Formwork striking times for ground EngrsInstn

Proc. Siructs Civ.

&
Bldgs. 1994, 104,
granulatedblastfurnaceslagconcrete: Nov..441-448

test and site results Siructural and

BuildingBoard
c. A . Clear, BSc, PhD, CEng, MICE, MIC7 Structural Panel
Paper l OS1 7

This Papersets out examples of how the what the actual in-situ strength development is Written discussion
formwork striking time for concretes con- likely to be, it is worthwhile to reviewthe bene- closes 16January 1995
taining up to 70% ground granulated fits of using high proportionsof ggbs in con-
blastfurnace slag (ggbs) a s part of the Crete.
cement has been determined over UK
winter months. Such high proportionsof Durable concrete
ggbs are used to enhance the durability of 2. To ensure the long-term durability of
the concrete exposed to a range of other- reinforced and plain concrete structures,it is
wise deleterious environments. The higher often desirable to specify concrete containing
the proportion of ggbs the slower the early 70% ggbs. The most frequent applications are
age strength development becomes, and
(0) to minimize the risk of early age thermal
examples include concrete with 0%, 50%,
cracking, or to reduce the amount of crack
and 70% ggbs, where the majority ofthe
control r e i n f ~ r c e m e n t ~ . ~
data is on 70% ggbs, as thisis an area of
(Q)to provide resistance to sulphate.bearing
particular interest. Results from both
groundwaters above Class2 as defined in
full-size tests using temperature matched
BRE Digest 363,sor to resist attackby
curing equipment andin-situ concrete
acids.
elements are described. These examples (c) to increase greatly the resistance to chlo-
include a practical range of strength ride diffusion, and subsequent reinforce-
grade, aggregate type, formwork material ment corrosion where structures are
and section size useful to those exposed to de-icing salts ora marine
responsible forassessing the formwork environment.6
striking time of concrete.
3. Frequently, the types of element that
require either an enhanced resistance to chemi-
Introduction cal attack or require aminimum risk of early
The durability benefitsof using concrete con- age thermal cracking are large sections. Where
taining up to70% ground granulated blastfur- this is the case, striking times are not generally
nace slag (ggbs) to BS 6699,’in combination problematical. However, as theawareness of
with Portland cement(PC) to BS 12,’ mean that the durability advantagesof using 70% ggbs
it is specified fora range of structural concrete has grown, so has the requirement to use it in
elements. Combinations of ggbs andPC provide thinner structural elements where striking time
concrete with enhancedresistance to severe may significantly affect the construction pro-
forms of chemical attack as well as reducing gramme. When this occurs, itis important to
the risk of early-age thermal cracking. Thisis know what strength is required to strike form-
achieved by the natureof its hydration which work.
also givesa slower early age strength develop
ment than the equivalent grade of concrete Concrete strength at striking
made with PC only. Where the proportionof 4. Under normal conditions, an in-situ con-
ggbs is restricted to levels up 50%to the strik- crete compressive strengthof 2 N/mm2 is con-
ing times are not increased sufficiently to affectsidered sufficient to prevent mechanical
the construction programme, under normal con- damage on striking vertical formwork, and to
ditions. For this reason, the striking time of ensure
protection
from
According to BS
concrete containing up to 50% ggbs is onlycon- 8110,9 a t least 10 N/mm2, or twice the stress to
sidered briefly in line with the limited investi- which the element is subjected, whicheveris
gations that havebeen required. Results show the greater, is required to strikehorizontal
that for massive or medium-sized concrete con- formwork. In BS 8110. it is stated that this
struction, the useof 70% ggbs does not present strength may be assessedby test on cubes
a practical limitation to the strikingtime. cured, a s near a s possible, under the same con. C. A. Clear.
Where 70% ggbs concrete is used in thinner, ditions a s the concrete in the element. This Assistant Technical
more exposed elements, some additional con-
sideration may be required and this is dealt
with in detail. Before an assessment is made of
statement may be interpreted to include cubes Marketing Manager,
cured alongside the structure as well as more Civil and Marine
realistic simulations and therefore the various Slag Cement Limited -
441
 CLEAR

