CHAPTER 2 CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSPORTED SOIL

Soil Deposits – Origin, Grain-size and Shape

1. Glacial Soil – formed by transportation and
2.1 INTRODUCTION deposition of glaciers
The physical properties of the soil are dictated 2. Alluvial Soil – transported by running water and
primarily by minerals that constitute the soil particles deposited along streams
and the rock from which it is derived. 3. Lacustrine Soil – formed by deposition in quite lakes
4. Marine Soil – formed by deposition of soil
2.2 ROCK CYLCE AND THE ORIGIN OF THE 5. Aeolian Soil – transported and deposited by wind
SOIL 6. Colluvial Soil – transported and deposited by gravity
 Mineral grains that form the solid phase of a soil
aggregate are product of rock weathering B. SEDIMENTARY ROCK
 Sizes varies over wide range  Make up about 8%
 DETRITAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
3 Basic Types of Rock -Deposit gravel, sand, silt and clay formed
1. Igneous Rock , 65% compacted by cementing agent like iron
2. Sedimentary Rock, 27% oxide, calcite, dolomite and quarts.
3. Metamorphic Rock, 8% Cementing agents are generally carried in
A. IGNEOUS ROCK solution by groundwater
 Very hot inside the earth, 1000C
 Magma – molten rock beneath surface PARTICLE SIZE SEDIMENTARY
 Lava – comes above the surface through ROCK
volcanic eruption Granular/ Large (2mm- CONGLOMERATE
 Magna and Lava has Si, Fe. Na, K 4mm)
Sand (1/16 and 2mm) SANDSTONE
INTRUSIVE ROCK – granite, diorite, gabbro and Silt and Clay (less 1/16) MUDSTONE AND
peridotite SHALE
 Formed past may be exposed at the surface
as a result of continuous process Breccia – the particle is more angular
EXTRUSIVE/VOLCANIC – rhyolite, andesite, and Ortho-quartzite – the grains in grains are practically all
komatite quartz
Chemical Sedimentary Rock – formed by chemical
BOWEN’S REACTION PRINCIPLE processes
- it explains the relation of magma cooling to the  These rocks can have clastic or nonclastic
formation of different type rock texture
- describes the sequence by which new mineral are
formed of different type. C. METAMORPHIC ROCK
Metamorphism – process of changing the composition
TWO GROUP OF BOWEN’S PRINCIPLE and texture of rocks without melting by heat pressure
1. Discontinuous Ferromagnesian Reaction  New minerals are formed
Series – mineral formed have different chemical Marble – formed by calcite and dolomite by
composition and crystalline structure recrystallization
2. Continuous Plagioclase Reaction Series - GREEN – hornblends, serpentine or talc
mineral formed have different chemical BLACK – bituminous mineral
composition with crystalline structure BROWN – iron oxide and limonite
Quartzite – one of the hardest rock
WEATHERING – is the process of breaking down rock
by mechanical and chemical processes into smaller 2.3 SOIL DEPOSITS – GENERAL
pieces There are peats and organic soil which are
Mechanical Weathering - cause by expansion and derived from the decomposition of organic
contraction of rock from continuous grain and loss of materials
heat in disintegration
(Idea of Breaking with regards to temperature) 2.4 RESIDUAL SOIL
Chemical Weathering – original rock mineral are  they are found in areas where the rate of
transformed into new mineral by chemical reaction weathering is more than the rate at which
(Salts) weather materials is carried away by agents
 Warm and Humid >>> Cooler and Drier
TRANSPORATATION OF WEATHERING Region
PRODUCTS  RS are common on tropoics
 (more)
Residual Soil – soil formed by weather product at their
place of origin 2.5 GRAVITY TRANSPORTED SOIL
 Creep – goes downward
 LANDSLIDE –sudden and rapid
 COLLUVIUM – soil deposits from
