M S Engineering College: Advanced Communication Lab Manual

M S Engineering College
Navarathna Agrahara, Sadahalli Post

Off. Kempe Gowda International Airport Road,
Bengaluru - 562110, Karnataka, India,
ADVANCED COMMUNICATION
LAB MANUAL (15ECL76)
Prepared By
Azra Jeelani
Associate Professor
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
M. S. Engineering College, Bengaluru – 562110
M S Engineering College
Vision
M.S.Engineering College shall blossom into a technical institution of national
importance with global network.
Mission
• To be the leading institution in imparting Quality Engineering Education with value
systems amongst students to face global challenges.
• To inculcate best engineering practices amongst students through quality education,

creativity, innovation and entrepreneurial skills.
• To make the institute to be recognized as among the leading institutions imparting

Quality Engineering Education; To produce world class professionals who possess
knowledge, skills and necessary values that help them take challenges at a global level
Quality Policy
Striving for Excellence in Quality Engineering Education.
 Our commitment to comply with mandatory requirements.
 Continually improve the effectiveness and quality management system.
 Our commitment to achieve total customer satisfaction by assuring successful

completion of the degree with skill sets to solve the Engineering problems
 By providing training at all the levels with placement assistance.
 Use of modern technology and its conditional up gradation.
 Participation of all the stakeholders to meet the expectations.

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Vision
To equip students with strong technical knowledge by logical and innovative
thinking in Electronics and Communication Engineering domain to meet expectations
of the industry as well as society.
Mission
 To educate a new generation of Electronics and Communication Engineers by
providing them with a strong theoretical foundation, good design experience and
exposure to research and development to meet ever changing and ever demanding
needs of the Electronic Industry in particular, along with IT & other inter disciplinary
fields in general.
 Provide ethical and value based education by promoting activities addressing the
societal needs.
 To build up knowledge and skills of students to face the challenges across the globe
with confidence and ease.
Quality Policy
Our quality policy is to develop an effective source of technical man power with
the ability to adapt to an intellectually and technologically changing environment to
contribute to the growth of nation with the participative efforts of the management, staff,
students and industry while keeping up ethical and moral standards required
Program Outcomes:
1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze

complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles
of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering

problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with
appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and
environmental considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data,
and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent
responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional

engineering Solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the
knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and

responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member

or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities

with the engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to
comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective
presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of

the engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a
member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary
environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
PSO-Program Specific Objectives

1. An ability to understand the concepts of basic Electronics & Communication
Engineering and to apply them to various areas like Signal processing, VLSI,
Embedded systems, Communication Systems, Digital & Analog Devices, etc.
2. An ability to solve complex Electronics and Communication Engineering problems,

using latest hardware and software tools, along with analytical skills to arrive cost
effective and appropriate solutions.
3. Wisdom of social and environmental awareness along with ethical responsibility to

have a successful career and to sustain passion and zeal for real-world applications
using optimal resources as an Entrepreneur.
Program Educational Objectives

PEO I: To develop the ability among students to understand the concept of core electronics
subjects that will facilitate understanding of new technology.
PEO II: To embed a strong foundation in the engineering fundamentals to solve, analyze and
design real time engineering products.
PEO III: To give exposures to emerging edge technologies, adequate training and
opportunities to work as team on multidisciplinary projects with effective communication
skills and leadership qualities.
Advanced Communication Lab -15ECL76 2019-
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ADVANCED COMMUNICATION LAB

SEMESTER – VII
[As per Choice Based Credit System (CBCS) Scheme]
Laboratory Code 15ECL76 CIE Marks 20
Number of Lecture 01Hr Tutorial (Instructions) + SEE Marks 80
Hours/Week 02 Hours Laboratory
RBT Level L1, L2, L3 Exam Hours 03
CREDITS – 02
Course objectives: This laboratory course enables students to
 Design and demonstrate the digital modulation techniques
 Demonstrate and measure the wave propagation in microstrip antennas
 Characteristics of microstrip devices and measurement of its parameters.
 Model an optical communication system and study its characteristics.
 Simulate the digital communication concepts and compute and display various
parameters along with plots.
NOTE:
PART-A: Following Experiments No. 1 to 4 has to be performed using
discrete components. 5 to 8 using kits.
PART-B: Simulation Experiments using SCILAB/MATLAB/Simulink or
LabView
Laboratory Experiments: Part A Page Marks

No
1. Time Division Multiplexing and Demultiplexing of two bandlimited 04-07
signals.
2. ASK generation and detection 08-12
3. FSK generation and detection 13-15
4. PSK generation and detection 16-17
5. Measurement of frequency, guide wavelength, power, VSWR and 18-22
attenuation in microwave test bench.
6. Measurement of directivity and gain of microstrip dipole and Yagi 23-24
antennas
7. Determination of 25-27
 Coupling and isolation characteristics of microstrip directional
coupler.
 Resonance characteristics of microstrip ring resonator and
Dept. of ECE M.S. Engineering College Page 1

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computation of dielectric constant of the substrate.

 Power division and isolation of microstrip power divider
8. Measurement of propagation loss, bending loss and numerical aperture of 28-32
an optical fiber..
Part B
1.Simulate NRZ, RZ, half-sinusoid and raised cosine pulses and generate
eye diagram for binary polar signaling.
2.Simulate the Pulse code modulation and demodulation system and display
the waveforms.
3.Simulate the QPSK transmitter and receiver. Plot the signals and its
constellation diagram.
4.Test the performance of a binary differential phase shift keying system by
simulating the non-coherent detection of binary DPSK
Average = Total Marks scored / Total Number of Experiments
Course Outcomes: On the completion of this laboratory course, the students will be able to:
 Determine the characteristics and response of microwave devices and optical
waveguide.
 Determine the characteristics of microstrip antennas and devices and compute the
parameters associated with it.
 Simulate the digital modulation schemes with the display of waveforms and
computation of performance parameters.
 Design and test the digital modulation circuits/systems and display the waveforms.
Conduct of Practical Examination:
 All laboratory experiments are to be considered for practical examination. For
examination one question from PART-A and one question from PART-B or only one
question from PART-B experiments based on the complexity, to be set. Students are
allowed to pick one experiment from the lot. Strictly follow the instructions as printed
on the cover page of answer script for breakup of marks. Change of experiment is
allowed only once and Marks allotted to the procedure part to be made zero.
IA Evaluation
Record Conduction of Lab Internals Total
maintenance
Write up Execution of the Viva
(weekly submission) required Result
10M 5M 3M 2M 20M