strength requirements for striking formwork properties of PCs have changed" over the
are only a general guide. Sometimes, it more
is years.
appropriate to select an alternative strength 8. The combination of mean air tem-
requirement for particular applications.For perature, concrete placing temperature, form-
this reason, a summaryof factors affecting the work material and the minimum dimensionof
striking time is useful. the section cast are important factorsas they
effectively control the early age temperature
Factors affecting striking time history of the element. In a report covering
5. The striking time of concrete depends on methods of assessment of striking time,
the following factors Harrison" states that cubesmade from con-
crete sampled from that placedin an element,
( a ) formworkdesign
and cured at a temperatureprofile which
( b ) workmanship
matches that of the in-situ concrete,will
(c) in-situ concrete strength development.
provide the shortest strikingtime. This tem-
6. Formwork design is relevant, a s even the perature matched curing(TMC)" technique is
strongest concrete canbe damaged if a form useful, as it is the in-situ temperature historyof
has not been designed to allow removal. Simi- the concrete element which controls its early
larly, workmanship is important, as concreteof age strength development.In addition, the TMC
any strength canbe damaged where an appro- fulfils the BS 8110' recommendation to cure
priate release agent has not been used or where cubes under conditions asclose as possible to
operatives do not adopt a sufficiently high level the concrete in the element. Before workwith
of care in removing forms. the TMC apparatus is described, it is worth-
7. Harrison provides tables of minimum while to show therelative effect of using up to
striking times8 which effectively summarize the 70% ggbs in a nominal C40 grade concrete at a
early age strength developmentof PC and constant curing temperature.
RHPC concrete as a function of: concrete grade;
mean air temperature; concrete placing tem- Early age strength development at
perature; formwork type; and theminimum 20°C
dimension of the section cast. Harrison's tables 9. Figure 1 shows the strength development
are based on the concrete strength development of concrete cubes stored in water at 20°C up to
with a safety margin.As a consequence, the use seven days, for five concrete mixes as set out in
Fig. l . Early age of Harrison's tables may not give a realistic Table 1. Mixes M1 -M3 contain 70% ggbs in
strength development idea of strength development for a particular combination with a marine gravel, granite and
of concrete mixes source of cement, and do not includecom- limestone aggregate respectively.Mix M4 con-
M1 -M5, a t 20°C binations of PC with ggbs. In addition, the tains 50% ggbs and Mix M5 is a PC only con-
crete, both in combination with a marine
gravel. All concrete mixes were mixed andsup-
plied by ready-mixed concrete vehicles; the
5c concrete used for strength development was
sampled from that supplied to the element cast.
10. In the unlikely event that a real struc-
tural concrete element wascured at a constant
temperature of 20°C, then Fig. 1 shows that a
4c
2 N/mmz requirement for the strikingof verti-
/'
/ cal formwork is met by all the mixesin less
/ than one day. All mixes also achieve 10 N/mm2
f' by two days, with the50% ggbs mix making it
NE 3c in one day. Wheremore than 10 N/mm2, say
E 20 N/mm*, is requiredfor the striking of hori-
t zontal formwork then Fig. 1 indicates a striking
sm time of two days for the 50% ggbs concrete,
z 2c and up to four daysfor concrete containing
70% ggbs. However, Fig. 1 shows only the
strength development at a constant20°C and
I type
aggregateand
Mix, cement thus ignores the temperature history which can
I -A- M1, 70% ggbs. Marine significantly change the early age in-situ
la eM2, 70% ggbs.Granite strength development.
+M3, 70% ggbs,Limestone Early age temperature of concrete
-0- M4. 50% aabs. Marine
11. The early age temperature history of
in-situ concrete is a function of
a
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ( a ) ccncrete placing temperature
Age: days ( b ) minimum dimension of section cast
 FORMWORK STRIKING
TIMES FOR GGBS
CONCRETE

