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Derivatives of Logarithmic and Exponential Functions PDF
Derivatives of Logarithmic and Exponential Functions PDF
1
f ′ (x) =
x ln a
Proof: We have:
d loga (x + h) − loga x 1 x+h
(loga x) = lim = lim loga
dx h→0 h h→0 h x
1 h 1 x h
= lim loga 1 + = lim · loga 1 +
h→0 h x h→0 x h x
" x/h # " 1/(h/x) #
1 h 1 h
= lim loga 1 + = lim loga 1 +
x h→0 x x h→0 x
" 1/(h/x) # h
1 h i 1 1 ln e 1
= loga lim 1 + = lim (1 + u)1/u = e = loga e = =
x h→0 x u→0 x x ln a x ln a
COROLLARY: We have
d 1
(ln x) =
dx x
REMARK: In general,
1 1 ′
(loga u)′ = · u′ and (ln u)′ = ·u
u ln a u
EXAMPLES:
1 2x
(a) If f (x) = log5 (x2 + 1), then f ′ (x) = [log5 (x2 + 1)]′ = · (x2 + 1)′ = 2 .
(x2 + 1) ln 5 (x + 1) ln 5
1 1
(b) If f (x) = ln(ln x), then f ′ (x) = [ln(ln x)]′ = · (ln x)′ = .
ln x x ln x
x
(c) Find f (x) if f (x) = log
′
.
1 + x2
1
Section 3.3 Derivatives of Logarithmic and Exponential Functions 2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka
x
(c) If f (x) = log , then
1 + x2
′ ′
′ x 1 x
f (x) = log = x ·
1 + x2 · ln 10 1 + x2
1 + x2
′
(1 + x2 ) · 1
x
= x ·
(1 + x2 ) ·
· ln 10 1 + x2
2
1+x
′
1 + x2
x
= ·
x ln 10 1 + x2
1 + x2 x′ (1 + x2 ) − x(1 + x2 )′
= ·
x ln 10 (1 + x2 )2
1 + x2 1 · (1 + x2 ) − x · 2x
= ·
x ln 10 (1 + x2 )2
1 + x2 1 + x2 − 2x2
= ·
x ln 10 (1 + x2 )2
1 + x2 1 − x2
= ·
x ln 10 (1 + x2 )2
1 − x2
=
x(1 + x2 ) ln 10
or
′
x ′
= log x − log(1 + x2 )
′
f (x) = log
1 + x2
1 1
= − 2
· (1 + x2 )′
x ln 10 (1 + x ) ln 10
1 2x
= −
x ln 10 (1 + x2 ) ln 10
1 + x2 2x2
= −
x(1 + x2 ) ln 10 x(1 + x2 ) ln 10
1 + x2 − 2x2
=
x(1 + x2 ) ln 10
1 − x2
=
x(1 + x2 ) ln 10
2
Section 3.3 Derivatives of Logarithmic and Exponential Functions 2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka
THEOREM: We have
d x
(a ) = ax ln a
dx
In particular, if a = e, then
(ex )′ = ex
y = ax =⇒ ln y = ln ax = x ln a
therefore
1 ′
(ln y)′ = (x ln a)′ = ln a · (x)′ = ln a =⇒ · y = ln a
y
so
y ′ = y ln a = ax ln a
we have
1 1
(ax )′ = = 1 = ax ln a
f ′ (f −1 (a)) ax ln a
REMARK: In general,
EXAMPLES:
1. Find (2sin 3x )′ .
√
1−x ′
2. Find (xe ).
3
Section 3.3 Derivatives of Logarithmic and Exponential Functions 2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka
EXAMPLES:
1. (2sin 3x )′ = 2sin 3x ln 2 · (sin 3x)′ = 2sin 3x ln 2 · cos 3x · (3x)′ = 2sin 3x ln 2 · cos 3x · 3
√
1−x ′
√
1−x
√
1−x ′
√
1−x
√
1−x
√
2. (xe ) = x′ e + x(e ) =e + xe · ( 1 − x)′
√
√ √ 1 √ xe 1−x
=e 1−x
+ xe 1−x
· √ (1 − x)′ = e 1−x − √
2 1−x 2 1−x
Logarithmic Differentiation
Note that we can’t apply the rules (un )′ = nun−1 · u′ or (au )′ = au ln a · u′ to functions like
f (x) = xx .