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Experiment No: 1
Time Division Multiplexing of 2 Bandlimited Signals
Aim: To design and demonstrated the working of TDM using Pulse Amplitude Modulated
signals
Components required: Transistors-SL-lOO, SK-lOO, Resistors- 1 kΩ, 1.5 kΩ, OpAmp µA
741.
Theory:- TDM is a technique used for transmitting several message signals over a
communication channel by dividing the time frame into slots, one slot for each message
signal. This is a digital technique in which the circuit is highly modular in nature and
provides reliable and efficient operation. There is no cross talk in TDM due to circuit
nonlinearities since the pulses are completely isolated. But it also has its disadvantages,
which include timing jitter and synchronization is required. In pulse-amplitude modulation,
the amplitude of a periodic train of pulses is varied in proportion to a message signal. TDM
provides an effective method for sharing a communication channel.
Procedure:
1. Rig up the circuit as shown in the circuit-diagram for multiplexer.
2. Feed the input message signals ml and m2 of 2 volts P-P at 200 Hz.
3. Feed the high frequency carrier signal of 2V (P-P) at 2 kHz.
4. Observe the multiplexed output.
5. Rig up the circuit for demultiplexer.
6. Observe the demultiplexed output in the CRO.
.

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Circuit Diagram: Multiplexer
Fig 1.Circuit diagram of Multiplexer and Demultiplexer
Calculations :
Modulation :
Triangular wave , f= = 1KHz, 1 Vp-p
Sine wave , , f= = 526Hz, 4Vp-p
DeModulation :
Triangular wave , f= = 1KHz

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Sine wave , f= = 833.3 Hz
Expected Waveform:
Fig 2. TDM waveforms
RESULT: Demonstration and design of time division multiplexing is done and the
multiplexed signal is obtained.

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Experiment No 2.
AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING
Aim : To design a circuit for generation and detection of an Amplitude Shift Keying.
Components Required: Op-amp(μA-741 ), Diode(OA 79), SL- I 00 transistor, Resistor,
Capacitor, function generator.
Theory : Amplitude-shift keying (ASK) is a form of modulation that represents digital data
as variations in the amplitude of a carrier wave. The amplitude of an analog carrier signal
varies in accordance with the bit stream (modulating signal), keeping frequency and phase
constant. The level of amplitude can be used to represent binary. Logic 0s and ls. We can
think of a carrier signal as an ON or OFF switch. In the modulated signal. Logic 0 is
represented by the absence of a carrier, thus giving OFF/ON keying operation and hence the
name given.
Procedure:
1. Before connection check all the components.

2. Make connections as shown in circuit diagram
3. Observe the waveform pattern on the CRO.
4. Modulated ASK signal is obtained, which will be carrier signal for positive half cycle.
5. Construct the circuit for demodulation and obtain the output which is same as the message
signal.
Circuit Diagram:
Modulation Circuit:
Fig.3 ASK Modulator Circuit

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Demodulation Circuit
Fig 4: ASK Demodulor Circuit
Expected Waveforms:
Fig 5. Expected waveforms of ASK
Design :
1. Modulation:
VRE(max) = 2.5v
RE = = = 1kΩ
RE = 1kΩ
Assume IB sat = 1.2IB = 0.03mA
RB = = = 10kΩ

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RB = 10kΩ
2. Demodulation
fm = ; fm = 300Hz , C = 0.1 µF
R = 5.6 kΩ
3. Calculation :
a. Modulation: Frequency:
Amplitude:
b. Dernodulation: Frequency:
Amplitude
RESULT : ASK w/f is generated & demodulated using Envelope detector.

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Experiment No 3
FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING
Aim : To conduct an experiment to generate FSK signal and also design a circuit to
demodulate the same.
Components Required: Op-amp (741), Diode(OA 79), SL-100 transistor, Resistor,

Capacitor, function generator.
Theory: Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a frequency modulation scheme in which digital

information is transmitted through discrete frequency changes of a carrier wave. The simplest
FSK is binary FSK (BFSK). As suggested by the name, BFSK uses two discrete frequencies
to transmit binary (O's and J's) information. In this scheme, binary 1 represents the frequency
of one carrier and 0 represents the frequency of the other carrier. Here frequency of the
carrier is switched between two values. A sinusoidal of amplitude' A' and frequency fc1 is
used to represent a binary '1' and frequency fc2 is used to represent binary '0'. FSK modulated
waveform can be represented as,
Procedure:
1. Before connection check all the components.

2. Make connections as shown in circuit diagram
3. Observe the waveform pattern on the CRO.
4. Modulated FSK signal is obtained then give FSK signal as input to the demodulation
circuit..
5. Construct the circuit for demodulation and obtain the output which is same as the
message signal.

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Circuit Diagram:
Fig 6: FSK modulator and Demodulator circuit
Design : Modulation:
VRE(max) = 2.5v
RE = = = 1kΩ
RE = 1kΩ
Assume IBsat = 0.03IB
RB = = = 10kΩ

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Demodulation:
fm = ; fm = 300Hz , C = 0.1 µF, R = 5.6 kΩ
tmin = 0.6 0.2ms, fmax = = = 8.333 KHz
tmax = 1.4 , fmin = = = 1.428 KHz
Demodulation : f = = 270.270 KHz
Expected Waveform:
Fig 7: FSK waveforms
RESULT : Frequency shift keying circuit is designed and demodulation of FSK is obtained.

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Experiment No 4:
BPSK Generation and Detection
Aim: Design & demonstrate a BPSK system to transmit digital data using a suitable
carrier.Demodulate the above signal with suitable circuit.
Components Required: Resistors, Capacitors, Opamps, diodes, signal generators, CRO,

power Supply
Theorv: Phase shift keying is also one of the simplest digital modulation technique. In this
system of modulation symbol 'l' is represented by phase 'Ǿ1' and symbol 'O' is represented by
phase' Ǿ2' DPSK is one of the digital modulation schemes like PSK. Alternative to P.SK,
instead of using the patterns to set the phase of the wave, it can instead be used to change it
by a specified amount. The demodulator then determines the changes in the phase of the
received signal rather than the Phase itself. Since this scheme depends on the difference
between successive phases, it.i termed Differential phase-shift keying (DPSK).
Procedure:
1. Connections are made as shown in circuit diagram
2. Provide message signal m(t) and carrier signal c(t) using signal generator
3 Observe the BPSK signal at the pin 3 of IC CD405 l and note down the readings (Voltage
and time period)
4. Connect the detection circuit as shown and supply the BPSK signal and c(t)
5. Verify carefully, observe the intermediate ASK signal and finally observe detected signal,
note down its voltage level and time period.
BPSK Modulator :
Fig 8 . BPSK Modulator Circuit

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Demodulator Circuit :
Fig 9 : BPSK demodulator circuit
Design :Modulation :
RC = = 1kΩ , Rb = = 10 KΩ
Ib = = 0.025 mA, Rb = = 10 KΩ
Demodulation :
>>Rc>>
C = 0.1µF , fm = 200Hz, fc = 10kHz

R = 10kΩ

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Expected Waveforms:
Fig 10. BPSK modulator and demodulator waveforms
Result: BPSK circuit for modulation and demodulation circuit are studied and verified
through waveforms.

