This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been
fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/LAWP.2020.3003305, IEEE
Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters
Compact Quarter-Mode Substrate-Integrated

Waveguide Dual-Frequency Millimeter-Wave
Antenna Array for 5G Applications
Yu-Xiang Sun, Member, IEEE, Di Wu, Member, IEEE, Xiao Sheng Fang and Nan Yang
Abstract—A compact linearly-polarized quarter-mode
substrate-integrated waveguide (QMSIW) dual-frequency
millimeter-wave antenna is presented in this letter. The antenna
has two unequal-sized quarter-mode parts of two square SIW
cavities for two operating bands. Each quarter can be tuned
independently. The two quarters are realized within one layer of
substrate laminate, and are placed in a back-to-back configuration,
sharing a same row of metalized vias, which makes the structure
very simple and compact. For demonstration, a QMSIW dual-
frequency antenna simultaneously operating at 28 GHz and 38
GHz bands was designed for 5G applications. Compared with a
traditional full-mode SIW slot antenna, our element design merits
in an antenna footprint miniaturization of 53.5%. A 4-element
corporated-fed antenna array was also designed, fabricated, and
measured. Good agreement between the measured and simulated
results is obtained. Measured peak antenna gains of 9.5 dBi and
11.0 dBi are obtained for the lower and upper bands, respectively.
Index Terms—Compact antenna, dual-frequency antenna,
substrate-integrated waveguide antenna, quarter-mode SIW.
I. INTRODUCTION
I N recent years, the fifth generation (5G) of wireless
communication has drawn much attention due to its
incomparable merits of wide operational bandwidth, high data
rate transmission and high channel capacity [1], [2]. Unique
from the previous generations, the 5G launches several
millimeter-wave bands which enables these characteristics,
such as the 28 GHz (27.5–28.35 GHz), 38 GHz (37–38.6 GHz)
and 67 GHz (64–71 GHz) bands [3].
Many millimeter-wave antenna designs have been reported
during the last decade for the 5G applications [4]–[10]. Most of
these designs tried to enhance the bandwidths using various
techniques, including stacked microstrip antenna array [5],
substrate-integrated dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) [6], [7]
and magneto-electric (ME) dipole antenna [8]–[10]. However,
they can only be operated at a certain band with wide operating
bandwidth, but still they cannot cover the aforementioned two
or more 5G bands. For high density of integration purpose, it
would be preferable to cover several 5G bands within one
Manuscript received 2020. This work was supported in part by the
National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants 61901272 and
61701292, and in part by the Natural Science Foundation of Shenzhen
University under Projects 2019008 and 2019010, and in part by the open project
of State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University.
(Corresponding author: Nan Yang; Di Wu).
Y.-X. Sun and D. Wu are with the College of Electronics and Information
Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China (e-
mails: eeyxsun@szu.edu.cn; diwu@szu.edu.cn). Y.-X. Sun is also with State
Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
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antenna configuration. Furthermore, a simple and compact
structure is also expected for easing the fabrication, simplifying
the system and lowering the total cost. A possible solution is to
design dual-frequency antennas that can be operated at two
bands, but the available literatures are mainly for large
frequency ratio designs at the microwave and millimeter-wave
bands [11]–[15]. Very limited dual-band millimeter-wave
antennas have been reported [16]–[19]. They usually encounter
larger antenna footprint [16]–[17], use dual layers [17], [18] or
use the bulky full-metal structure [19].
Substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) antennas are suitable
for the millimeter-wave applications as they have simple
structures and low loss, and they can be easily integrated with
the circuitry [20], [21]. To realize compact size, half-mode or
quarter-mode SIWs (QMSIW) can be employed by introducing
virtual magnetic walls for passive components [22]–[25] and
antenna designs [26]–[32]. However, most of them can only
operate at a single band. [29] can work at two bands, but the
frequency control is not independent. Another issue is that the
footprint in some single-band designs is relatively large [30].
In this letter, a compact QMSIW antenna array with dual-
frequency operation for 5G applications is investigated. The
antenna has two quarter-mode parts with different sizes for two
separate bands. The two parts are arranged in a back-to-back
manner and share a same row of metalized vias, leading to a
compact size. A dual-frequency antenna element operating at
the 28 GHz and 38 GHz bands was designed and analyzed.
Afterward, a 2 × 2 subarray was fabricated and measured for
demonstration. Reasonable agreement between the measured
and simulated results was observed.
II. QMSIW DUAL-FREQUENCY ANTENNA ELEMENT
A square SIW cavity, enclosed by four rows of metalized vias,
can be excited by a microstrip line at the corner. As shown in
Fig. 1(a), the full-mode square SIW cavity resonates at its
fundamental TE010 mode. A virtual magnetic wall is introduced
by splitting the full-mode SIW cavity along the diagonal line in
the xoz plane. By discarding the upper part, total size of the
structure can be halved, and the open side can be regarded as a
X. S. Fang is with the Department of Electronic and Information
Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Signal and
Image Processing, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China. (e-mail:
fangxs@stu.edu.cn)
N. Yang is with the Department of Electrical Engineering and the State
Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong
Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China, and also with the Information Communication
Technology Centre (ICTC), CityU Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen,
Guangdong, China (e-mail: ee.nanyang@my.cityu.edu.hk).
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/LAWP.2020.3003305, IEEE
Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters

