27 24.1. P (1) = 1n − 1 = 0
a + 27 = 0 a = −27 a = −27
 ⇔ ⇔ Como P (1) = 0 , P(x) é divisível por x – 1.
3a + b + 27 = 0  −3 × 27 + b + 27 = 0 b = 54
Logo, existe um polinómio Q(x) tal que
a = – 27 e b = 54
P ( x ) = ( x − 1) × Q ( x ) .
 2.4. Fatorização de polinómios. Resolução de equações e inequações de grau superior ao segundo

24.2. Vamos dividir x n − 1 por x – 1. Pág. 145

x n − 1 = x n + 0 x n −1 + 0 x n − 2 + ... + 0 x − 1 8. d = 4 cm = diâmetro da esfera
= diâmetro espacial do cubo
n – 1 zeros
8.1. Seja a o comprimento da aresta do cubo.
n – 1 zeros
a 2 + a 2 + a 2 = d 2 ⇔ 3a 2 = d 2 ⇔
1 1 2 1
1 0 0 0 … 0 –1 ⇔ a2 = d 2 ⇔ a = d ⇔a= d⇔
1 1 1 1 … 1 1 3 3 3
1 1 1 1 … 1 0 1 3
⇔a= d ⇔a= d ; a>0ed>0
n termos 3 3
 3  4 3
P ( x ) = x n − 1 = ( x − 1) ( x n −1 + x n − 2 + ... + x + 1) a =  × 4  cm = cm
 3  3
n termos
4 3
O comprimento da aresta é cm.
3
P ( x ) = ( x − 1) Q ( x ) com Q ( x ) = x n −1 + x n − 2 + ... + x + 1
( )
3
4 3 4 × 3
3 3

Logo, Q (1) = 1n −1 + 1n − 2 + ... + 1 + 1 = n × 1 = n . 64 × 3 3 64 3

8.2. Vcubo = a =  3
 = = =
 3  33 33 9

Pág. 144 64 3
O volume do cubo é cm3.
Avaliação global 9
4
1. 2 3 16 = 3
23 × 2 4 = 6 2 7 = 6 26 × 2 = 2 6 2 8.3. Raio da esfera: r = cm = 2 cm
2
Resposta: (D) 4 3 4 32π
Vesfera = πr = π × 23 =
a a n a3 a n a3 a n a3 n 3 3 3 3
2. = = = = a ,a>0
n
a n −3 n
a n −3 n a3 n
an a 32π
Vesfera 32π 9 3π
Resposta: (B) = 3 = × = =
Vcubo 64 3 3 64 3 2 3
3.
6
=
6 ( 3+ 6 ) =
18 + 6
=
9×2 + 6
= 9
3− 6 ( 3− 6 )( 3+ 6 ) 3− 6 −3
=
3π 3
=
3 3π
=
3
π
3 2 +6 2 3× 3 2×3 2
= =− 2 −2
−3 9.
AB
= cos ( 30° )
Resposta: (D) 2
9 + 4 2 = ( a + b ) = a 2 + 2ab + b 2
2
4. 3 6
AB = 2 × =
2 2
2ab = 4 2 ; ab = 2 2
BC
Se a = 2 e b = 2, a 2 + b 2 = 6 . = sin ( 30 ) °
2
Se a = 1 e b = 2 2, a + b = 9 . 2 2

1 2
( ) BC = 2 × =
2
9 + 4 2 = 1+ 2 2 2 2
6 2
(1 + 2 2 )
2
9+4 2 = =1+ 2 2 ×
AB × BC 2 2 12 1 4×3
A[ ABC ] = = = × = =
Resposta: (B) 2 2 4 2 8
1 2 3 3
  1 3 22 = =

( ) ( )
2 2
5. 1 +  3 2 + 3 2   = 1 + 3+ 3 3
= 1+ 3+3 3 = 8 4
    3
A área do triângulo é cm2.
4
( )
2
= 1+ 4 3 = 1 + 16 × 3 = 49 = 7 1 2 1 2
−
 1 3  1 3 3  1 3 3 3
Resposta: (B)   :   × 12   × 12
   