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Experiment No 5.
Measurement Of Frequency, Guide Wavelength, Power, Vswr And

Attenuation In A Mycrowave Test Bench
Aim: To conduct an experiment to obtain guide wavelength, frequency, power and
attenuation in a microwave test bench.
Components required: Attenuator, frequency meter, isolator, oscillator, detector, klystron

power supply, vswr meter and CRO.
Theory:
The reflex klystron makes use of velocity modulation to transform a continuous electron
beam into microwave power. Electrons emitted from the cathode are accelerated and passed
through the positive resonator towards negative reflector, which retards and finally, reflects
the electrons and the electrons turn back through the resonator, suppose an rf field exist
between the resonators the electrons travelling forward will be accelerated electrons leave the
resonator at an the voltage at the Resonator changes in amplitude. The accelerated electrons
leave the resonator at an increased velocity and the retarded electrons leave at the reduced
velocity. The electrons leaving the resonator will need different time to return, due to change
in velocities. As a result, returning electrons group together in bunches. As the bunches pass
through resonator, they interact with voltage at resonator grids. If the bunches pass the grid at
such a time that the electrons are slowed down by the voltage then energy will be delivered to
the resonator and Klystron will oscillate. The dimensions of resonant cavity primarily
determine the frequency. Hence, by changing the volume of resonator, mechanical tuning of
Klystron is possible. Also a small frequency change can be obtained by adjusting the reflector
voltage. This is called Electronic Tuning.
For further details refer Microwave Devices and Circuits by Samuel Y. Liao
Fig 11 : Experimental setup for Microwave test Bench

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To set the square wave and measurement of frequency,VSWR and attenuation :
Fig 12 Setup for finding frequency,VSWR and attenuation
Measurement of Power and VSWR:
Fig 13.Setup for finding power and VSWR
Calculations:
Frequency:
Guided wavelength:
Tabular Column:
S.No Power MSR CVD R=MSR+(CVD*L.C)
Calculations:

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Result: Microwave test bench is setup to find the frequency,power, attenuation and
wavelength.

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Experiment No 6:
Directivity and Gain Of An Antenna

Aim: To measure the directivity and gain of antenna's standard dipole.
Components Required: Power supply, microwave source (VCO), 6dB attenuator,

Transmitting antenna, Rotatable Test Antenna, Detector, Active filterm VSWR meter, CRO.
Procedure:
1. Set up the system as shown in block for a standard dipole antenna
2. Keeping the voltage at minimum, switch ON the power supply.
3. Vary the power supply voltage and check the output for different VCO frequencies.
4. Keeping at the resonant frequceny , calculate and keep the minimum distance for field
between the transmitting and receiving antenna using the formula: S = 2d0.0 where cl is
the broader dimension of the antenna.
5 Keeping the line of sight properly (0° at the tum table). Tabulate the output obtained.
6. Rotate the tum table in clock wise and anti clockwise for different angle of deflection and
tabulate the output for every angle(E~).
7. Plot a graph: angle Vs output
8 Find the half power beam with (HPBW) from the points where the power half (3dB points
or 0.707\i points)
9.Directivity of the antenna can be calculated using the formula 45253 I (HPBW)4 where
HPBW is the half power beam width in degrees. En and E < >> are the output signals
measured at the receiving antenna for 00 and for different angles respectively.
10.Gain of the antenna can be calculated using the formula.
Gain measurement
1. Set as per the steps given in the previous procedure from 1-15 .
2. Connect the RF output to detector with out disturbing any setting of the transmitter .
3. observe the output of the detector on SWR meter that will be the transmitting power
Pt ----dB
4. Calculate the receiving power from the receiving antenna this will give sthe Pr
5. calculate this for two values.
6. Gain G =4∏S/λo(Pt/Pr)1/2 .
7. S= distance between transmitter and receiver,
8. λo is free space wave length =12.5cm.

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Circuit Diagram
Fig 14. Antenna setup for finding out directivity and gain.
RESULT: Directivity and gain of an antenna are measured.

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Experiment No 7(a)
Determination of Coupling and isolation characteristics of

microstrip directional coupler
Aim: Determination of coupling and Isolation characteristics of a stripline
Components Required: Power supply, Microwave source, attenuator, detector, active filter,
VSWR or CRO
Theory:
A Directional coupler is device with which it is possible to measure the incident and reflected
wave separately. It consists of two transmission lines the main arm and auxiliary arm,
electromagnetically coupled to each other. The power entering, in the main arm gets divided
between port2 and port3, and almost no power comes out in portr4. Power entering at port2 is
divided between port1 and port4.
Fig 15: Block diagram
Fig 16. : Types of couplers

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Procedure:
1. Set up the system as shown in figure
2. Keeping the voltage at minimum, Switch On the power supply.
3. lnsert a 50ohm transmission line and check for the output at the end of the system using a
CRO/VSWR meter/ F power meter
4. Vary the power supply voltage and check the output for different VCO frequencies.
5. Keep the VCO frequency constant, note down the output. This value can be taken as the
input to the power divider.
6. Replace the 50ohm transmission line with the Wilkinson power divider.
7. Tabulate the output at port2,3 and 4.
8. Calculate insertion loss and coupling factor in each coupled arm.
9. Calculate the isolation between port 3 and 4 by feeding the input to port 3 and measure
output at port by terminating port I and port 2.
10.Repeat the experiment for different VCO frequencies .
Fig 17.Experimental setup to find coupling,Isolation and Directivity of Directional coupler
Observations:
P2out(dB) (P1 –input, P2- detector, P3& P4- matched load)
P3out(dB) (P1 –input, P3- detector, P2& P4- matched load)
P2out(dB) (P1 –input, P4- detector, P2& P3- matched load
Power at direct port-S21(dB)=Pin (dB)-P2out(dB).

Coupling (C)-S 31(dB)=Pin (dB)-P3out(dB).
Isolation-S 41(dB)=Pin (dB)-P4out(dB).
Directivity(D)-S43(dB)=P3out(dB)-P4out(dB
Result: Coupling,directivity and isolation characteristics of directional coupler are obtained.