Table 1 . Details of concrete mixes for TMC tests

~ ~~

Mix ggbs: % Total Nominal Max. Slump: Aggregate type Admixture* Cube strength:
cement grade free mm N/mm2
content: w/c
kg/m Fine Coarse 28 day 56 day 90 day

M1 70 390 C40 0.45 100 SP Marine Marine 49.8 56.0 61.9

M2 70 390 C40 0.45 115 SP Crushed rock Granite 52.8 63.3 59.9

M3 70 C40 390 0.45 135 SP Marine + Limestone 51.0 57.7 59.6

crushed rock

M4 C40 415 0.42

50 WRA 75 Marine Marine 57.07

M5 0 C40 390 0.45 100 SP Marine Marine 59.2 58.3 63.6

* SP = is a superplasticizer (FEB SP3) and WRA is a normal water reducing or plasticizing admixture(Cormix P4).
t Representative site results.

(c) amount of cementitious material close to ambient, frequently significantlylower

(d) type of cementitious material
( e ) ambienttemperature
( f )insulating properties of formwork.
12. During hydration all cements generate
heat, and this exothermic behaviour is normally
the most important factor affecting the early
age temperature of concrete sections placed in
formwork, with a minimum dimension greater
than 300 mm. Where more than 30%ggbs is
used in concrete to replace thePC, then the
in-situ temperature rises canbe significantly
reduced, and at70% ggbs the early age tem-
perature rise can be as low a s one third of that
containing PC only. However, the factors affect-
ing the in-situ temperature rise of concrete are
interdependent. The higher the initial concrete
temperature, the thicker theminimum section
size and the greater the total cementitious
content, then the higher the temperature devel-
oped. In BS 8110,9 it is suggested that a suit-
able method for assessing striking timeis to
cure cubes alongside the structure, assuming
that the curing conditionsof the cubes will be
representative of the concrete in the structure.
This method of striking time assessment can
give extended striking times,a s the concrete in
the cubes is effectively cured at a temperature
than that in the structure which it is deemed to
represent. Harrison" states that for thick slabs,
or for large or well-insulated sections, the
'cubes cured alongside' method will indicate
conservative striking times.
Temperature and strengkh
13. A diagram of the TMC apparatus, where
the temperature of the water in a curing tank is
matched to the temperature of the structural
concrete element, is shownin Fig. 2. The posi-
tion and depth of the single probe within the
concrete is important as it should be at a posi-
tion where the in-situ strength is required, nor-
mally the cover zone at the pointof maximum
bending moment or a similar pointof maximum
stress. Little or no moisture should move in or
out of a properly cured structural element
within formwork. To match this condition, the
concrete samples forTMC water bath are
placed in cube moulds which are then sealed.
14. In Figs 3(a)-3(e), the early age tem-
perature and temperature matched cured
strength development of the five concrete mixes
M1 -M5, placed in various elements, are shown.
Mixes M1-M3 and M5 were placed in 1 m 3
blocks as partof a test regime to determine

LA Concrete probe Stirrer

Heating Fig. 2. Temperature

Control unit element
matched curing
Structure Water bath (TMC)equipment
443
 CLEAR