2 2
=  3
2
=
6. A( x) × B ( x) = C ( x) 10. 3
3 3
grau 2 grau 3 grau 5 −
1
1 3 3
  × 12 2 3 × 3 12 3 2 × 3 12
1
Resposta: (B)
 2
7. A ( x ) = ( x − 2 ) × ( 3 x − 1) + R = 3
= 3
= 3
=
3 3 3
1
= 2 ( x − 2) × ( 3x − 1) + R 2 × 12 3
2 = 3 = 8=2
3
3 1
= ( 2x − 4) ×  x −  + R 11. P ( x ) = ( x − 2 )( x + 3) ( x − 4 ) ( x − 1)
2 3 4

 2 2
Resposta: (B) 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10. P(x) tem grau 10
 2.4. Fatorização de polinómios. Resolução de equações e inequações de grau superior ao segundo

12. A ( x ) = 3 x5 − x 4 + 2 x 3 + 4 x − 3 P (1) + 1 × P ( 2 − 1) = 12 + 3 ⇔ P (1) + P (1) = 4 ⇔

B ( x ) = x3 − 2 x + 1 ⇔ 2 P (1) = 4 ⇔ P (1) = 2
3x5 – x4 + 2x3 + 0x2 + 4x – 3 x3 – 2x + 1 P ( 2) + 2 × P ( 2 − 2) = 4 + 3 ⇔
–3x 5
+ 6x 3
– 3x 2 2
3x – x + 8 ⇔ P ( 2) + 2 × P ( 0) = 7 ⇔
– x4 + 8x3 – 3x2 + 4x – 3
⇔ P ( 2) + 2 × 3 = 7 ⇔ P ( 2) = 1
+ x4 – 2x2 + x
18.2. P ( x ) = ax + b
8x3 – 5x2 + 5x – 3
– 8x3 + 16x – 8 P ( 0) = 3 b = 3 b = 3
  
– 5x2 + 21x – 11  P (1) = 2 ⇔ a + b = 2 ⇔ a + 3 = 2 ⇔
Q ( x ) = 3 x 2 − x + 8 e R ( x ) = −5 x 2 + 21x − 11   2a + b = 1  2 a + 3 = 1
P ( 2) = 1  
13. b = 3
P(x) x2 + x + 1  b = 3
⇔ a = −1 ⇔ 
–x + 13 x2 – x 2a = −2 a = −1

P ( x ) = ( x 2 − x )( x 2 + x + 1) − x + 13 =
P ( x) = −x + 3
= x 4 + x 3 + x 2 − x 3 − x 2 − x − x + 13 =
19. P ( x ) = x 3 + ax 2 + bx
= x 4 − 2 x + 13
14. P ( x ) = x3 + x 2 − 3ax − 4a  P ( 2 ) = 2 8 + 4a + 2b = 2 4a + 2b = −6
 ⇔ ⇔ ⇔
B ( x ) = x2 − x − 4  ( )
P 1 = 4 1 + a + b = 4 a + b = 3
x3 + x2 – 3ax – 4a x2 – x – 4 2a + 3 − a = −3 a = −6
⇔ ⇔
– x3 + x2 + 4x x+2 b = 3 − a b = 9
2x2 + (4 – 3a)x – 4a
– 2x2 + 2x + 8 a=–6eb=9
(6 – 3a)x + 8 – 4a 20. V ( x) = A( x) × H ( x)
( 6 − 3a ) x + 8 − 4a = 0 ⇔ V ( x ) = x3 + 7 x 2 + 14 x + 8
6 − 3a = 0 3a = 6 H ( x) = x + 1
⇔ ⇔ ⇔a=2
8 − 4a = 0 4a = 8 A(x) é o quociente de V(x) por H(x)
1 7 14 8
Pág. 146 –1 –1 –6 –8
1 6 8 0
15. P ( x ) = ( x − 2 )( x − 4 )( x − 5 ) × Q ( x ) + ( x + 1)
A( x) = x2 + 6x + 8
 P ( 2 ) = A 0 × Q ( x ) + 3 = A A = 3
   21. P ( x ) = ( x − 1) × Q ( x ) + 3
 P ( 4 ) = B ⇔  0 × Q ( x ) + 4 = B ⇔ B = 4
  C = 5 Q ( x ) = ( x − 2 ) × Q1 ( x ) + 2
 P ( 5) = C 0 × Q ( x ) + 5 = C 
Logo:
A × B × C = 3 × 4 × 5 = 90
P ( x ) = ( x − 1) × ( x − 2 ) × Q1 ( x ) + 2  + 3 =
16. P ( x ) = x100 + x + 1
= ( x − 1) × ( x − 2 ) Q1 ( x ) + 2 ( x − 1) + 3 =
P ( x ) = Q ( x ) × ( x 2 − 1) + R ( x )
P ( x ) = ( x − 1) × ( x − 2 ) Q1 ( x ) + 2 x + 1
R ( x ) = ax + b porque o grau do divisor é 2.
R ( x) = 2x + 1
 P (1) = Q (1) × 0 + R (1)
 ⇔ 22. (x 2
− 4 ) ( x − 3) ≤ 0 ⇔
 P ( −1) = Q ( −1) × 0 + R ( −1)
⇔ ( x − 2 )( x + 2 )( x − 3) ≤ 0 ⇔
1 + 1 + 1 = a × 1 + b
100
a + b = 3
⇔ ⇔ ⇔ ⇔ x ∈ ]−∞ , − 2] ∪ [ 2 , 3]
( −1) − 1 + 1 = a × ( −1) + b −a + b = 1
100