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Experiment No 7(b).
Determination of Resonance characteristics of microstrip ring

resonator and computation of dielectric constant of the
substrate.
AIM: To measure the resonance characteristics of a microstrip Ring Resonator and

Determination of Dielectric constant of the substrate.
APPARATUS: Power supply, attenuator, detector, active filter, CRO, metal Zig
PROCEDURE:
1.Connect 6dB attenuator to RF output in C-band solid state source with power supply order
to control noise.
2. Also connect an 6dB attenuator to detector also.
3. In order to gain proper sine wave tune voltage and gain.
4. Once we get sine wave, place a ring resonator in metal zig. Then place metal zig between
supply and detector.
5. Now adjust voltage and gain in order to get a sine wave.
6. Now tabulate the values of voltage obtained from CRO and frequency which is obtained
from power supply.
7. This is the procedure for ring resonator in air. Now cover the ring resonator with a material
on metal zig and follow the same procedure to get dielectric.
Theory of Ring Resonator

The open-end effect encountered in a rectangular resonator at the feeding gaps can be
minimized by forming the resonator as a closed loop. Such a resonator is called a ring
resonator. Figure 7.4 shows the layout of a ring resonator along with the input and output
feed lines. As explained in the case of the rectangular resonator, the coupling can be loose or
tight depending on the gap width. Resonance is established when the mean circumference of
the ring is equal to integral multiples of guide wavelength.
n 0
2r0  n  , for n = 1, 2,3….. (.6)
f 0  ef

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Fig. .18 Layout of a microstrip ring resonator with input and output lines
In (.6), ro is the mean radius of the ring and n is the mode number. The other symbols are
defined in section .1. The ring has the lowest order resonance for n = 1. For this mode, the
field maxima occur at the two coupling gaps and nulls occur at 90 locations from the
coupling gaps.
Equation (.6) does not take into account the coupling effects at the gaps. As explained in
section .1 for the rectangular resonator, the resonance frequency of the ring is also affected by
the coupling gap. The deviation from the intrinsic resonant frequency, however, is much
smaller than in the case of a rectangular resonator.
Coupling can be increased upto some extent by making the feeding lines as curved shown in
fig. .5.
Fig. 19 Layout with curved input and output feed line.
Block Diagram:
Fig 20: Experimental setup for studying the resonance characteristics of ring resonator

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Tabular Column
Ring Modulator in air Ring Modulator in dielectric
Sl.No Voltage(V) Frequency(Hz) Sl.No Voltage(V) Frequency(Hz)

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Result:Resonance characteristics of micro stripline are obtained

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Experiment No 7(c).
Power Division and Isolation characteristics o(a microstrip 3dB

power divider
Aim: To measure the power division and isolation characteristics of rnicrostrip power
divider.
Apparatus: Power supply, attenuators, detector, active filter, CRO, metal zig, VSWR,
50ohm mismatch terminals.
Procedure:
1.First check only for sine wave without connecting the metal zig and set the frequency as
5gHz.
2. Now remove the connection to CRO and connect it to VSWR.
3. Set the VSWR to 0.
4. Connect the metal zig also.
5. If p2 is considered as output then p3 is connected to 50ohm mismatch terminator and
vice-versa.
6. p I is always considered as input.
7. Calculate the power arm 2 and 3 and isolation which should be zero.
Theory:
Power divider is a 3 port device in which one input port and two ouput ports.When the power
is fed at input port 1,power will emerge from the other two ports 2 and 3.it is impossible to
match all the ports of power divider. Inorder to match all the three ports, an isolation
resistance of 2Z0 is added between ports 2 and 3.With this the proper isolation is provided
between ports 2 and 3.
Fig 21: Block Diagram To check sine wave

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Fig 22 :Block Diagram to find at power arms of power divider
Calculation:
Power at arm2: V2= P1-P2
Power at arm3: V3= P1-p3
Power at arm1: V1=P2-P3
Isolation: 20 log(V3/V2)
Insertion loss: 20 log(V3/V1)
Coupling loss: 20 log(V2/V1)
Result: Isolation, insertion loss and coupling loss of a power divider are measured.

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Experiment No 8:
Measurement of propagation loss, bending loss and numerical

aperture of an optical fiber.
Aim : To Study analog and digital communication link in 650nm fiber optic digital cable.to
measure propagation loss, bending loss and numerical aperture of an optical fibre.
Components Required: Fiber optic trainer, CRO, connecting probe, fiber optic wire.
Theorv: Fiber optic link can be used for transmission of digital as well as analog
signals.Basically a fiber optic link contains three main elements, a transmitter, an optic fiber
and a receiver. The transmitter module takes the input signal in the electrical form and then
transforms it into optical energy containing the same information.
Transmitter:
Fibre optic transmitters are typically composed of a buffer, driven and optical source.
The buffer provides both an electrical connection and Isolation between the transmitter and
the electrical system supplying the data.
Fibre optic link:

Emitter and detector circuit on board from the fibre optic link this section provide· the
light source for the optic fibre and the light detector at the far end of the fibre optics links.
The optic fibre plugs into the connectors provided in this part of the board.
Receiver:
The comparator circuit PLL, LPF AC amplifier circuit from receiver on the board. It is able
to do the modulation process in order to recover the original information signal.
Procedure :
1. Connect the power supply to the board.
2. Ensure all the switched faults are off.
3. Make the following connections
 Connect 1kHz Square wave output of emitter 1 's input
 Connect the fibre optic cable between emitter output and detectors input
 Detector 1 's output to comparator 1 's input
 Comparator 1 's output to AC amplifier 1‘s input
4. On the board, switch emitter l's driver to digital mode.
5. Switch ON the power
6. Monitor both the inputs to comparator 1 . Slowly adjust the comparators bias preset, until
DC level on the input lies mid way between the high and low level of the signal on the
positive input.
7. Observe the input to emitter l with the output from AC amplifier l and note that the two
signals are same.