--- Ambient temperature rises and differentialsfor the

40 - -.- Concrete avoidance of early age thermal crackingin
+In-situ strength walls exposed to a marine environment. These
blocks were placed during October to December
1992, and the additional TMC measurements
were taken to verify the likely striking time
based on a nominal requirement for 20 N/mm2.
Mix M4 was placed in a 250 mm bridge deck
section where an in-situ strengthof 10 N/mm2
was required a s quickly as possible during
days in late winter to early spring, to take con-
struction loads.
15. The temperatures shown were recorded
at thecover zone, 75 mm in from the face for
the 1 m3 blocks, where the requirement tomini-
mize the risk of thermal cracking meant the
formwork was well insulated to prevent the
development of differential temperatures. In the
bridge deck, the temperatures were measured
50 mm down from the top surfaceof the
250 mm thick slab. Also shown in Figs 3(a)-
3(e) are the ambient temperature measurements
which were fairly typical for the times of the
40 r year during which the testswere carried out.
16. Table 2 shows a summary of section
size, date cast, average ambient temperatures
and striking times for requirements of 2 N/mm2,
10 N/mm2 and20 N/mm2.
17. The 1 m cubes were cast to simulate a
water retaining wall where the reuse of form-
work programme of one to two weeks rendered
of academic interest the strikingtime of up to
I I 1 three days. The constructionprogramme for the
0' I 1 I I
deck slab wasmore restrictive, but the required
10 N/mm2 was achieved within two days. This
test was carriedout in early March which simu-
lated the most severe condition as the ambient
temperatures were higher during thefollowing
months when the rest of the deck slab was com-
pleted. The high cementitious contentof mix
M4 was required tomeet the w/c requirements
and the 28 day cube strengthsexceeded the
specified characteristic valueby a high margin.
18. The PC results for mix M5 gave such
high early strengths over the first nightof
placing that the exacttimes when the various
strength levels were achieved was not deter-
mined. However, at less than one day, such
high early strengths arenot generally required
for in-situ concrete in civil engineering struc-
tures, and theywould allow formwork removal
earlier than would be advisable without the
immediate applicationof a protective barrier
for proper curing.
19. These results demonstrate how useful
O / the TMC apparatus is in ascertaining the
' 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 in-situ strengthof concrete but it may not
Age: days always be readily available to contractors or
Fig. 3. Temperature matched cured in-situ strength development in test other engineers. It is possible to estimate the
elements: (a)1 m3 block with 70% ggbs and marine aggregate; (b)1 m 3 in-situ strength of concrete from standard cube

-
block with 70% ggbs andgranite aggregate; (c)1 m 3block with 70% ggbs
and limestone aggregate; (d)250 mm slab with50% ggbs and marine
aggregate; (e) 1 m 3 block with PC and marine aggregate
444
results in combination with just thetem-
perature history of the in-situconcrete. Thus
the need for a full TMC equipment is replaced
 FORMWORK STRIKING
TIMES FOR GGBS
CONCRETE

Table 2. Section size and striking time for TMC tests

Mix Minimum Average ambient Date cast Minimum striking for a strength requirement of
dimension temperature; "C
2 N/mm2 10 N/mm2 20 N/mm2
M1, Fig. 3(a) l m 9 Dec. 1992 8 21 hours 39 hours 69 hours
M2, Fig. 3(b) l m 20 Oct. 1992 8 21 hours 42 hours 72 hours

M3, Fig. 3(c) l m 3 Nov. 1992 12 18 hours hours 38 hours 27

M4, Fig. 3(d) mm 13 Mar. 1990 250 10 12 hours 33 hours 63 hours
M5, Fig. 3(e) l m 24 Nov. 1992 10 < l day < l day < l day

by a temperature measuringdevice with dis-
posable or recoverable thermocouples or probes
for embedding in the concrete.
Equivalent age
20. The principle of Equivalent Age was set
out by Weaver and S a d g r ~ v e in
' ~ 1971 for Port-
land cement concrete. Harrison14 verified the
relationship in 1975 for temperatures in the
range 7"-27"C during the assessmentof the
risk of mechanical damage to concreteby early
removal of formwork. Wimpenny andEllis15
verified that the EquivalentAge principle
works for a range of combinations of ggbs and
PC. Simply stated, a concrete cured for period
a higher temperaturemost of the time. The TMC
T , at a temperatureof 0°C has an Equivalent
Age Tcqwhen cured at 20°C. The relationship
can be expressed thus
say, 7 N/mm2; the same concrete will be
expected to achieve 7 N/mm' if it is cured for
either: 46 hours at10°C; or 32 hours at15°C; or
24 hours at20°C; or 19 hours at 25°C; or 15
hours at 30°C.
22. A realistic example is set out in Table 3,
using the temperature historyof the 1 m section
shown in Fig. 3(c), the results forM3, and 70%
ggbs concrete with a limestone aggregate.
TMC in-situ strength
23. In effect, when the in-situ concrete is
three days old, its Equivalent Age to concrete
cured at 20°C is 4.8 days because it was at a
in-situ strength at three days, as shown in
Fig. 3(c), is 33.5 N/mm2. Inspection of Fig. 1,
concrete strength at20"C, gives an estimated