x −∞ –2 2 3 +∞
b − 1 + b = 3 2b = 4 b = 2
⇔ ⇔ ⇔ x–2 – – – 0 + + +
 a = b − 1  a = b − 1 a = 1
x+2 – 0 + + + + +
R ( x) = x + 2
x–3 – – – – – 0 +
 P ( x ) 
3
P – 0 + 0 – 0 +
 P ( x )  = x × P ( x ) ⇔ P x = x ⇔
3 2 2
17.
( ) S = ]− ∞ , − 2] ∪ [ 2 , 3]
⇔  P ( x )  = x ⇔ P ( x ) = x ∨ P ( x ) = − x P ( x ) = x 3 − 6 x 2 + 11x − 6
2 2
23.
Logo, P(x) tem grau 1. 23.1. P ( 3) = 33 − 6 × 32 + 11 × 3 − 6 =
18. P ( x ) + x × P ( 2 − x) = x2 + 3 = 27 − 54 + 33 − 6 = 0
18.1. P ( 0 ) + 0 × P ( 2 ) = 3 ⇔ P ( 0 ) = 3 Se P ( 3) = 0 , então P(x) é divisível por x – 3.
 2.4. Fatorização de polinómios. Resolução de equações e inequações de grau superior ao segundo

23.2. 25. P ( −1) = −1 ; P ( 2 ) = −7

1 –6 11 –6
P ( x ) = ( x + 1)( x − 2 ) × Q ( x ) + R ( x )
3 3 –9 6
1 –3 2 0 R ( x ) = ax + b , dado que ( x + 1)( x + 2 ) é do 2.º grau
3± 9−8 P ( x ) = ( x + 1)( x − 2 ) × Q ( x ) + ax + b
x 2 − 3x + 2 = 0 ⇔ x = ⇔
2
 P ( −1) = −1 0 × Q ( −1) + a × ( −1) + b = −1
⇔ x = 1∨ x = 2  ⇔ ⇔
P ( x ) = ( x − 1)( x − 2 )( x − 3)  P ( 2 ) = −7 0 × Q ( 2 ) + a × 2 + b = −7