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Optical Fibre Kit:
Structure of Fibre optic cable:

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Block diagram for Digital Communication Link :
Function Emitter Detector Comparator AC Amplifier

Generator Circuit Circuit
CRO
Block diagram for Analog Communication Link

.
Function Emitter Detector AC Amplifier CRO

Generator Circuit Circuit
Fig 23: Analog and digital communication setup

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Experiment No 8(a):
Measurement of Numerical Aperture,Bending loss and
Propagation Loss
Theory : Numerical aperture refers to the wave angle of which the light incident on the fiber
end is totally internally reflected and is transmitted properly along the fiber. It s formed by
the relation of this angle of the fiber optic in the cone of acceptance of the fiber.
Procedure to find numerical aperture:

1. Connect power supply to the board.
2. Connect the frequency generator of 1 kHz sine wave output to input of the emitter 1
circuit. Adjust its amplitude to 5Vp-p
3. Connect one end of fiber optic cable to the output socket of emitter l circuit either to
other end of Numerical aperture measurement.
4. Hold the white screen having facing the fiber such that it cut face is perpendicular to
the axis of fiber.
5. Hold the white screen with four concentric circles (10, 15, 20, 25)mrn diameter,
vertically at the suitable distance to red spot of the fiber coincide with 10rnm circle.
6. Record the distance of screen from the fiber end and note the diameter of the spot.
7. Compute the numerical aperture from the formula given below:
=
√
8. Vary the distance between the screen and optic cable and make it coincide with one of
the concentric circles. Note the distance.
9. Tabulate the various distance and diameter of the circles made on the white screen
and compute the numerical aperture from formula given above.
To find Numerical aperture:

20
Tabular Column
Sl No Length(cm) Width(cm) = =
√ √
Procedure to find numerical aperture:

1. Follow the procedure to set up analog link. Follow till step 9 of part-A.
2. Without bending the cable note down the amplitude of the received signal.
3. Bend the fiber in loop as shown. And keep reducing the diameter of the bend upto
about 2cm and take corresponding voltage readings. Do not reduce loop diameter less
than 1cm.
4. Plot a graph of the voltage v/s loop diameter. Note that as diameter decreases voltage
also decreases. i.e loss increases.
5. Repeat the procedure again for second transmitter.
6. Switch off the power supply.
To find bending loss:

20
Tabular Column:
Sl.No Number of Bends Amplitude Bending Loss
Procedure for Propagation loss

1. Make connections as shown in the figure.
2. Keep the jumper JP5 towards +12 V. position.
3. Switch on the power sup-ply.
4. Feed about 2Vp-p sinusoidal signal of 1 KHz from the signal generator to the IN post
of Analog Buffer.
5. Connect the output post OUT of Analog Buffer to the post TX IN of transmitter.
6. Insert the Optical fiber cable carefully.
7. Observe the detected signal at
8. Measure the amplitude of demodulated o/p. let it be equal to V1 = ………V
9. Simply replace the 1m cable by 3m and note down the demodulated o/p voltage on
the CRO. Let it be V2 =…….V. No other knobs should be disturbed while changing
the cable from 1m to 3m.
10. Switch off the power supply.
Calculation:
V1 / V2 = e [ - α (L 1 + L 2 ) ]
Where L1 = 1m; L2 = 3m.

20
α = ………….nepers /m.
α in dB/ m = 8.686 * α in nepers/m
Procedure to find Coupling loss:

1. Follow the procedure to set up analog link. Follow till step 9 of part-A.
2. Record the output voltage across 1m fiber optic cable. Let it be V1.
3. Now without disturbing the set-up, remove the 1m cable and connect the coupled
cable between the transmitter and receiver and note down the output voltage. Let it be
equal to V2.
Coupling loss = 20 log (V1 / V2 ) = ………… dB.
Result: Numerical aperture, bending loss, propagation loss and coupling loss of an optical
fibre is determined.

20
17ECL76 ADVANCED COMMUNICATION LAB

Part B : SOFTWARE EXPERIMENTS
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:
S.No Name of the experiment
1 Simulation of NRZ,RZ Half Sinusoid and Raised Cosine Pulses and

generate eye diagram for binary polar signalling using MATLAB &
SIMULNK
2 Simulate the Pulse code modulation and demodulation system and
display the waveforms
3 Simulation of QPSK transmitter and receiver & Plot the signals and its
constellation diagram
4 Test the performance of a binary differential phase shift keying system
by simulating the non-coherent detection of binary DPSK

20
Experiment No .1
Simulation of NRZ,RZ Half Sinusoid and Raised Cosine Pulses
and generate eye diagram for binary polar signalling using
MATLAB:
Aim :To design, simulate a NRZ,RZ Half Sinusoid and Raised Cosine Pulses and generate
eye diagram for binary polar signalling using MATLAB. .
Software Tool Required MATLAB Version
Half sinusoid pulse:
t = 0:0.2:2;
f=.5;% Input Signal Frequency
x=sin(2*pi*f*t);% Generate Sine Wave
x(x>0) = 0; % Rectified Sine Wave
plot(t,x);
axis([xlim -1 1])
Fig.1 Half Sinusoid

20
Line codes:
clc;
close all;
clear all;
x=[1 0 1 1 0 1];
nx=size(x,2);
sign=1;
i=1;
while i<nx+1
t = i:0.001:i+1-0.001;
if x(i)==1
unipolar_code=square(t*2*pi,100);
polar_code=square(t*2*pi,100);
bipolar_code=sign*square(t*2*pi,100);
sign=sign*-1;
manchester_code=-square(t*2*pi,50);
else
unipolar_code=0;
polar_code=-square(t*2*pi,100);
bipolar_code=0;
manchester_code=square(t*2*pi,50);
end
subplot(4,1,1);
plot(t,unipolar_code);
ylabel('unipolar code');
hold on;
grid on;
axis([1 10 -2 2]);
subplot(4,1,2);
plot(t,polar_code);
ylabel('polar code');
hold on;
grid on;
axis([1 10 -2 2]);
subplot(4,1,3);
plot(t,bipolar_code);
ylabel('bipolar code');
hold on;
grid on;
axis([1 10 -2 2]);
subplot(4,1,4);
plot(t,manchester_code);

20
ylabel('manchester code');
hold on;
grid on;
axis([1 10 -2 2]);
i=i+1;
end
Fig 2: Simulation result of line codes
Filter Using Simulink Raised Cosine Filter Blocks
The Raised Cosine Transmit Filter and Raised Cosine Receive Filter blocks are designed for
raised cosine filtering. Each block can apply a square-root raised cosine filter or a normal
raised cosine filter to a signal. You can vary the rolloff factor and span of the filter.
The Raised Cosine Transmit Filter and Raised Cosine Receive Filter blocks are tailored for
use at the transmitter and receiver, respectively. The transmit filter outputs an upsampled
(interpolated) signal, while the receive filter expects its input signal to be upsampled. The

20
receive filter lets you choose whether to have the block downsample (decimate) the filtered
signal before sending it to the output port.
Both raised cosine filter blocks introduce a propagation delay, as described in Group Delay.
Combining Two Square-Root Raised Cosine Filters
This model shows how to split the filtering equally between the transmitter's filter and the
receiver's filter by using a pair of square root raised cosine filters.
The use of two matched square root raised cosine filters is equivalent to a single normal
raised cosine filter. To see this illustrated, load the model doc_rrcfiltercompare by typing the
following at the MATLAB command line.
doc_rrcfiltercompare
Fig 3: Simulink Model for eye diagram and signal space diagram
The filters share the same span and use the same number samples per symbol but the filters
on the upper path have a square root shape while the filter on the lower path has the normal
shape. Run the model and observe the eye and constellation diagrams. The performance is
nearly identical for the two methods. Note that the limited impulse response of practical
square root raised cosine filters causes a slight difference between the response of two
cascaded square root raised cosine filters and the response of one raised cosine filter.

