Table of Contents

Pg.1 – Chapter 1
- Ecosystem
- Two types of ecosystem (2)
- Terrestrial Ecosystem (4)
- Aquatic Ecosystem (2)
- Arthur G. Tansley
- Functions of ecosystem (5)
- Components of Ecosystem (2)
- Biotic
- Abiotic
- Feeding relationships and Tropical Levels (3)
- Different consumers based on diet (4)
- Food Chain
- Food Web
- Energy pyramid
Pg. 2 - Energy Flow (5)
- Laws of Thermodynamics (2)
- Energy flow/tropic levels/ Pyramid of energy (4)
- Types of Food Chain (3)
- Biomass
- Thermal Conversion (6)
Pg. 3 - Chapter 2
- Impacts on human kind and the environment (4)
- Sociological Impact
- Sociology Impacts to human kind (7)
- Impacts to Environment (4)
- Economic Impact
- Economy Impact to human Life (5)
- Impact to environment (6)
- Technological Impact to environment (4)
- Technological Impacts human kind (5)
- Political Impacts
- Politics
Pg. 4 - Political Impacts in human kind (5)
- Political Impacts in environment (4)
- Rep. Acts protecting the environment 9003 (5)
Pg. 4 - Chapter 3
- Earth quake
- Effects of earthquake (6)
- Effects of earthquake to mankind (2)
- Volcanic Eruption
- Pacific ring of fire
- Threats of Volcanic Eruption (6)
- Typhoon and flood
Pg. 5. - Tropical Cyclone (3)
- Typhoon
- Floods
- Types of Floods (5)
- Effects of Floods in humankind (7)
- Effects in the environment (4)
Pg. 5 – Chapter 4
- Energy Situation
- Energy source (3)
- History of energy (4)
- Time Line (15)
Pg. 6 - Uses and Sources of Energy (4)
- Residential
- Commercial
- Transportation
- Industrial
- Sources of energy in the Philippines
- Coal Power Plants
- Energy Crisis (5)
- Energy Preservation and Solutions (5)
- Alternative Source of energy (8)
Chapter 1
Ecosystem – a community where living and non-living organisms such as plants, animals, and other species
reside and communicate to form a way of life an environment out of it.
Two types of ecosystem:
- Terrestrial ecosystem
- Aquatic ecosystem
Terrestrial Ecosystem
- Forest Ecosystem
- Grassland Ecosystem
- Tundra Ecosystem
- Desert Ecosystem
Aquatic Ecosystem – largest ecosystem in the world that consist 70% of the surface of earth
- Freshwater ecosystem
- Marine ecosystem
Arthur G. Tansley
- A British ecologist who first coined the term “Ecosystem” in 1935
- Living organism, non-living or physical environment are part of “whole system”
Functions of ecosystem
- Regulates the essential ecological processes, supports life systems and renders stability
- It is also responsible for cycling of nutrients between the living organisms and physical environment’
- It maintains a balance among the various trophic levels in the ecosystem
- It cycles the minerals through the biosphere
- The physical environment helps in the synthesis of organic components that involves the exchange
of energy.
Components of Ecosystem
- Biotic – Producers, Consumers, and Decomposers
- Abiotic – Air, Light, Humidity, Soil, Water, Mineral, Temperature, and Altitude
Biotic – Living components of the ecosystem that is classified based on energy requirement source
Abiotic – Non-living elements or factors in an ecosystem.
- Also called as “ecological factors”
Feeding relationships and Tropical Levels
- Producers
o Autotrophs/ plants they are producers because the can directly use the energy from the sun
o Process of production – Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis (bacteria make their energy
from chemicals in the environment)
- Consumers
o Get energy by eating or consuming other living or once-living things.
o Also called heterotrophs
o Herbivores, Carnivores, and Omnivores
- Decomposers – break down dead organic matter into simpler compounds.
Different consumers based on diet (Tropic Level
o Primary consumers – producers
o Secondary consumers – herbivores
o Tertiary consumers – carnivores
o Quaternary consumers – eats tertiary and producers (top carnivores/omnivores)
Food Chain
- Just 1 path of energy
- Shows specific relationship and are linear
Food Web
- All possible paths
- Shows complex feeding relationship and many food chains
Energy Pyramid
- Shows the distribution of energy and organism’s numbers in an ecosystem
- 100 – primary producers, 10 - primary consumers, 1 – Secondary consumers, .1 – third, 0.01 –
quaternary
 - 90 percent of the energy is lost in the atmosphere and only 10 percent is transferred each time the
energy is transferred from one consumer to another
Energy Flow
- The chemical energy is the main source of energy required by all living organisms.
- One of major factors that ensures and support the survival of all organisms
- Energy flow is important to maintain ecological balance
- Solar energy is the primary source of energy
- Energy flow takes place via food chain and food web
- Energy flow follows 10 percent law
Laws of thermodynamics
- First law
o Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, it can only change from one form to another
- Second Law
o Energy is transferred more and more of it is wasted
Energy flow and tropic levels/ Pyramid of energy
- Producers – 10,000 kcal/J
- Primary Consumers- 1,000 kcal/J
- Secondary Consumers – 100 kcal/J
- Tertiary Consumers – 10 kcal/J
Types of Food Chain
- Grazing food Chain (GFC)
o Normal food chain
- Saprophytic food chain (SFC)
o The dead organic matter occupies the lowermost level of food chain followed by the
decomposer
- Parasitic food chain (PFC)
o Large organisms are exploited and therefore food chain passes to smaller organism
Pyramid of energy
- Represents how much energy from the sun is retained and stored in the form of new biomass
- Only 10% is transferred
Biomass
- It is organic and made of materials that comes of living organisms
- Also materials are also called biomass feed stocks ex. Wood, plant, and animal waste
- It can be transferred into usable energy into direct and indirect means
- Direct (burned to produce heat/converted into electricity). Indirect (Processed in to biofuel)
Thermal Conversion
- Heating of biomass feedstock in order to burn, dehydrate, or stabilize it.
o Torre faction – before efficiently burning biomass it must be dried (form of briquettes)
o Direct Firing - Burning the briquettes directly to produce steam (used to power turbines)
o Co Firing – eliminating the need of factories for processing biomass (reduce the emission of
carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases)
o Pyrolysis – method of heating biomass without the presence of oxygen. (produce pyrolysis
oil, bio char, and syngas)
o Biofuel – used to power vehicles
o Anaerobic decomposition – process where microorganisms such as bacteria, breaks
down material in the absence of oxygen. (Biomass decays then produce methane that can
replace fossil fuels)
Chapter 2
Impacts on human kind and the environment
- Sociological impact
- Economical impact
- Technological impact
- Political Impact
Sociological Impact
- Sociology (study of human social relationship)
- We begin to learn our culture and the way of our society just before birth. (Socialization)
Impacts to human kind
- Peoples way of life
- Their culture
- Their community
- Their political systems
- Their Environment
- Their Health and well being
- Their fears and aspiration
Impacts to Environment
- Environmental problems are the result of human activity
- Environmental problems have significant impact on people
- Solutions to our environment problems requires economic and environmental problems
- Many environmental problems reflect and illustrate social inequality based of social class, race and
ethnicity
- Environmental movement, constitute social movement
Economical Impact
- Economy (Production, Consumption, and exchange activities) (country’s ability to generate
money)
Impact to human Life
- Affects government policy and spending
- Affect public infrastructure and services
- Cost of living will also fluctuate
- Value of currency also fluctuates
- Results in different quality of life
Impact to environment
- Pollution
- Less visible more diffuse pollution
- Damage to nature
- Global warming and volatile weather
- Soil erosion
- Loss of Biodiversity
Technological Impact to environment
- Environmental pollution
- Environmental degradation
- Ecological system imbalance and disruptions
- Global Warming