Equivalent Age Teq = 1( -

e ;i6)'X At
strength of 31 N/mmz for an Equivalent Age at
20°C of 4.8 days. This example shows that a
safe estimateof the TMC in-situ strength can
where B is the average temperature, and A t is be achieved a s the estimate is lower than the
the increment of time at the average tem- TMC in-situ strength.
perature. 24. Figure 4 shows the relationship between
21. A simple example is a concrete cured at the estimated strength-the strength estimated
5°C for 70 hours, which attains a strengthof, using the in-situ temperature history and the
20°C cube strength curves shownin Fig. 1-
and the TMC in-situ strength results for the
Table 3. Example of equivalent age calculation
four mixes M1 -M4. In the case of mix M5, only
the earlier agePC results up totwo days old are
Age : Temperature: Average AT,,: Tcq: included, becauseat later ages theconcrete is
days "C temperature days days
"C at its maximum strength, when further curing
- would not give an increasein strength, and
0 19 0 0 thus the equivalent age principle would not
23.5 apply.
1 28 1.2 1.2 25. From an inspection of Fig. 4, it is
31 evident that the estimated strengths are either
2 34 2.9 1.7equal to or a little less than theTMC in-situ
34 strength results, indicating that the estimating
3 34 1.9 4.8
method is safe for the concretemixes and
32
4 30 1.8 6.6 minimum dimensions of sections tested.
28.5
5 27 1.5 8.1 Estimated strengths without TMC
25.5 26. In general, it is advisable to use the full
6 24 1.3 9.4 TMC tests to ascertain an accurate striking
22 time where it is the critical factor controlling
1.1 10.5
- 7 20 the construction programme.However, in many
 CLEAR

section details and the properties of the con-

Mix, cement and aggregate type crete mixes.
A M1, 70% ggbs, Marine 28. In Fig. 5(a) it is shown that an estimated
0 M2, 70% ggbs, Granite strength of 10 N/mmz wasachieved within two
V M3, 70% ggbs, Limestone days with a 50% ggbs concrete, even though
Q M4, 50% ggbs, Marine the in-situconcrete temperature did not exceed
+ M5, PC, Marine 30°C. This was acceptable to the construction
programme, but it was evident that a70% ggbs
+ A concrete would not achieve the required
strength in such a thin andexposed deck slab.
29. Results from a 400 mm diameter pile
using 70% ggbs concrete are shownin Fig. 5(b),
where it is evident that the temperatureof the
ground kept thepile temperature consistently
low. In this case, thepile temperature was mea-
sured l m below the top. An estimated strength
of 5 N/mmz wasachieved in under two days,
which was deemed sufficient to resist damage
caused by the placing of adjacent piles.
30. Results from the centre of a 500 mm
section cast in 70% ggbs concrete using timber
formwork are shownin Fig. 5(c). A strengthof
7.5 N/mmz was required to support the false-
I I I I work system for the erection of the formwork
10 40 20 30 50 on top of the current section. The insulating
In-situ strength from TMC results: Nlmm'
properties of the timber form allowed the
surface concrete toachieve a temperature of
20°C within 12 hours. This meant an estimated
Fig. 4 . Relationship cases, the concrete strength estimated from a strength of 7.5 N/mm2 wasachieved within
between estimated minimum concrete temperature and the early 24 hours.
strength and in-situ age strength development at20°C may be suffi- 31. When concrete is slipformed, it is
(temperature matched cient to show that the striking timeunlikely
is exposed to the elementsvery quickly after
cured) strength to be a controlling factorin the construction casting. Fig. 5(d) shows the results for a 1m
programme. thick section where the concrete emerged from
the form after 7 hours. Despite this, the con-
Estimating concrete temperatures in crete surface temperature maintained 20°C and
structures the estimated strengthdevelopment was very
27. In Figs 5(a)-5(e), the results are shown close to the strengthdevelopment of standard
from five examples,E l to E5 respectively,of cubes. In this example, there was no early age
structural elements where the early age strength requirement, as the experience of the
strength developmentof cubes at 20°C and the slipform personnel, and their proven rule of
in-situ temperatureof the element have enabled thumb method-more like a ' thumb penetra-
the in-situ strength tobe estimated up to two tion test '-was all that was requiredto gauge
days after casting. Table4 summarizes the the safe rateof movement for the slipform.