landslide
 MUD FLOWS – one type of GTS
2.6 ALLUVIAL DEPOSITS 2. The general grain sizes decreases with distance
 Alluvial Soil derive from the action of of the source
streams and rivers 3. The relative sand deposited on the windward
side is as high as 50 – 65 % and decreasing 0 –
TWO MAJOR CATEGORIES 15% at leeward
1. Braided-stream deposits
2. Meander belt deposits – caused by the Loess – Aeolian deposits consisting of silt and silt-sized
meandering belt of stream grains
- It is collapsing soil, becomes the soil
Deposits from Braided Streams becomes saturated
 BS are high-gradients, rapidly flowing streams Volcanic Ashes – 0.25 – 4mm
that are highly erosive and carry large amount Volcanic Dust – less than 0.25mm
of sediments.
 The deposits form from braided stream are 2.10 ORGANIC SOIL
highly irregular in stratification and have wide - OS found in low-lying areas where water table
range of sizes. is near above the ground surface
- water table helps the growth of aquatic plant
CHARACTERISTIC OF DEPOSITS that decomposes from organic soil
1. The grain sizes usually range from gravel to silt.
Clay-sized particles are generally not found in CHARACTERISTIC OF ORGANIC SOIL
deposit from BS 1. Moisture content is at 200-300%
2. The soil is given pocket or lens is rather uniform 2. Highly Compressible
3. At any given depth, the void ratio and unit 3. Under loads, large amount of settlements is
weight may vary over a wide range within lateral derived from secondary consolidation
distance of only a few meters
ORG’S GRAVEL SAND SILT CLAY
Meander Belt Deposits NAME
 Meander – Greek, maiandros from Mendres MIT >2 2 – 0.06 0.06 -0.02 <0.02
River in Asia, for winding course USDA >2 2 – 0.05 0.05 -0.02 <0.02
 The valley floor in which a which a river AASHTO 76.2-2 2 – 0.75 0.75 -0.02 <0.02
meanders US 76.2-2 4.75 –
 Onbox Lake – abandoned meander, when filled ARMY 0.75
with water 2.11 SOIL-GRAIN SIZE
 Natural Leeves – sand and silt-size grains
carried by the river are deposited along the
banks to form ridges 2.13 SPECIFI GRAVITY
 Backswamps – finer soil particle of silts and - say how heavy it is compared to water
clay are carried by the water farther into - ratio of density of material to density of water
floodplains.
2.14 MEACHANICAL ANALYSIS OF SOIL
2.7 LACUSTRINE DEPOSITS - is the determination of the size range of grains
 water from rivers and spring flows into lakes present in a soil expressed as percentage of the total dry
Some coarser grains grains and the finer grains (silt weight (or mass)
and clay) carried into the lakes are deposited onto
lake bottom in alternate layer of coarse with fine TWO METHODS ARE GENERALLY USED TO
grains FIND GRAIN-SIZED DISTRIBUTION

2.8 GLACIAL DEPOSITS
 Drift – applied to the deposits laid down by glaciers.
 Terminal Moraine – ridge of till that marks the
maximum limit of glacier’s advance.
 Ground Moraines – constitutes large areas of the
central US and are called till plains.
 Outwash – sand, silt and gravel carried by the
melting water from front of glacier
 Glaciofluvial deposits – melted water deposits the
outwash, forming outwash plains
1) Sieve Analysis – grain sizes larger than 0.075
mm in diamater
2) Hydrometer Analysis – for grain size smaller
than 0.075 mm
2.15 SIEVE ANALYSIS
SIEVE ANALYSIS – consist of shaking the soil sample
through a set of sieves that have progressively smaller
opeings

2.9 AEOLIAN SOIL DEPOSITS 2.16 HYDROMETER ANALYSIS

 Dunes – buhanging nabuo from wind - is based on the principle of sedimentation of
 Compact sand deposit – windward side soil grain in water.
 Loose deposit – leeward side

DUNE SAND PROPERTIES

1. The grain size distribution in any location is
uniform