P ( x ) > 0 ⇔ ( x − 1)( x − 2 )( x − 3) > 0 ⇔ −a + b = −1 b = a − 1 b = a − 4

⇔ ⇔ ⇔ ⇔
⇔ x ∈ ]1 , 2[ ∪ ]3 , + ∞[  P ( 2 ) = −7 2a + a − 1 = −7 3a = −6
b = −3
x −∞ 1 2 3 +∞ ⇔
x–1 – 0 + + + + +
a = −2
x–2 – – – 0 + + +
R ( x ) = −2 x − 3
x–3 – – – – – 0 + 26. P ( x ) = 3x 3 + mx 2 + nx − 2
P(x) – 0 + 0 – 0 + x 2 + x + 2 não tem raízes reais.
3x3 + mx2 + nx – 2 x2 + x + 2
S = ]1 , 2[ ∪ ]3 , + ∞[ – 3x3 – 3x2 – 6x 3x + m – 3
(m – 3) x2 + (n – 6)x – 2
– (m – 3) x2 + (– m + 3) x – 2m + 6
Pág. 147
(n – m – 3)x – 2m + 4
24. P ( x ) = 8 x 5 + 4 x 4 − 10 x 3 − x 2 + 4 x − 1
n − m − 3 = 0
( n − m − 3) x − 2m + 4 = 0 ⇔  ⇔
24.1. −2m + 4 = 0
n − 2 − 3 = 0 n = 5
8 4 – 10 –1 4 –1 ⇔ ⇔
1 m = 2 m = 2
4 4 –3 –2 1
2 m=2en=5
8 8 –6 –4 2 0 Outro processo:
1
4 6 0 –2 3 x 3 + mx 2 + nx − 2 = ( x 2 + x + 2 ) ( ax + b ) ⇔
2
⇔ 3 x 3 + mx 2 + nx − 2 = ax 3 + bx 2 + ax 2 + bx + 2ax + 2b ⇔
8 12 0 –4 0
1 ⇔ 3x 3 + mx 2 + nx − 2 = ax 3 + ( a + b ) x 2 + ( 2a + b ) x + 2b ⇔
4 8 4
2 a = 3 a = 3 a = 3
8 16 8 0 a + b = m 3 − 1 = m m = 2
  
1 ⇔ ⇔ ⇔
4 10  2 a + b = n  6 − 1 = n n = 5
2 2b = −2 b = −1 b = −1
8 20 18 ≠ 0
3 m=2en=5
 1
P ( x ) =  x −  ( 8 x 2 − 16 x + 8 ) e
1
 2  2
não é raiz de 27. ( B ( x ) = 0 ⇔ x = 1) ∧ ( ∀x ∈ ℝ, B ( x ) < 0 ⇔ x ∈ ]1 , + ∞[ ) ⇒
8 x 2 − 16 x + 8 . ⇒ ( ∀x ∈ ℝ, B ( x ) > 0 ⇔ x ∈ ]−∞ , 1[ )
1 27.1.
Logo, é uma raiz de grau de multiplicidade 3.
2 x −∞ 1 2 +∞
24.2. 8 x 2 + 16 x + 8 = 0 ⇔ 2–x + + + 0 –
⇔ 8 ( x 2 + 2 x + 1) = 8 ( x + 1)
2
B(x) + 0 – – –
 1
3 (2 – x) B(x) + 0 – 0 +
P ( x ) = 8  x −  ( x + 1)
2

 2 ( 2 − x ) B ( x ) ≤ 0 ⇔ x ∈ [1 , 2]
 1 S = [1 , 2]
P ( x ) ≤ 0 ⇔ x ∈  −∞ , 
 2
3± 9 −8
1 27.2. x 2 − 3 x + 2 = 0 ⇔ x = ⇔ x = 1∨ x = 2
x −∞ –1 +∞ 2
2
 1
3 (x 2
− 3 x + 2 ) B ( x ) > 0 ⇔ ( x − 1)( x − 2 ) B ( x ) > 0
x−  – – – 0 +
x −∞ 1 2 +∞
 2
x–1 – 0 + + +
( x + 1)
2
+ 0 + + +
x–2 – – – 0 +
P(x) – 0 – 0 +
B(x) + 0 – – –
 1 P + 0 + 0 –
S = − ∞ , 
 2
 2.4. Fatorização de polinómios. Resolução de equações e inequações de grau superior ao segundo

( x − 1)( x − 2 ) B ( x ) > 0 ⇔ ]−∞ , 1[ ∪ ]1 , 2[  1  1 1

S = − ∞ , −  ∪ − , 
S = ]− ∞ , 1[ ∪ ]1 , 2[  2  2 2
Ou
28. Pretende-se provar que:
1 1
P(x) é divisível por x 2 − a 2 ⇒ x −∞ − +∞
2 2
⇒ P ( x ) é divisível por x – a
2
 1
P(x) é divisível por x 2 − a 2 ⇒ x+  + 0 + + +
 2
⇒ P ( x ) = ( x2 − a2 ) Q ( x )
1
x−
⇒ P ( x ) = ( x − a )( x + a ) Q ( x ) 2
– – – 0 +

⇒ P ( x ) = ( x − a ) × Q1 ( x ) sendo Q1 ( x ) = ( x + a ) Q ( x ) P(x) – 0 – 0 +
⇒ P ( x ) é divisível por x – a  1  1 1
S = − ∞ , −  ∪ − , 
Portanto, b(x) é condição suficiente para que se verifique a(x).  2  2 2
29. P ( x ) = ( x − n ) Q ( x ) com Q ( n ) ≠ 0
2
31. P ( x ) = x + x 4 n − x n − 1, n ∈ ℕ
5n