Table 4 . Details of site structural elements and concrete mixes

Structural Formwork Average ggbs: Total Nominal Max Slump: Admixture*

element and ambient % cement grade free mm
minimum temperature: content: wlc
dimension "C kg/m3

El Slab, 250 mm On precast slabs 5.0 50 415 C40 0.42 75 WRA, P4

E2 400 mm Ground Pile, 6.6 70 425 C40 175 WRA, 211

E3 500 mm Timber Wall, 9.2 70 330 C30 0.5 1 WRA, P4

E4 1m 7 hours in slipform 8.5 70 380 C40 WRA, P4 75

-
446
E5 m Steel 3.5 7.0 70

* WRA P4 is Cormix P4 and WRA 211 is Conplast 211, both are normal water-reducing
C30 330 0.51

or plasticizing admixtures.
WRA, P4
 FORMWORK STRIKING
TIMES FOR GGBS
CONCRETE

Nevertheless the example is useful, a s under 6 Ambient temperature

severe conditions of almost immediate exposure -P- Concrete surface temperature
of the concrete an estimated surface strengthof + 20°C cube strength
5 N/mm2 was achieveda t one day. -0- Estimated concrete strength
32. On a larger scale, the results from a --- Requiredconcretestrength
-I 30
3.5 m thick section is shownin Fig. 5(e) where a
special steel form was used without insulation.
Like the slipform, there wasno early age
strength requirement for striking formwork but
the example is useful as it shows how the steel
reduced the initial surface temperature of the
concrete and so the estimated strength was
only about 2.5 N/mmz atone day. However, the
subsequent temperature rise enabled the con-
crete to achieve an estimated strength of
10 N/mmz at two days.

Practical application
33. In the above tests and examples, the
concrete used for ascertaining the early age
strength, either at20°C or by TMC, was
sampled from, or indicative of,that supplied to
the element cast from the ready-mixed concrete
truck. In cases where the concrete strength data
are not as representative as this, an additional
factor of safety for the strengthof concrete at
striking may be required.
34. Similarly, the temperature history of
each element has been measured at a point rep-
resentative of the position where the in-situ
strength is required, normally at the reinforce-
ment level near the concrete surface. As shown
by the examples, an exact early age strength
requirement is not always specified but they
were included as useful information for those
who may be interested in estimating the early
age in-situ strengthof similar sized elements
using up to70% ggbs concrete.

General conclusions
35. The TMC test results confirm that the
principle of Equivalent Age canbe applied to 5- - 10
estimate the early age in-situ strengthof con- L
crete containing up to70% ggbs. Early age is
up to an equivalent ageof 7 days which is 0 I l I 0
equivalent to a real agebetween 4 and 6.5 days
for 70% ggbs concrete cast in 1 m thick sec-
tions under cold winter conditions. Under
similar ambient conditions, thePC only con-
crete produced higher concrete temperatures at
early ages, and an equivalent ageof 7 days was
achieved in less than 3 days.
36. The results were obtained during the
spring of 1990 and the winter of 1992, to simu-
late a worst case for the concrete elements
under construction in the United Kingdom. I I I