Technological Impacts human king

 Learning
 Communication
 Less active lifestyle
 Health issues
 End of intimacy
Political Impacts
Politics - the activity through which people make, preserve and amend the general rules under which they live.
Political Impacts in human king

- Has a direct and indirect effect on our life

- Responsible for the creation and implementation of laws to regulate the nation
- Serves as a structured vehicle

Political Impacts in human kind

- Rights of individual
- Where you live
- Where you go
- What you do
- Individuals health

Republic act no 7277 an act for rehabilitation, self-development and self-reliance for disable persons
Rep. act 9262 Anti-Violence Against women and their children
Political Impacts in environment

- Cutting pine trees in Baguio

- Kaliwa dam
- Deforestation and construction in Sierra Madre
- Using crushed dolomite in Manila Bite

Rep. Act 9003 – Ecological Solid waste management act of 2000

Rep. Act 9275 – Philippine Clean water act of 2004
Rep. Act. 8749 – Philippine Clean air act of 1999
Rep. Act. 6969- Toxic substances, hazardous and nuclear waste control act of 1999
Presidential Degree 1586 environmental impact statement (EIS) Statement of 1978

Chapter 3
Earth quake

- Hazard depends on the strength of seismic activity

Effects of earthquake

- Ground shaking
- Tsunamis
- Large earthquakes
- Land Subsidence
- Lateral Spreading
- Liquefaction
Effects of earthquake to mankind
- Homelessness
- Mortality and injury
Volcanic Eruption
- Occurs when hot materials from earth’s interior are thrown out of the volcano
Pacific ring of fire
- Path along the Pacific Ocean characterized by active volcanos
- 53 active volcanos in PH.
- Taal and Mayon deadliest
Threats of Volcanic Eruption

 Volcanic Ash - actually fine, glassy fragments and particles that cause severe injury to breathing
passages, eyes, open wounds, and irritation in skin.
 Damage to properties
 Economic Impact
 Deterioration of water quality
 Lahar flows
 Humans
Typhoon and flood
  A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system.