29.1. x − mx − 16 = ( x − n ) ( ax + b ) , dado que ( x − n ) é um

3 2 2
31.1. P ( x ) = x 4 n ( x n + 1) − ( x n + 1) =

polinómio do 2.º grau. = ( x n + 1)( x 4 n − 1) =

x 3 − mx − 16 = ( x 2 − 2nx + n 2 ) ( ax + b ) ⇔ = ( x 4 n − 1)( x n + 1)
⇔ x − mx − 16 = ax + bx − 2anx − 2bnx + an x + bn ⇔
3 3 2 2 2 2
31.2. P ( x ) = ( x 4 n − 1)( x n + 1) =
⇔ x 3 − mx − 16 = ax 3 ( b − 2an ) x 2 + ( an 2 − 2bn ) x + bn 2 ⇔
= ( x 2 n ) − 1 ( x n + 1) =
2

a = 1 a = 1  
b − 2an = 0 
 b = 2n = ( x 2 n − 1)( x 2 n + 1)( x n + 1) =
⇔ 2 ⇔ 2 ⇔
an − 2bn = −m  n − 2 × ( 2n ) n = −m = ( x n − 1)( x n + 1)( x 2 n + 1)( x n + 1) =
bn 2 = −16 2n × n 2 = −16
 
= ( x n − 1)( x n + 1) ( x 2 n + 1)
2

a = 1 a = 1 a = 1
b = 2n 
 b = 2 × ( ) b = −4
−2 Vamos dividir x n − 1 por x –1, usando a Regra de Ruffini.
⇔ 2 ⇔  ⇔ x n − 1 = x n + 0 x n −1 + 0 x n − 2 + ... + 0 x − 1
n − 4 n = − m m = 12
2
−3n = −m
2

n3 = −8 n = −2 n = −2
  n – 1 zeros
m = 12 e n = – 2 n – 1 zeros
29.2. x 3 − mx − 16 = ( x − n ) ( ax + b )
2

1 0 0 0 … 0 –1
= ( x + 2) ( x − 4)
2
(a = 1 , b = – 4 , m = 12 e n = – 2) 1 1 1 1 … 1 1
1 1 1 1 … 1 0
P ( x ) = ( x + 2) ( x − 4)
2
n termos
30. P ( x ) = 8x3 + 4 x 2 − 2 x − 1

30.1. P ( x ) = 8 ( x − a ) ( x + a ) ⇔
2 x n − 1 = ( x − 1) ( x n −1 + x n − 2 + ... + x + 1)

⇔ 8 x 3 + 4 x 2 − 2 x − 1 = 8 ( x 2 − 2ax + a 2 ) ( x + a ) ⇔ P ( x ) = ( x − 1) ( x n −1 + x n − 2 + ... + x + 1)( x n + 1) ( x 2 n + 1)

2

8 x 3 + 4 x 2 − 2 x − 1 = 8 ( x3 + ax 2 − 2ax 2 − 2a 2 x + a 2 x + a 3 ) P ( x ) = ( x − 1) × Q ( x ) sendo

Q ( x ) = ( x n −1 + x n − 2 + ... + x + 1)( x n + 1) ( x 2 n + 1)
2
⇔ 8 x 3 + 4 x 2 − 2 x − 1 = 8 x 3 − 8ax 2 − 8a 2 x + 8a 3 ⇔
 1
a = − 2 Q (1) = (1 + 1 + ... + 1 + 1)(1 + 1) (1 + 1) =
2

−8a = 4 
  1 1 n vezes
⇔ −8a 2 = −2 ⇔ a 2 = ⇔a=−
 3  4 2 = x × 1× 4 × 2 =
8a = −1  3 1 = 8n ≠ 0
a = − 8
 Como P ( x ) = ( x − 1) Q ( x ) e Q (1) ≠ 0 , 1 é uma raiz simples
2
 1  1 de P(x).
P ( x) = 8 x +   x − 
 2  2
2
 1  1
30.2. P ( x ) < 0 ⇔ 8  x +   x −  < 0 ⇔
 2  2
1 1
⇔ x− <0∧x+ ≠0⇔
2 2
1 1
⇔ x< ∧x≠−
2 2