This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been
fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TAP.2022.3168689, IEEE
Transactions on Antennas and Propagation
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION
A Nineteen-beam Steering Pattern Reconfigurable Antenna
Based on Quarter-mode Substrate Integrated Waveguide
Hao Bai, Guang-ming Wang, Peng Xie and Xiao-jun Zou
Abstract—A pattern reconfigurable quarter-mode substrate integrated
waveguide antenna with a low profile is proposed in this communication.
First, a slot is etched on a quarter-mode substrate integrated waveguide
(QMSIW) cavity as a radiating element. Two cavity modes including a
quarter mode (QM) and an eighth mode are utilized to obtain the enhanced
bandwidth. Then, four quarters sharing the same edge metalized vias are
placed in a back-to-back configuration. In this way, the antenna structure is
very simple and compact. By choosing the corresponding feed port and phase,
nineteen-beam steering including four single fed tilted beams in total space
quadrants (5.8 dBi, θmax = 20°)，eight multi-fed tilted beams in total space
quadrants (6.4 dBi, θmax = 30°), four double beams, one semi doughnut beam
(3.9 dBi)，one toroidal beam (1.1 dBi)，and one axial beam (7.7 dBi) can be
obtained. The antenna can operate at 2.5 GHz with a height of 1.5 mm (λ0/83).
Index Terms—SIW, pattern reconfigurable, quarter-mode
I. INTRODUCTION
With the rise of 5G technology [1], the commercialization of sub-6
frequency band especially gets more sophisticated. As the terminal of
a communications system, the study of the sub-6 antenna is
becoming a hot trend. The miniaturized multifunction is more and
more popular due to the advantage of small size. The multi-beam
antennas are one of these kinds of antennas [2-3]. The multi-beam
antennas can produce different beams full time or time-sharing at the
same kind of antenna to obtain different functions, an effective
method to simplify the whole antenna system. This kind of antenna
can effectively alleviate the multipath fading phenomenon, the
antenna can form a predetermined direction beam and shield the
network from noise sources and interference. The traditional multi-
beam antennas need multilayers and a complex phase shifter network
[4], which limits the practical commercial applications.
Some researchers have made great progress on multi-beam
antennas [5]. In [6], a wide-angle beam control antenna array is
proposed. An antenna uses via p-i-n diode switches which can
change the current distribution to provide the desired mode of
operation designed in [7]. Ten beams in different directions are
achieved in the total space. In [8], the antenna array is implemented
in a 2×2 arrangement. Using an appropriate feed excitation
mechanism, the antenna can radiate CP beams in nine directions. In
[9], the beam control algorithm is introduced in the design of a
multiport antenna to achieve the maximum gain. The advent of
substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) [10-14] antennas satisfies the
demand for low-profile antennas. The antennas offer the advantage
of, high Q value, directivity, simple structure and high degree of
integration with the circuit. To further design the miniaturized
antenna, the scientists presented the theory of the magnetic wall and
investigated the half-mode and quarter-mode SIWs (QMSIWs) [15-
16]. Utilizing the half-mode or QMSIW to achieve the beam control
is the hot spot of current research [17-19]. A compact SIW antenna
with twelve-beam control designed for pattern reconfiguration is
presented [20]. In [21], a compact 2-D scanning multi-beam array
in a substrate integrated waveguide technology is realized. In [22],
a new type of scanning multi-beam array with low sidelobe level is
Manuscript received xx xx, 2022. This work was supported in part by the
National Natural Foundation of China under Grant 61871394.
Hao Bai, Guang-ming Wang, Peng Xie and Xiao-jun Zou are with the Air
and Missile Defense College, Air force Engineering University, Xi’an,
Shaanxi Province,710051,China (e-mail: haobaiafeu@163.com;
wgming01@sina.com; xpacademic@163.com; zouxj0606@163.com).
(Corresponding author: Guang-ming Wang.)
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obtained. However, in the work described above, some only achieve