Tropical Cyclone

 Tropical depression
 Tropical Storm
 Typhoon/Hurricane
Typhoon
- A giant rotating storm that brings wind, rain, and destruction.
- Typhoon main reason of flooding
Floods
- Overflow of water from water bodies.
Types of Floods
- River Floods
- Coastal Floods
- Storm Surge
- Inland Flooding
- Flash Floods
Effects of Floods in humankind
- Killed/Injured
- Contamination
- Power Supplies disruption
- Homes and Properties
- Possessions to be washed away
- Hospital are Closed
- Being Stranded
Effects in the environment
- Animals and their habitats
- Chemical to aquatic habitat
- Reduce and contaminate coastal production
- Too much sediment and Nutrients

Chapter 4
Energy Situation
- Energy comes from:
o Coal
o Oil
o Gas
History of energy
- 18th Century
o Sun and Wind is used as a source of energy
o Use of energy of human relies on muscular and biomass energy
- Mid19th Century
o (Industrial Revolution) use of coal to power steam engines
- 20th Century
o Higher energy content (Oil, Combustion Engine, and Oil powered Ship)
st
- 21 Century
o From complex fossil fuels (Coal and Oil) to Simper fossil fuel (Natural Gas)
o Biotechnologies
o Nuclear Energy
Time Line
- 2000 B.C - Chinese use crude oil for lighting and heating.
- 200 B.C - Chinese use natural gas to make salt from salt water through gas-fired
evaporators.
- B.C - Use of Hydropower by Greeks to grind grains.
 - About 1300- First Horizontal Axis Windmills appeared in Western Europe.
- 1769 – (James Watt) Creation of steam engines powered by coal.
- 1821 – (Michael Faraday) Discovered principle of Electromagnetic rotation the leads to
creation
of Electric Motor.
- 1879 – (Thomas Edison) Creation of indecent light bulb.
- 1882 – (Thomas Edison) First coal-fired electric generating station (Tested on New York
to
supply electricity).
- 1884 - (Nikola Tesla) Created electric alternator.
- 1890 - Mass production of automobiles (Increased the demand for oil).
- 1905 - (Albert Einstein) Publish the Relativity E=mc2 that opened the era of Nuclear
Reaction.
- 1942 - (Enrico Fermi) Created the Human Controlled, self-sustained Nuclear Reactor.
- 1947 - Bell telephone Laboratories created the first Transistor.
- 1954 - First Nuclear power plant was created in Russia.
- 1973 - Use of solar energy from solar panels
- 1990’s - Creation of LED which is considered as a milestone in energy-saving technology.
Uses and Sources of Energy
- Residential
- Commercial
- Transportation
- Industrial
Residential
- Uses 40% of total energy use globally.
- It is where most energy are wasted.
Commercial
- The uses of energy in the commercial space is more or less similar to the uses in the industrial
space
Transportation
- Transportation is 100% dependent to energy
- 70% of petroleum goes to transportation sector
Industrial
- Relies mainly to:
o Natural Gas (30% of energy consumed)
o Petroleum and other liquid (26%)
o Electricity (10%)
o Coal, Renewables, and biofuels (34%)
Sources of energy in the Philippines
- The Philippines is highly dependent on coal as source for electricity generation.
- Coal power plants generated 46.8 million MWh in 2017.
- Sources of energy
o Coal Power Plants (49.6%)
o Renewable energy (24.6%)
o and natural gas power plants (21.8%)
o Oil-based power plants contributed the least, at (4%).
Coal Power Plants
- it is the cheapest fuel option but coal is also the most polluting one.
- coal is no longer the safe, long-term investment it once was.
- According to Greenpeace, approximately 2,400 Filipinos might die each year because of health
disease and complication caused by coal power plants
Energy Crisis
- Overconsumption
- Overpopulation
- Poor Infrastructure
- Waste of Energy
- Major Accidents and Natural Calamities
Energy Preservation and Solutions
- Move towards renewable Energy
- Buy Energy Efficient Products
- Energy Simulation (Software that helps create energy-inefficient buildings)
 - Perform Energy Audit (Track where there is no energy. Reduce carbon footprint and save energy)
- Common Stand in Climate Change
Alternative Source of energy
- Solar Power Energy
- Nuclear Energy
- Hydroelectric Energy
- Wave Energy
- Natural Gas
- Geothermal Energy
- Wind Energy
- Biomass Energy