20
Fig 4: Simulation results of model
RESULT:Thus NRZ, RZ Half Sinusoid and Raised Cosine Pulses andeye diagram for binary
polar signalling were designed using MATLAB and output was verified successfully.

20
Experiment No 2:
Simulate the Pulse code modulation and demodulation system
and display the waveforms.
Aim : To design, simulate the Pulse code modulation and demodulation system and display
the waveforms.
Software Tool Required: Matlab
Program:
%PCM TRANSMITTER
%Analog Signal(Sinusoidal signal)
f=2; %Maximum frequency of the signal
fs=20*f; %Nyquist sampling freq rate
t=0:1/fs:1;
a=2;%Amplitude
x=a*sin(2*pi*f*t);
%level shifting
x1=x+a;
%Quantization
q_op=round(x1);
%Decimal Value in to binary value
enco=de2bi(q_op,'left-msb');
%PCM Receiver
deco=bi2de(enco,'left-msb');
%shifting the amplitude level to the original value
xr=deco-a;
%plotting
plot(t,x,'r- ',t,xr,'k+-');
xlabel('Amplitude');
ylabel('original Signal');
legend('original signal','Reconstructed Signal');
Second Method
PCM Modultion& Demodulation:
clc;
closeall;
clear all;
n=input('Enter n value for n-bit PCM system : ');
n1=input('Enter number of samples in a period : ');

20
L=2^n;
% % Signal Generation
% x=0:1/100:4*pi;
% y=8*sin(x); % Amplitude Of signal is 8v
% subplot(2,2,1);
% plot(x,y);grid on;
% Sampling Operation
x=0:2*pi/n1:4*pi; % n1 nuber of samples have tobe selected
s=8*sin(x);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(s);
title('Analog Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude--->');
xlabel('Time--->');
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(s);grid on; title('Sampled Sinal'); ylabel('Amplitude--->'); xlabel('Time--->');
% Quantization Process
vmax=8;
vmin=-vmax;
del=(vmax-vmin)/L;
part=vmin:del:vmax; % level are between vmin and vmax with
difference of del
code=vmin-(del/2):del:vmax+(del/2); % Contaion Quantized valuses
[ind,q]=quantiz(s,part,code); % Quantization process
% ind contain index number and q contain
quantized values
l1=length(ind);
l2=length(q);
fori=1:l1
if(ind(i)~=0) % To make index as binary decimal so started from 0
to N
ind(i)=ind(i)-1;
end
i=i+1;
end
fori=1:l2
if(q(i)==vmin-(del/2)) % To make quantize value inbetween the levels
q(i)=vmin+(del/2);
end
end
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(q);grid on; % Display the Quantize values
title('Quantized Signal');
xlabel('Time--->');
% Encoding Process
figure

20
code=de2bi(ind,'left-msb'); % Convert the decimal to binary

k=1;
fori=1:l1
for j=1:n
coded(k)=code(i,j); % convert code matrix to a coded row vector
j=j+1;
k=k+1;
end
i=i+1;
end
subplot(2,1,1); grid on;
stairs(coded); % Display the encoded signal
axis([0 100 -2 3]); title('Encoded Signal');
xlabel('Time--->');
% Demodulation Of PCM signal
qunt=reshape(coded,n,length(coded)/n);
index=bi2de(qunt','left-msb'); % Getback the index in decimal form
q=del*index+vmin+(del/2); % getback Quantized values
subplot(2,1,2); grid on;
plot(q); % Plot Demodulated signal
title('Demodulated Signal');
xlabel('Time--->');
Result:
Enter n value for n-bit PCM system : 4
Enter number of samples in a period : 8

20

20
Experiment No .3
Simulation of QPSK transmitter and receiver & Plot the signals
and its constellation diagram:
AIM: To design, simulate QPSK transmitter and receiver & Plot the signals and its
SOFTWARE TOOL REQUIRED : MATLAB & Simulink
Program:
QPSK Modulation & Demodulation:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
data=[0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1]; % information
%Number_of_bit=1024;
%data=randint(Number_of_bit,1);
figure(1)
stem(data, 'linewidth',3), grid on;
title(' Information before Transmiting ');
axis([ 0 11 0 1.5]);
data_NZR=2*data-1; % Data Represented at NZR form for QPSK
modulation
s_p_data=reshape(data_NZR,2,length(data)/2); % S/P convertion
of data
br=10.^6; %Let us transmission bit rate 1000000
f=br; % minimum carrier frequency
T=1/br; % bit duration
t=T/99:T/99:T; % Time vector for one bit information
% XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX QPSK modulatio
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
y=[];
y_in=[];
y_qd=[];
for(i=1:length(data)/2)
y1=s_p_data(1,i)*cos(2*pi*f*t); % inphase component
y2=s_p_data(2,i)*sin(2*pi*f*t) ;% Quadrature component
y_in=[y_in y1]; % inphase signal vector
y_qd=[y_qd y2]; %quadrature signal vector
y=[y y1+y2]; % modulated signal vector
end
Tx_sig=y; % transmitting signal after modulation
tt=T/99:T/99:(T*length(data))/2;
figure(2)
subplot(3,1,1);

20
plot(tt,y_in,'linewidth',3), grid on;

title(' wave form for inphase component in QPSK modulation ');
xlabel('time(sec)');
ylabel(' amplitude(volt0');
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(tt,y_qd,'linewidth',3), grid on;
title(' wave form for Quadrature component in QPSK modulation
');
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(tt,Tx_sig,'r','linewidth',3), grid on;
title('QPSK modulated signal (sum of inphase and Quadrature
phase signal)');
% XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX QPSK demodulation
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Rx_data=[];
Rx_sig=Tx_sig; % Received signal
for(i=1:1:length(data)/2)
%%XXXXXX inphase coherent dector XXXXXXX
Z_in=Rx_sig((i-1)*length(t)+1:i*length(t)).*cos(2*pi*f*t);
% above line indicat multiplication of received
&inphasecarred signal
Z_in_intg=(trapz(t,Z_in))*(2/T);% integration using

trapizodialrull
if(Z_in_intg>0) % Decession Maker
Rx_in_data=1;
else
Rx_in_data=0;
end
%%XXXXXX Quadrature coherent dector XXXXXX