tilted beams and lack other kinds of beam shapes, so a large space
above the antenna is left uncovered within the 3 dB of the main lobe.
Some can only control the beam at a desired angle, which lacks the
control for the small angle beam. To solve the problem, the new
work using multi-beam radiation is proposed to cover nearly all
spatial zones.
In this communication, a simple nineteen-beam steering pattern
reconfigurable antenna based on a quarter-mode substrate integrated
waveguide is designed. The QMSIW is employed to obtain the
antenna minimization. A slot is etched on a QMSIW cavity as a
radiating element to introduce a new radiation mode. Thus, two
cavity modes including a QM and an eighth mode are utilized to
obtain the enhanced bandwidth [23]. Then, the four units are rotated
90° and arranged in a backside to backside pattern to share the same
edge metalized vias. In this way, the structure of the antenna is
simplified and miniaturized. The antenna can operate from 2.5 GHz
to 2.67 GHz (170 MHz). The coupling between the adjacent units is
above 15 dB, which display the influence from other units is minimal,
and the behavior of the antenna array will not be affected. By
controlling the phase and magnitude of the four ports, the nineteen-
beam steering pattern reconfigurable antenna can be achieved. One
kind of antenna is the tilted beam, including four single fed in four
different space quadrants to achieve the beam control in a small
angle, and the eight multi-fed tilted beams in four different space
quadrants achieve the beam control in the upper half-space. The
second is four double beams while the third is one semi doughnut
beam and one toroidal beam. The other is one axial beam. Thus, with
a total of nineteen beams, a pattern-reconfigurable antenna is
achieved. In addition, the antenna is simple and low profile and is an
excellent candidate for 5G communications.
II. ANTENNA CONFIGURATION AND RESULTS
A. Antenna unit design
Fig. 1 presents the proposed QMSIW antenna unit from its top and
side views, along with its dimensions. The radiated patch is printed
on the front of the F4B substrate (Ɛr = 2.65 and tanδ = 0.0009) with
L1 on each side. The reverse side of the substrate is a metal floor
with the height H. The metal vias with Dsiw in diameter is employed
to connect the patch and floor. In this way, the basic QMSIW is
constituted. As a common way, the slot with W1 width is used to add
a radiation mode to broaden the operating bandwidth [24]. The
antenna is fed with coaxial cable, while the distances from feeding
point to the patch boundaries are L3 and L4, respectively.
To improve comprehension the design solution of the proposed
QMSIW antenna unit, the evolution of the antenna unit is given in
Fig. 2. The SIW cavity (Ant. 1) ordinarily propagates fundamental
mode (TM01 mode). By etching metal vias around the patch, the
SIW cavity is obtained, and the size determines the resonant
frequency. Then, the QWSIW is introduced to achieve the antenna
minimization. The QMSIW cavity (Ant. 2) is obtained by folding the
SIW twice. The radiation mode is unchanged and still is fundamental
mode. However, the whole size is only a quarter of the original size.
The theoretical analysis and application of QMSIW have been
studied by researchers in recent years [25-26] and is an effective way
to obtain minimization. Finally, etching slot on the patch to obtain
the proposed antenna unit (Ant. 3). Two radiating modes including a QM
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Fig. 1. Top and side views of the proposed antenna unit. The dimensions are
L1 = 45, L2 = 25, L3 = 6, L4= 13, L5 = 1.8, W1 = 0.8, Dsiw = 0.5, Psiw = 0.9, H= 1.5,
all in millimeters.
Fig. 2. The evolution of the antenna unit.
(a) 2.53GHz (b) 2.6GHz
Fig. 3. The simulated surface current distribution of antenna element.
and an eighth mode are utilized to realize an antenna pass band with
enhanced bandwidth. To explore how the proposed design in
working, the simulated surface current distribution of the proposed
antenna element at resonant points such as 2.53 GHz and 2.6 GHz is
given in Figure 3. It is observed that the surface current distribution
is concentrated in the lower right part of 2.53 GHz and in the whole