radiating slot. Further, the half-mode SIW cavity can be again
halved with a virtual magnetic wall along the yoz plane and a
quarter-mode structure can be obtained, as shown in Fig. 1(b).
In this situation, the width of the 50-Ω feeding line was also
halved.
Using the QMSIW cavity structure, a compact dual-
frequency antenna was formed by placing two unequal
QMSIWs in a back-to-back arrangement as shown in Fig. 2.
With reference to the figure, the two QMSIWs share the same
row of metalized vias as their common boundary. It can be
found that each part can operate at one frequency band and the
two parts can be tuned independently. Since the feeding lines
have been halved to 100-Ω (see Fig. 1(b)), a tapered transition
to 50 Ω is used for each feeding port. To get better impedance
matching, two notches with sizes of (g1, h1) and (g2, h2) are
introduced near the feedline for the lower and upper bands,
respectively. The dual-frequency antenna is printed on a single
square substrate, with a side length of Lg, a thickness h, a
dielectric constant of ɛr and a loss tangent of 0.009 (at 10 GHz).
antenna (5.05 mm × 5.05 mm) working at 28 GHz using the
same substrate laminate.
Fig. 3 shows the simulated S-parameters of the compact
QMSIW dual-frequency antenna. It can be seen that the antenna
can resonate at 28 GHz and 38 GHz with impedance
bandwidths of 0.89% (27.90–28.15 GHz) and 1.32% (37.75–
38.25 GHz), respectively. It can be also found that the isolation
between the two ports is higher than 23 dB and 31 dB for the
lower and upper bands, respectively. Simulated E-field
distributions at the resonant frequencies were studied. It was
founded that the E-field on the larger QMSIW is much stronger
while it is quite weak on the smaller one at 28 GHz, and it is
vice versa at 38 GHz. It implies that the two parts can work
independently and this facilitates the design and tuning of such
dual-frequency antennas or arrays. To further validate the
independence, the effects of side lengths of the QMSIWs on the
resonant frequencies of two ports were studied and the
simulated results are shown in Fig. 4. It can be found that when
wl increases from 3.44 mm to 3.64 mm, the resonant frequency
of the larger QMSIW shifts left from 28.9 GHz to 27 GHz.
However, it has a negligible effect on the smaller QMSIW and
its resonator frequency remains unchanged. Similar results can
be also obtained when wu sweeps, which are not shown here for
brevity.
0
-5
S-Parameter (dB)

-10 S11
(a) (b) -15 S12
Fig. 1. E-field distributions of corner-fed (a) full-mode and (b) quarter-mode -20 S22
SIW cavities at their resonant frequencies. -25 S21