EXAMPLES:
4
Section 3.3 Derivatives of Logarithmic and Exponential Functions 2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka
3
3. Let f (x) = (sin 2x)x . Find f ′ (x).
3
Solution: We logarithm and then differentiate both sides of f (x) = (sin 2x)x . We have
3 3
f (x) = (sin 2x)x =⇒ ln f (x) = ln(sin 2x)x = x3 ln(sin 2x)
therefore ′
[ln f (x)]′ = x3 ln(sin 2x)
hence
1
· f ′ (x) = (x3 )′ ln(sin 2x) + x3 (ln(sin 2x))′
f (x)
1
= 3x2 ln(sin 2x) + x3 (sin 2x)′
sin 2x
1
= 3x2 ln(sin 2x) + x3 cos 2x(2x)′
sin 2x
1
= 3x2 ln(sin 2x) + x3 cos 2x · 2
sin 2x
= 3x2 ln(sin 2x) + 2x3 cot 2x
From this it follows that
3
f ′ (x) = f (x) 3x2 ln(sin 2x) + 2x3 cot 2x = (sin 2x)x (3x2 ln(sin 2x) + 2x3 cot 2x)
5
Section 3.3 Derivatives of Logarithmic and Exponential Functions 2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka
1 1 1
= ln(x2 − 8) + ln(x3 + 1) − ln(1 − x) + 3 ln(x + 2) − 5 ln(x6 − 7x + 5)
3 2 2
therefore
′
′ 1 2 1 3 1 6
(ln y) = ln(x − 8) + ln(x + 1) − ln(1 − x) + 3 ln(x + 2) − 5 ln(x − 7x + 5)
3 2 2
so
1 ′ 2x 3x2 1 3 30x5 − 35
·y = + + + −
y 3(x2 − 8) 2(x3 + 1) 2(1 − x) x + 2 x6 − 7x + 5
It follows that
3x2 30x5 − 35
2x 1 3
y =y
′
+ + + −
3(x2 − 8) 2(x3 + 1) 2(1 − x) x + 2 x6 − 7x + 5
√ √
3
x2 − 8 x3 + 1 3x2 30x5 − 35
2x 1 3
=√ + + + −
1 − x(x + 2)−3 (x6 − 7x + 5)5 3(x2 − 8) 2(x3 + 1) 2(1 − x) x + 2 x6 − 7x + 5
6
Section 3.3 Derivatives of Logarithmic and Exponential Functions 2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka
Appendix I
1 1
ln(x + 1) − ln(x + 2) − 5 ln(x + 3)
= ln x +
2 3
2√
x2 (7x − 14)1/3
x 3 7x − 14
2 1/3
6. ln = ln = ln x (7x − 14) − ln(1 + x2 )4
(1 + x2 )4 (1 + x2 )4
= ln x2 + ln(7x − 14)1/3 − ln(1 + x2 )4
1
ln(7x − 14) − 4 ln(1 + x2 )
= 2 ln x +
3
√ √ !
3
x2 − 8 x3 + 1 (x2 − 8)1/3 (x3 + 1)1/2
7. ln √ = ln
1 − x(x + 2)−3 (x6 − 7x + 5)5 (1 − x)1/2 (x + 2)−3 (x6 − 7x + 5)5
2 1/3 3 1/2 1/2 −3 6 5
= ln (x − 8) (x + 1) − ln (1 − x) (x + 2) (x − 7x + 5)
2 1/3 3 1/2 1/2 6 5
= ln(x − 8) + ln(x + 1) − ln(1 − x) + ln(x + 2)
−3
+ ln(x − 7x + 5)
= ln(x2 − 8)1/3 + ln(x3 + 1)1/2 − ln(1 − x)1/2 − ln(x + 2)−3 − ln(x6 − 7x + 5)5
1 1 1
= ln(x2 − 8) + ln(x3 + 1) − ln(1 − x) + 3 ln(x + 2) − 5 ln(x6 − 7x + 5)
3 2 2
7
Section 3.3 Derivatives of Logarithmic and Exponential Functions 2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka
Appendix II
The following problem was given in Fall 2013 (Calculus I, Midterm Exam II). None of the 86
test takers got the right answer.
1
Let f (x) = log2 , then f ′ (x) is
1 + log3 x
1
A
x(1 + log3 x) ln 2 ln 3
1
B
x(1 − log3 x) ln 2 ln 3
1
C −
x(1 − log3 x) ln 2 ln 3
1
D −
x ln 2 ln(3x)
8
Section 3.3 Derivatives of Logarithmic and Exponential Functions 2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka
1
Let f (x) = log2 , then f ′ (x) is
1 + log3 x
1
A
x(1 + log3 x) ln 2 ln 3
1
B
x(1 − log3 x) ln 2 ln 3
1
C −
x(1 − log3 x) ln 2 ln 3
1
D − ←− Correct
x ln 2 ln(3x)
E None of the above