patch at 2.6 GHz. This indicates that the low frequency band of the
antenna element is caused by the eighth mode, while QM mainly
affects the high frequency band.
As shown in Fig.4, by introducing multimode, the operating
bandwidth is expanded to 120 MHz (2.5 GHz-2.62 GHz) from 20
MHz (2.49 GHz-2.51 GHz). The parameter study of the slot is shown
in Fig.5 to better analyze the slot effect on the antenna performance.
Fig.5 (a) clearly indicates that, as W1 increases, the resonance point of
the low frequency band is moving towards the high band but the high
one remains, showing that the slot width affects only the added mode
(eighth mode) while the fundamental radiation mode is unchanged. By
choosing the proper W1, the operating bandwidth can be adjusted.
Fig.5 (b) indicates the simulated S11 for a variety value of L5. The two
resonance points move towards the center, and the impedance
characteristic becomes superior as L5 increases, showing that the slot
changes the original current distribution. With the increase in L5, the
size of the triangle at the lower right becomes small, and the resonance
frequency going up. Therefore, the lower frequency band shifted
towards the higher frequency band, which verifies the inference that the
resonance point at the low frequency band is caused by the added mode.
However, the variation of L5 causes the left triangle to change, and the
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Fig. 4. The simulated S11 of different antennas (Ant. 2 and Ant. 3).
(a) (b)
Fig. 5. The simulated S11 with different vales of W1 and L5.
current distribution changes. The L5 = 1.8 mm is chosen by observing
the change rule.
B. Antenna array design
Fig. 6 displays the configuration of the proposed antenna array,
which is composed of four units with the rotation of 90°. The adjacent
units share the metal vias to further decrease the size and simplify the
design. In the previous research, we found that the edge of the metal
vias can be regard as an electrical wall. Thus, the adjacent units are
isolated by the metal vias, and the current is restrained in the respective
cavity. This isolation will not affect the other units greatly, and the
coupling is small, which has a positive effect on simplifying the design
process and achieving the antenna miniaturization [27]. The same as unit,
the antenna array is composed of a layer substrate and two layers of
metal surfaces. The patch is etched on the front of F4b substrate (Ɛr =
2.65, and tanδ = 0.0009) with the height of 1.5 mm. The undersurface
is metal ground. The antenna array is fed with coaxial cable, the four
feed ports are port1, port2, port3, as well as port4. To achieve the
multi-beam, a power divider and a phase shifter network are employed
to assist the antenna feeding.
To verify the correctness of the design, the antenna array is
fabricated and measured. Fig. 7 shows the photographs of the
antenna array prototype and the measurement environment. The
array is measured by an AV 3672B vector network analyzer and the
standard anechoic chamber. The simulated and measured S
parameter of the antenna array is given in Fig. 8. We can see that the
simulated operating band of the array is 170 MHz (2.5 GHz-2.67
GHz) while the measured value is 190 MHz (2.49 GHz-2.68 GHz).
The difference between the simulated and measured results is due to
the machining error and weld quality. The coupling (S12, S14) of the
adjacent units is above 15 dB, and the interaction is small, which
verifies the feasibility of sharing the metal vias.
III. STUDY AND DISCUSSION OF PATTERN RECONFIGURABLE
A. Reconfigurable principle
By controlling the phase and magnitude of the four ports, the
nineteen-beam steering pattern reconfigurable antenna can be
achieved. One kind is the tilted beam including four single-fed in
four different space quadrants to achieve the beam control in a small
angle and the eight multi-fed tilted beam in four different space
quadrants to achieve the beam control in the upper half space. The
interaction of the ground edges with the field from the antenna aperture
can account for the formation of the tilted beam. Also, the metal
vias block the currents from flowing to other parts of the patch.
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TABLE 1
THE NINETEEN STATES OF THE ANTENNA ARRAY