-30
wf2
Port 2 -35
27.0 27.5 28.0 28.5 29.0 37.0 37.5 38.0 38.5 39.0
wl Frequency (GHz)
u2
Via u1 h2 Fig. 3. Simulated S-parameters of compact QMSIW dual-frequency antenna. wl
= 3.54 mm, wu = 2.61 mm, g1 = 0.35 mm, g2 = 0.20 mm, d = 0.23 mm, d0 = 0.23
g2 mm, l1 = 0.35 mm, l2 = 0.75 mm, h = 0.127 mm, h1 = 0.85 mm, h2 = 0.75 mm,
d0 d u1 = 0.35 mm, u2 = 0.75 mm, wf1 = 0.379 mm, wf2 = 0.382 mm.

g1 Port 1 0

-5 S11
wu
S-Parameters (dB)

l1 S22
l2 h1 -10
x
-15
wf1 Port 1 wl = 3.44 mm
y wl = 3.54 mm
-20
wl = 3.64 mm
Fig. 2. Configuration of compact QMSIW dual-frequency antenna element. -25
26 27 28 29 36 37 38 39 40
Frequency (GHz)
For demonstration, a compact QMSIW dual-frequency
antenna working at the 28 GHz and 38 GHz bands are designed Fig. 4. Simulated S-parameters of compact QMSIW dual-frequency antenna for
different lengths of wl.
for 5G applications. The resonant frequency of each QMSIW
can be independently tuned by changing the length wl or wu,
Simulated radiation patterns of the compact QMSIW dual-
which enhances the flexibility of the design. The two notches
frequency antenna in the planes of ϕ = ±45° at the two resonant
can be used to improve the impedance match independently.
frequencies are shown in Fig. 5. Broadside radiation patterns
Using ANSYS HFSS, the dual-frequency antenna was
are obtained at both frequency points. Due to the asymmetry of
simulated and optimized. It is worth mentioning that the
the structure, the radiation patterns are not symmetrical in both
antenna footprint of this dual-frequency design (3.94 mm × 3.01
planes. The cross-polarization levels are 23 dB and 18 dB
mm) is about 53.5% smaller than that of a full-mode SIW cavity