Z_qd=Rx_sig((i-1)*length(t)+1:i*length(t)).*sin(2*pi*f*t);
%above line indicat multiplication
ofreceived&Quadphasecarred signal
Z_qd_intg=(trapz(t,Z_qd))*(2/T);%integration using
trapizodialrull
if (Z_qd_intg>0)% Decession Maker
Rx_qd_data=1;
else
Rx_qd_data=0;
end
Rx_data=[Rx_dataRx_in_dataRx_qd_data]; % Received Data vector

20
end
figure(3)
stem(Rx_data,'linewidth',3)
title('Information after Receiveing ');
axis([ 0 11 0 1.5]), grid on;
% XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX end of program
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Result:

20

20
N = 10^4 % number of bits or symbols

rand('state',100); % initializing the rand() function
randn('state',200);% initializing the randn() function
ip = rand(1,N)>0.5;% generating 0,1 with equal probability
ipD = mod(filter(1,[1 -1],ip),2); % %differential encoding y[n]=y[n-1]+x[n]
s = 2*ipD-1; % BPSK modulation 0 -> -1; 1 -> 0
n = 1/sqrt(2)*[randn(1,N) + j*randn(1,N)]; % white gaussian noise, 0dB
variance
Eb_N0_dB = [-3:10]; % multiple Eb/N0 values
for ii = 1:length(Eb_N0_dB)
y = s + 10^(-Eb_N0_dB(ii)/20)*n; % additive white gaussian noise
ipDHat_coh = real(y) > 0; % coherent demodulation
ipHat_coh = mod(filter([1 -1],1,ipDHat_coh),2); %differential decoding
nErr_dbpsk_coh(ii) = size(find([ip - ipHat_coh]),2); % counting the number
of errors
end
simBer_dbpsk_coh = nErr_dbpsk_coh/N;
theoryBer_dbpsk_coh = erfc(sqrt(10.^(Eb_N0_dB/10))).*(1 -
.5*erfc(sqrt(10.^(Eb_N0_dB/10))));
closeall
figure
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,theoryBer_dbpsk_coh,'b.-');
holdon
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,simBer_dbpsk_coh,'mx-');
axis([-2 10 10^-6 0.5])
gridon
legend('theory', 'simulation');
xlabel('Eb/No, dB')
ylabel('Bit Error Rate')
title('Bit error probability curve for coherent demodulation of DBPSK')
Result:
N=10000

20
Building Simulink Model of QPSK Modulator and Demodulator:

I. Standard QPSK Simulation
The Simulink model of QPSK modulator and demodulator is shown below
Build the Simulink model shown in Figure 1.

20
1. Double-click on the Random Integer Generator and adjust the set size to a proper value
(Remember that the input to the QPSK modulator should be either 0, 1, 2, or 3).
2. In the Random Integer Generator block, set the Sample Time to 1e-6 (i.e. 1 µs) and the
Samples per frame parameter to 1024.
3. In the AWGN block, set the Symbol period parameter to 1e-6 (i.e. 1 µs) and the Number
of bits per symbol parameter to 2 (since QPSK uses 2 bits per symbol).
4. For the Error Rate Calculation block, set the Output data field to “port” so you can
connect the Display block.
5. The Display Block will show you three values. The first value is the BER, the second
value is the number of incorrect bits, and the third value is the total number of bits
received. Set the simulation time to 10 seconds.
6. In both QPSK Modulator and Demodulator blocks, set the Constellation ordering to
Gray. Take a note of the constellation points.
7. In this experiment, you will adjust the value of the in the AWGN block, starting from 3,
incrementing by 1 every step, and ending at 15, and observe the error rate displayed in
the Display block. Make a table recording the value of and the corresponding BER.
8. Plot BER vs. and compare with the theoretical values. Comment on the results.
9. Repeat for Binary Constellation ordering in both QPSK modulator and demodulator
blocks and comment on the results
RESULT Thus QPSK transmitter ,receiver constellation diagram were generated using
MATLAB and output was verified successfully.

20
Experiment No 4:
Test the performance of a binary differential phase shift keying
system by simulating the noncoherent detection of binary DPSK.
Aim: To design, simulate DBPSK modulation and Demodulation & Plot the signals and its
Program: DBPSK Modulation & Demodulation: Simulink, developed by The Math Works,
is an environment for multi-domain simulation and Model-Based Design for dynamic and
embedded systems. It provides an interactive graphical environment and a customizable set
of block libraries that helps to design, simulate, implement and test a variety of time-varying
systems, including communications, controls, signal processing, video processing, and image
processing. With Simulink, the models are built by dragging and dropping blocks from the
library browser onto the graphical editor and connecting them with lines that establish
mathematical relationships between blocks. Simulation parameters are set by double clicking
the various blocks as listed in Table 1.
Table 1: Parameter Settings for the Various Blocks in the Models of DBPSK,
Name of the Block Name of the Parameter DBPSK P
Bernoulli Binary Generator Probability of a Zero 0.5
Initial Seed Initial Seed
Sample time 1
Frame based output checked
samplesperframe 1000
Output data type Double

2. Modulator Baseband Phase Offset pi/2,pi/4, pi/8
Constellation ordering Binary

Input type Type Integer
Output Data Type double
3.AWGN Channel Initial Seed Any positive integer
Mode SNR(Eb /No ) SNR(Eb /No )
Eb /No (dB) Constant or variable
No. Of Bits per Symbol 1/2/3

20
Input Signal power(watts) 1 1

Symbol period (s) 1 1
4.Demodulator Base band M-ary number 2/4/8 2/4/8
Phase offset(rad) 0,pi/4,pi/8
Constellation ordering Binary

Output type Integer
5.Error rate calculation Receive Delay 0
Computation Delay 0
Computation Mode Entire frame
Output Data port
Reset Port unchecked
Stop simulation checked
Target No. of Errors 100
6. Display Format Short
Decimation 1
Floating display unchecked
7.Signal to Workspace Variable Name BER BER
Limit data point to last 1
Decimation 1
Frames Concatenate frames (2-D array
Log Fixed point data as a fi unchecked

object
The baseband simulation models designed of M-ary DPSK for M=2, 4, 8 i.e. for DBPSK,
DQPSK and 8-DPSK are given in Figure 4, 5 and 6. The Bernoulli Binary Generator block
generates random binary numbers using a Bernoulli distribution. The Display block shows
the value of its input, the amount of data displayed and the display format can be control by
selecting a Format choice: short, which displays a 5-digit scaled value with fixed decimal
point. The Decimation parameter enables to display data at every nth sample, where n is the
decimation factor. The default decimation 1, displays