Operation ports and phase difference Number

State Port 1 Port 2 Port 3 Port 4
( deg ) ( deg ) ( deg ) ( deg ) of beam
State 1 On (0) On (0) On (0) Single
State 2 On (0) On (0) On (0) Single
State 3 On (0) On (0) On (0) Single
State 4 On (0) On (0) On (0) Single
State 5 On (0) On (0) Single
Fig. 6. The configuration of the antenna array (D = 70 mm). State 6 On (0) On (0) Single
State 7 On (0) On (0) Single
State 8 On (0) On (0) Single
State 9 On (0) On (0) Double
State 10 On (0) On (0) Double
State 11 On (90) On (0) On (90) On (0) Double
State 12 On (0) On (90) On (0) On (90) Double
State 13 On (0) On (0) On (0) On (0) annulus
State 14 On (0) On (180) On (0) On (180) Four
State 15 On (0) On (180) On (180) On (0) Single
Fig. 7. Photographs of the antenna array prototype and the measurement State 16 On (0) Single
environment. State 17 On (0) Single
State 18 On (0) Single
State 19 On (0) Single

Fig. 8. The simulated and measured S parameter of the antenna array.

Therefore, with only one port excited, the currents are concentrated
just around the edges of the patch. Then, these edge currents,
interacting with the side edges of the ground plane, generate the
antenna aperture fields. Therefore, a tilted far-field beam is
produced. The second is four double beams while the third is one
semi doughnut beam and one toroidal beam. The other is one axial
beam. Table 1 lists the operation ports, phase difference, and number
of beams of the nineteen states carefully. One (180) represents this
port work, and the input phase is 180°, while the blank represents the Fig. 9. The 3-D pattern of the antenna array for states 1-8.
port off. When three ports work at the same time with the equal
phase (state 1-4), the beam can b\clearly be seen to be pointing in
four diagonal directions, respectively. When two adjacent ports work
at the same time with the equal phase (state 5-8), the beam pointing
is ±x- and ±y- directions. These eight states together make up a
group spatially steered beam as shown in Fig. 9. When the single port
feeds with the same phase, which is state 16-19. The beam pointing is
four diagonal directions, too. Compared with the state 1-4, the
bending angle of the beam is small, which can achieve beam control
in a small angle as shown in Fig. 12. When the symmetrical ports
feed with the equal phase simultaneously, that is the state 9-10. Dual
beams are obtained in the diagonal directions which can be seen
from Fig. 14. When four ports work together with 90° phase
difference, state 11-12, dual beams are generated in the direction of Fig. 10. The E-plane and H-plane radiation pattern for state 1.
the x-axis and y-axis as shown in Fig. 16. The surface current
1 and port 4 are 180° different from port 2 and port 3, that is state 15,
distribution of state 13 and 14 is given in Fig. 22. The principle is
and the focused beam is obtained, which means the high gain
analyzed. When the four ports are fed simultaneously with the same
antenna as shown in Fig. 23.
phase (state 13 as shown in Fig. 18), one toroidal beam is generated
in the space. If the four ports are fed together with 180° phase B. Titled beam
difference, that is state 14, and four beams are obtained as shown in As shown in Fig. 6, the antenna unit is at the four corners. Thus, if
Fig. 20. If the four ports work simultaneously, the input phase of port one feed works, the distribution of the edge current will affect the

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Fig. 11. The E-plane and H-plane radiation pattern for state 5. Fig. 15. The E-plane and azimuth plane radiation pattern for state 10.

Fig. 16. The 3-D pattern of the antenna array for states 11 and 12.

Fig. 12. The 3-D pattern of the antenna array for states 16-19.

Fig. 17. The E-plane and azimuth plane radiation pattern for state 11.

Fig. 13. The E-plane and H-plane radiation pattern for state 16.

Fig. 18. The 3-D pattern of the antenna array for state 13.

direction of state 1 is the (x, -y) direction. As shown in Fig. 10(a),

Fig. 14. The 3-D pattern of the antenna array for states 9 and 10.
beam pointing of the antenna. Four tilted beams in four different
space quadrants, which can achieve the beam control in a small angle,
is achieved. In a similar way, the same antenna using triple feed can
obtain four tilted beams in four different space quadrants, that is the
state 1-4. When the adjacent ports are fed at the same time, the
surface current will focus on the certain half space. The beam will
point to the opposite axial direction. Taking state 5 as an example,
the two ports at the +y-plane are fed together, the whole beam
pointing is in the –y-direction due to the beam superposition. The
states 1-8 can achieve the beam control in the upper half space. For
better embodying the directivity of the beam, the 3-D pattern of the
antenna is shown by the actual value instead of dBi, which can make
it easy to understand. Fig. 9 shows the 3-D pattern of the antenna
array for states 1-8, and the peak gain of the state 1-4 is 5.6 dBi,
while the state 5-8 is 6.4 dBi. The beam control in the space is
achieved by the eight states. As example, the state 1 and state 5 are
chosen to analyze. The E-plane and H-plane radiation pattern for state
1 is given in Fig. 10. In combination with Fig. 9, the antenna beam
the direction of maximum radiation is 34° direction. The direction of
maximum radiation is -28° direction in Fig. 10(b), which realizes the
schedule beam pointing. The E-plane and H-plane radiation pattern
for state 5 is given in Fig. 11, and the beam direction of state 5 is the
(0，-y) direction. Also, the scheduled beam pointing is realized with
the maximum direction of radiation in the 0° and the -28° direction.
The simulated and measured results coincide well with each other.
The 3-D pattern of the antenna array for states 16-19 is given in
Fig. 12 while the peak gain is 5.8 dBi. All the four states achieve the
small angle beam control in the space together. We analyzed state 16
as a demonstration. Fig.13 shows the H-plane and E-plane radiation
pattern for state 16, and the beam direction is the (-x，-y) direction.
The direction of maximum radiation is -20° in Fig. 13(a) and is -20°
in Fig. 13(b), which realizes the scheduled beam pointing. Compared
with state 2, the beam bending angle is smaller and can achieve
beam control in a small angle, which works better in the practical
application.
C. Dual beam