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weaker than their co-polarization counterparts in the boresight
direction (θ = 0°) at 28 GHz and 38 GHz, respectively.
Simulated antenna gain of the compact QMSIW dual-frequency
antenna element in the boresight direction was studied. Peak
antenna gains of 5.84 dBi and 7.06 dBi were obtained at 28 GHz
and 38 GHz, respectively.
 = 0o Co-Pol
0 30o 30o 30o
-10 X-Pol
o o o o
60 60 60
-20
-30
o
-40 90 90o90o
-30
-20
120o 120o 120o
-10
0 150o 150o 150o
180o
 = -45o plane  = 45o plane
(a) (b)
Fig. 5. Simulated radiation patterns of compact QMSIW dual-frequency
antenna in planes of ϕ = ±45° at (a) 28 GHz and, (b) 38 GHz.
III.QMSIW DUAL-FREQUENCY ANTENNA ARRAY
Based on the element design, a 4-element corporated-fed
antenna array is designed in this section. The feeding network has
two-stage in-phase T-junction power dividers. λ/4 impedance
transformers are employed for better matching at each T-
junction. Using ANSYS HFSS, the simulated S-parameters and
the output phases of the feeding network were obtained. It was
found that at each input port (Ports 1 and 2), the input impedance
matching is below -15 dB, and equal output (Ports 3, 4, 5, 6 and
7, 8, 9, 10) amplitudes and phases are obtained over two wide
frequency bands of over 15%, centered at 28 GHz and 38 GHz.
In the next step, the dual-frequency antenna element and the
feeding networks are used to build the 4-element antenna array,
as shown in Fig. 6(a). The distances between the antenna
elements along the x and y axis are given as dx and dy respectively.
It is noted that a larger distance will lead to sidelobes at the higher
frequency band and a smaller distance will enhance the
difficulties in the arrangement of the feeding networks. In order
to get a compromise, dx and dy are both chosen as 6.5 mm, which
is 0.61λ1 and 0.82λ2 at 28 GHz and 38 GHz, respectively.
The entire antenna array was simulated and optimized with
ANSYS HFSS. A prototype was fabricated and measured for
verification, and its photo is shown in Fig. 6(b). The S-parameters
are measured by using a Keysight Network Analyzer E8361A,
while the radiation performance, including the radiation pattern
and the antenna gain, are measured by using a Compact Range
Measurement System.
IV.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The measured and simulated results of the compact QMSIW
dual-frequency antenna array are discussed in this section. Fig.
7 shows the measured and simulated S-parameters in the lower
and upper frequency bands, and reasonable agreement was
observed. With reference to the figure, in the measurement, the
impedance bandwidths (|Sii| ≤ -10 dB) for the lower and upper
bands are 2.97% (27.55–28.38 GHz) and 1.77% (37.58–38.25
GHz), whereas in the simulation, they are 1.07% (27.86–28.16
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Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters
GHz) and 1.00% (37.85–38.23 GHz) respectively. Small
discrepancies in the operating bands are observed and it is mainly
due to the fabrication tolerance. Measured port isolations of over
18.45 dB and 23.27 dB are observed, compared to the simulated
values of 19.1 dB and 20.2 dB in the lower and upper bands,
respectively.
 = 0o
30o lt2 y
X-Pol dx
Port 2
x
60
wt2 df1
7 8
90o
wf2 6 5
120o
wt1
dy 9 10 Port 1
150o d1 4 3
180o
wf1 df2
lt1
(a)
(b)
Fig. 6. (a) Configuration and (b) Photo of compact QMSIW dual-frequency
antenna array.
Measured and simulated radiation patterns in the planes of ϕ =
±45° of the compact QMSIW dual-frequency antenna array at 28
GHz and 38 GHz are shown in Fig. 8. Broadside radiation
patterns are obtained as expected for the TE010 mode of the
rectangular SIW cavity. Good agreement between the
measurement and simulation are observed. It can be found that
the cross polarized fields are 17.2 dB and 20.9 dB weaker than
their co-polarized counterparts in the boresight direction (θ = 0°)
at 28 GHz and 38 GHz, respectively. Measured half-power
beamwidths (HPBW) in the ϕ = ±45° planes are (52°, 61°) at 28
GHz, and (30°, 33°) at 38 GHz respectively. At each frequency
point, the simulated front-to-back ratios (FTBR) are over 30 dB,
but the measured results are not available due to the limitation of
the measurement system. It is noted that due to the limited area
for arranging the feeding networks of the two bands, the feeding
lines are close to the radiation edges. It was studied that it has
negligible effect on the resonant frequency and the co-
polarizations of the radiation patterns, while it deteriorates the
port isolation by 7.6 dB at 28 GHz and the cross-polarization by
4.9 dB in the boresight direction when compared with the case
when the feed lines are removed and the elements are directly fed
with equal amplitude and in phase. Since both the mutual
coupling and the cross-polarization are still at -20 dB level in the
current design, the results are acceptable.
Measured and simulated antenna broadside gains that have
taken impedance matching into account are shown in Fig. 9. The
measurement was conducted with a frequency step of 0.5 GHz.
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Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters

TABLE I
COMPARISON BETWEEN THIS WORK AND SOME PREVIOUS DUAL-FREQUENCY/-BAND MILLIMETER-WAVE ANTENNAS
Dual- Center
Bandwidths Antenna gains No. of Antenna Height
frequency/- frequencies Fabrication
(%) (dBi) elements footprint (λ02) (λ0)
band antennas (GHz)
[16] 37.5/47.8 1.1/1.4 5.0/5.7 1 1×1.15 0.0635 Single layer SIW
[17] 28/38 20.4/2.64 13.2/14.6 2×2 2.42×2.42 0.097 Two layers SIW
[18] 28/38 12.8/5.8 10.1/10.2 1×4 1.0×2.56 0.057 Two layers QMSIW
[19] 20/30 8.7/4.3 25.4/29.3 8×8 6.4×6.4 >0.37 Full metal ridge-GAP
This work 28/38 2.97/1.77 9.5/11.0 2×2 1.16×1.47 0.011 Single layer QMSIW
λ0 is the wavelength in air of the center operating frequency of the lower band.