Owing to the somewhat variable natureof the1.5 1 0 0.5 2

British climate, care mustbe taken when these
results are extrapolated to colder winters or
cooler climates.
37. From the examples of winter concreting
described, it is evident that the in-situ early age
strength development of C30 + concrete, con-
Age: days
Fig. 5. Examples of estimated in-situ strength without TMC: ( a ) 250 m m
slab, cast on precast concrete planks,50% ggbs concrete; (b)400 m m
diameter pile, cast in ground, 70% ggbs concrete; (c) 500 m m wall, in
timber forms,70% ggbs concrete; (d)1 m thick slipform wall, 70% ggbs
concrete; (e) 3.5 m thickcrosshead in steel formwork, 70% ggbs concrete -

447
taining up to70% ggbs, in sections with a 5. BUILDINGRESEARCH ESTABLISHMENT. Sulphate and
minimum dimension greater than250 mm , is acid resistance of concrete in the ground. BRE,
sufficient to achieve a striking timewhich does Garston, July 1991, BRE Digest 363.
not extend the construction programme. Where 6. BRITISHSTANDARDS INSTITUTION. Code ofpractice
for maritime structures. BSI, London, BS 6349:
only up to 50% ggbs is used, the reductionin
Part 1: 1984, Last amendment No. 4, July 1989.
early age development has not presented prob- 7. THECONCRETE SOCIETY. Formwork, a guide to good
lems significant enough to prompt much field practice. Joint committee of the Concrete Society
investigation, a s reflected in the examples. and The Institutionof Civil Engineers, London,
Structural elements which mayneed detailed Aug. 1986.
consideration are where the minimum dimen- 8. HARRISON T.A. Tables of minimum striking times
sion of section cast is less thanor around for soffit and vertical formwork. Construction
250 mm, particularly in combination with con- Industry Research and Information Association,
crete cast in non-timber formwork, such as London, 1977, reprinted March 1979, Report 67.
steel, slipform or cast against the ground. In 9. BRITISHSTANDARDS INSnTvnON. StYUCtUYal use Of
these cases, it is worthwhile to use a worst case concrete, Part 1 :Code ofpractice for design and
construction. BSI, London, 1985, BS 8110: Part 1.
in-situ temperature history, suchas a represen- 10. THECONCRETE SOCIETY. Changes in the properties
tative minimum concrete temperature, to esti- of ordinary Portland cement and their effects on
mate the minimum striking time to see whether concrete. London, Oct. 1987, Technical Report 29
or not a full temperature matched curing test is (Report of a Concrete Society working party).
required in order to obtain the most realistic 11. HARRISON T. A. Formwork striking times-
value. methods of assessment. Construction Industry
Research and Information Association, London,
Acknowledgements 1987, Report 73,2nd edn.
38. The Author acknowledges gratefully the 12. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION.Method of tem-
perature matched curing of concrete specimens.
help and assistanceof Trafalgar House Con- BSI, London, 1984, Draft for development
struction Special Projects Limited for the site DD 92.
data and other information provided for this 13. WEAVER J. and SADGROVE B. M. Striking times of
Paper. formwork-tables of curingperiods to achieve given
strengths. Construction Industry Research and
References Information Association, London, Oct. 1971,
INsnTunoN. Specification for
1. BRlnsH STANDARDS Report 36.
Ground granulated blastfurnace slagfor use with 14. HARRISON T.A. Mechanical damage to concrete by
Portland cement. BSI, London, 1992, BS 6699. early removal of formwork. London, Cement and
2. BRITISH STANDARDS INsnmnoN. Specification for Concrete Association, London, Feb. 1975, Techni-
Portland cement. BSI, London, 1991, BS 12. cal Report 42.505.
3. THECONCRETE SOCIETY. Mass Concrete. Concrete 15. WIMPENNY D. and ELLISC. The effect of ggbs on
Society, London, Aug. 1986, Digest No. 2. the temperature and strength development in con-
4. HARRISON T. A. Early-age thermal crack control in crete elements underlow ambient temperatures.
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