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Fig. 19. The E-plane and azimuth plane radiation pattern for state 13.
Fig. 20. The 3-D pattern of the antenna array for state 14.
Fig. 21. The E-plane and azimuth plane radiation pattern for state 14.
By choosing the ports and phase difference, the antenna using dual
feeding can generate two double beams. Fig.13 shows that the four
units at the four edges will exploit the opposite pointing because of
the edge currents. According to this theory, when the opposite ports
work at the same time, such as port 1 and port 3, the superposition of
the beam will generate the dual beam at the diagonal direction (state
9 and state 10). The 3-D pattern of the antenna array for states 9 and
10 is depicted in Fig. 14, with the peak gain of 3.6 dBi. Dual beam
radiation characteristics are generated in the two diagonal directions
at (x,-y), (x, y) and (x,-y), (-x, y) for the two states, respectively.
State 10 is chosen to analyze take this for example. Fig. 15 display
the E- and azimuth plane radiation pattern for state 10, and the
antenna beam direction is the (x, -y) direction and the (-x, y)
direction. The maximum direction of radiation is the 45° direction in
Fig. 15(a) and is the ±135° direction in Fig. 15(b), which realized the
pointing of the schedule beam.
Different from the theory of dual beam mentioned above, when
the four ports are fed together; the dual beam will be generated in
±x- and ±y-directions. The units are placed with 90° difference, and
the 90° phase compensation is necessary for the corresponding port,
which conforms to the superposition of the beam. Fig. 16 shows the
3-D pattern of the antenna array for states 11 and 12, and the peak
gain is 5.3 dBi. The two states generate dual beam radiation
characteristics in the ±y- and ±x-directions. State 11 is chosen to
analyze, and the E-plane and azimuth plane radiation pattern for state
11 is shown in Fig. 17. In combination with Fig. 16, the antenna
beam direction of state 11 is the ±y-direction. Also, the schedule
beam pointing is realized when the direction of maximum radiation
is the 60° direction and the ±y-direction.
D. Semi-doughnut beam and toroidal beam
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State13 State14
Fig. 22. The simulated surface current distribution of state 13 and state 14.
Fig. 23. The 3-D pattern of the antenna array for state 15.
Fig .24. The E-plane and H-plane radiation pattern for state 15.
When four ports are fed, a semi doughnut radiation and one
toroidal beam can be achieved by choosing the phase compensation.
The 3-D pattern of the antenna array for state 13 is represented in Fig.
18, and the peak gain is 1.1 dBi. A toroidal beam is generated in the
azimuth plane. Fig. 19 shows the E-plane and azimuth plane
radiation pattern for state 13 while the direction of maximum
radiation is the 60° direction in Fig. 19(a) and is an omnidirectional
pattern in Fig. 19(b). Fig. 20 shows the 3-D pattern of the antenna
array for state 14. The peak gain is 3.9 dBi and the semi doughnut
beam is obtained. The E-plane and azimuth plane radiation pattern
for state 14 is given in Fig. 21. The schedule beam pointing is realized
when the direction of maximum radiation is the 52° direction as
shown in Fig. 21(a) and the ±x- and ±y-direction as shown in Fig.
21(b).To better explain the operating principle of the multistate, the
simulated surface current distributions of state 13 and state 14 are
given in Fig. 22, which clearly shows that the surface current of the
antenna flows along the clockwise direction to form a loop in state
13. Therefore, the radiation pattern of the antenna is annular, which
is verified mutually in Fig. 18. In state 14, the current directions in
the four quadrants are different, with no loop. Thus, the radiation
direction is the ±x- and ±y-direction, verified mutually in Fig. 20.
The analysis above verifies the validity of the radiation pattern from
the current distribution.
E. Single axial beam
Using four ports, an axial beam can also be achieved by choosing
the phase compensation of the adjacent ports. The 3-D pattern of the
antenna array for state 15 is shown in Fig. 23 and the peak gain is 7.7
dBi, which achieves the beam focusing. The radiation direction is a
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