With reference to the figure, the simulated peak antenna gains are 0
 = 0o  = 0o
30o 30o Co-Pol 30o 30o
10.34 dB at 28.1 GHz and 12.95 dBi at 38.1 GHz in the lower -10
X-Pol X-Pol
and upper bands respectively, while in the measurement, the peak -20 60o 60o 60o 60o

values of 9.5 dBi and 11.0 dBi are observed. The difference is -30
mainly attributed to the fabrication tolerance and the imperfect -40 90
o
90o 90o 90o
measurement setup. Simulated directivities are also shown in Fig. -30
10. The antenna efficiency can be roughly estimated by using the -20
120o 120o 120o 120o
ratio between the measured antenna gain and simulated -10
directivity. It was calculated that the peak antenna efficiencies are 0 150o 150o 150o 150o

75.7% and 59.5% in the lower and upper frequency bands, 180o Simulated 180o
 = -45 plane
o
Measured  = 45 plane
o
respectively.
A comparison between our design and some previous dual- (b)
frequency/-band millimeter-wave antennas are carried out in Fig. 8. Measured and simulated radiation patterns of compact QMSIW dual-
Table I. It can be found that the measured operating bandwidth frequency antenna array in planes of ϕ = ±45° at (a) 28 GHz and, (b) 38 GHz.
of our 4-element antenna array is only larger than that of [16] and
is smaller than that of [17], [18] and [19], but in terms of the 15
Antenna gain/Directivity (dBi)

antenna footprint per one element, our design is much compact

than [16] and [17]. Since [18] and [19] are realized with dual- 10
layer SIW or with bulky full-metal structure, our single-layer Port 2
design merits in simple structure and lowest profile. 5
Port 1
0 0
-5 Measured antenna gain
-5 Simulated antenna gain
-10
S-Parameters (dB)

Simulated directivity
S11
-15 S22 -10
S12 27.0 27.5 28.0 28.5 29.0 37.0 37.5 38.0 38.5 39.0
-20
Frequency (GHz)
-25 Fig. 9. Measured and simulated antenna gain, and simulated directivity of
-30 S21 compact QMSIW dual-frequency antenna array in boresight direction (θ = 0°).
Solid lines: Simulated
-35 Dotted lines: Measured V.CONCLUSION
-40
27.0 27.5 28.0 28.5 29.0 37.0 37.5 38.0 38.5 39.0 A compact QMSIW dual-frequency millimeter-wave
Frequency (GHz) antenna has been presented in this letter. Two unequal-sized
Fig. 7. Measured and simulated S-parameters of compact QMSIW dual- QMSIW has been placed in a back-to-back configuration for
frequency antenna array. dx = 6.5 mm, dy = 6.5 mm, wt1 = 0.63 mm, wt2 = 0.634 the independent operation of two millimeter-wave bands.
mm, lt1 = 2.1 mm, lt2 = 1.591 mm, d1 = 1.98 mm, df1 = 2.79 mm, df2 = 9.53 mm. Realized with single layer SIW technology, a compact and low-
profile structure has been obtained. For demonstration, a 2×2
0
 = 0o
Co-Pol  = 0o corporate-fed dual-frequency antenna array has been designed,
fabricated and measured at 28 GHz and 38 GHz bands for the
o o o o
30 30 30 30
-10
X-Pol
-20
60o 60o 60o 60o 5G applications. Good agreement has been observed between
-30 X-Pol the measured and simulated results. It has been shown that the
-40 90
o
90
o o
90 90
o
dual-frequency antenna array can works at the 28 GHz and 38
-30
GHz bands with peak realized antenna gains of 9.5 dBi and 11.0
-20 o o o
dBi, respectively.
120o 120 120 120
-10
150o 150
o
150
o
150
o
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
0
180o Simulated 180
o

 = -45 plane
o
Measured  = 45 plane
o
The authors would like to thank the editors and reviewers for
(a) their useful comments.

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Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters

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