20
BER Performance Analysis of M-ary DPSK Techniques Using Simulation Modelling

Data at every time step. The Sample time parameter enables to specify a sampling interval at
which to display points.In this simulation, a generic m file is used together with simulink to
simulate the BER vs. Eb/No graphs. This m file declares the parameters defined in the
simulink’s block diagram check box. First, the simulation is done by running the concerned
.mdl file of the designed model. Once the output values are stored in the workspace, the
associated .m file is typed under the command window and it is run. Finally, BER graph vs
Eb/No (SNR) graphs are obtained once the simulation is complete.
Figure 7: BER Performance of DBPSK over AWGN Channel Using Simulink and its
Comparison with the Theoretical Output BER Curve
CONCLUSIONS
1. The BER for all the digital Modulation schemes decrease monotonically with
increasing values of Eb/No

20
2. It is observed from the simulation curves and the mathematical analysis of the signals
that, as the number of signals or number of M increases, the error probability or more
clearly the probability of error rate is increased.
3. Both simulation using Simulink and .m files show that the performance of M-ary
differential modulation techniques in AWGN channel has almost same bit error
performance. So, the simulation of higher order modulation techniques can be done
easily using Simulink as compared to creating complex m files.
4. Simulation of DBPSK using Simulink gives the best results. This tool also simplifies
the process of passing from simulation to implementation, without the necessity of
being a specialized hardware engineer.

20
SAMPLE VIVA QUESTIONS
1.What are the properties of Magic tee?
2. What are the applications of magic tee? Why it is called “magic tee”?
3. Give the scattering matrix of magic tee
4. Give the scattering matrix of directional coupler
5. Define : Coupling coefficient, directivity, insertion loss, isolation
6. Give the applications of directional coupler
7. How does oscillations take place in reflex klystron?
8. Why can’t we use conventional vaccum tubes at microwave frequencies?
9. Give the applications of reflex klystron
10. What is meant by ETR, ETS?
11. Define gunn effect
12. What are the modes of operation of gunn diode
13. Define transit time modes.
14. Define LSA mode
15. What are the applications of gunn diode.
16. How does gunn diode oscillate?
17. What are the advantages of gunn diode?
18. Draw the J v/s E characteristics of gunn diode showing NDC region
19. How velocity modulation takes place in reflex klystron
20.Explain the modes of reflex klystron?
21. What is the difference between transmission lines and coaxial lines
22. Why cylindrical cavity resonators are not used with klystrons?
23. What are the advantages of directional couplers

20
24. What are waveguides?
25. What are cavity resonators? Mention its applications
26. By what method cavity resonators are tuned
27. What are the applications of circulators?
28. What is modulation? Mention different types of digital modulation techniques?
29. What is base band and band pass transmissions
30. Mention the two main resources available with communication channels
31. What are formatting blocks
32. What is sampling process?
33. State sampling theorem for low pass signals
34. Mention different types of sampling process?
35. What is aliasing ? Mention the conditions for aliasing to occur?
36. How can aliasing be reduced?
37. What is aperture effect? How it is reduced?
38. What is the minimum transmission bandwidth of transmission channel?
39. What are the requirements that a digital modulation scheme must satisfy
40. What is M-ary transmission?
41. What is demodulation and detection?
42. Define coherent and non-coherent detection?
43. What is the drawback of BPSK?
44. Mention the minimum transmission bandwidth of BPSK,DPSK,QPSK?
45. Mention the advantages of DPSK? Also what are its disadvantages?
46. What are the advantages and disadvantages of QPSK
47. Differentiate ASK, FSK, PSK

20
48. Explain flat top sampling?
49. What is antenna?
50. What is radiation pattern
51. What is directivity?
52. Define antenna gain?
53. Explain effective aperture of antenna
54. Define bandwidth and beamwidth of antenna
55. What is near field and far field of antenna
56. What is polarization of antenna?
57. Explain structure of optical fiber?
58. What is refractive index?
59. What is numerical aperture?
60. What are the advantages and disadvantages of OFC?

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M S Engineering College

Navarathna Agrahara, Sadahalli Post

• To inculcate best engineering practices amongst students through quality education,

• To make the institute to be recognized as among the leading institutions imparting

 Continually improve the effectiveness and quality management system.

 Our commitment to achieve total customer satisfaction by assuring successful

 By providing training at all the levels with placement assistance.

 Use of modern technology and its conditional up gradation.

 Participation of all the stakeholders to meet the expectations.

2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze

3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering

7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional

8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and

9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member

10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities

11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of

PSO-Program Specific Objectives

2. An ability to solve complex Electronics and Communication Engineering problems,

3. Wisdom of social and environmental awareness along with ethical responsibility to

Program Educational Objectives

ADVANCED COMMUNICATION LAB

Laboratory Experiments: Part A Page Marks

Dept. of ECE M.S. Engineering College Page 1

computation of dielectric constant of the substrate.

Dept. of ECE M.S. Engineering College Page 2

Dept. of ECE M.S. Engineering College Page 3

Circuit Diagram: Multiplexer

Fig 1.Circuit diagram of Multiplexer and Demultiplexer

Triangular wave , f= = 1KHz, 1 Vp-p

Sine wave , , f= = 526Hz, 4Vp-p

Triangular wave , f= = 1KHz

Dept. of ECE M.S. Engineering College Page 4

Sine wave , f= = 833.3 Hz

Fig 2. TDM waveforms

Dept. of ECE M.S. Engineering College Page 5

1. Before connection check all the components.

Fig.3 ASK Modulator Circuit

Dept. of ECE M.S. Engineering College Page 6

Fig 4: ASK Demodulor Circuit

Fig 5. Expected waveforms of ASK

Dept. of ECE M.S. Engineering College Page 7

RESULT : ASK w/f is generated & demodulated using Envelope detector.

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Components Required: Op-amp (741), Diode(OA 79), SL-100 transistor, Resistor,

Theory: Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a frequency modulation scheme in which digital

1. Before connection check all the components.

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Fig 6: FSK modulator and Demodulator circuit

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fm = ; fm = 300Hz , C = 0.1 µF, R = 5.6 kΩ

tmin = 0.6 0.2ms, fmax = = = 8.333 KHz

tmax = 1.4 , fmin = = = 1.428 KHz

Demodulation : f = = 270.270 KHz

Fig 7: FSK waveforms

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Components Required: Resistors, Capacitors, Opamps, diodes, signal generators, CRO,

Fig 8 . BPSK Modulator Circuit

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Fig 9 : BPSK demodulator circuit

C = 0.1µF , fm = 200Hz, fc = 10kHz

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Fig 10. BPSK modulator and demodulator waveforms

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