ISSN 1064-2269, Journal of Communications Technology and Electronics, 2022, Vol. 67, No. 1, pp. 46–55.

© Pleiades Publishing, Inc., 2022.

ANTENNA AND FEEDER

SYSTEMS

Circular Fractal Antenna Design with Inscribed Square

for Ultra Wide Band Applications
M. H. Reddya, *, D. Sheelab, A. S. A. Nishac, and S. T. Nibac
a University
of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH United Kingdom
b Saveetha
School of Engineering, SIMATS, Tamil Nadu, Chennai, 602105 India
c
Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology Tamil Nadu, Chennai, 600119 India
*e-mail: harinath.m1995@gmail.com
Received January 29, 2020; revised June 8, 2020; accepted June 17, 2020

Abstract—In this article, an ultra-wide band circular fractal antenna inscribed with square is presented. The
prototype of the antenna is fabricated on a 1.6 mm thick FR4 substrate material. In the proposed design, use
of partial ground structure and the fractal geometry resulted in a compact size and ultra-wide band (UWB).
The antenna’s calculated result reveals UWB characteristics from 2 to 10.8 GHz (137.5%) with almost Omni-
directional patterns of radiation and radiation efficiency >80% throughout the operating range. The mea-
sured (S-parameter, radiation pattern and peak gain) and simulated results are appropriate with good perfor-
mance characteristics. A detailed study was conducted for various dimensions of circular patch and the partial
ground structure. The antenna is developed and optimized using HFSS simulation tool.

Keywords: fractal, impedance matching, omni-directional, partial ground, ultra-wide band

DOI: 10.1134/S1064226922010089

INTRODUCTION that can block the UWB system electromagnetically

Because of various factors like small size, high
transmission rate and low power utilization the ultra-
wide band correspondence has turned out to be
increasingly well known when compared with the cur-
rent wireless communication system. UWB usually
alludes to a system with a large absolute or relative
bandwidth [1, 2]. Such a large bandwidth provides
numerous benefits in terms of signal robustness and
information content [3]. Compared with existing
multi-band, dual and single band antennas, some
UWB antennas are substantially more perplexing
[4, 5]. Recently, high level research in the ultra-wide
band antennas has been incited in modern industrial
fields and academics in view of its various favourable
circumstances. Until today, the majority of the inves-
tigated UWB antennas are non-planar as in [6], and
with integrated circuits, they cannot be integrated due
to their protruded structure and most probably they
are fragile. The frequency ranging between 3.1–
10.6 GHz has been declared as the UWB frequency by
Federal Communication Commission (FCC), since
then UWB technology has turned out to be a standout
amongst the most encouraging innovation for high
accuracy radars and high data rate wireless communi-
cations [7]. However, C-band satellite communica-
tion systems and IEEE.802.16 WiMAX system are
some of the examples of existing narrow band services
over the assigned band [8] and hence, a notched-band
UWB antenna is essential. In [9], with a U-shape slot
in CPW (Coplanar Wave Guide) fed a circular fractal
antenna is demonstrated which exhibited a large oper-
ating frequency between 3 to 11 GHz. Liang [10] has
reported a monopole circular disc antenna for UWB
applications fed by CPW. Another CPW-fed circular
UWB antenna espoused by the fractal idea has been
proposed by Kumar et al. [11, 12] and Ding et al. [13].
In [14], a fractal antenna which included a diamond
shaped fractal patch exhibited a wide band of 2.05 to
6.245 GHz (101%). In [15], Asymmetrical slotting
technique is used in patch antenna and obtained band-
width from 4.71–6.14 GHz (26.35%). To enhance
bandwidth, a CPW-fed asymmetrical slot antenna
using two different excitations is presented in [16]. In
[17], a triangle inscribed circular fractal antenna with
notched ground is presented with the dimension 62 ×
55 mm2, exhibiting an ultra-wide band between the
frequencies 4–6 GHz (40%) and 7–12 GHz (52.6%).
A Г-shaped fractal antenna is presented in [18], with
an impedance bandwidth of 850 MHz to 2740 MHz
(105%). In [19–26], printed UWB monopole anten-
nas are presented for different wireless applications. A
low-profile UWB fractal antenna with defected partial
ground structures for wireless applications are pre-
sented in [27, 28].

46
 CIRCULAR FRACTAL ANTENNA DESIGN WITH INSCRIBED SQUARE
(a)
1st iteration
Zeroth
iteration
(d)
3rd iteration
Fig. 1. Antenna structures based on iteration wise.
This paper proposes an UWB circular fractal
antenna with inscribed square. The antenna proposed
has the benefits of low profile and low manufacturing
cost with perfect impedance matching throughout the
operating band. The performance of antenna is char-
acterized by reflection coefficient, impedance band-
width and radiation patterns. A comparison study of
existing UWB antennas in terms of operating fre-
quency, bandwidth, peak gain and dimensions are
conducted.
1. ANTENNA GEOMETRY
The proposed design is made out of fourth iterative
inscribed square circular fractal structure, partial
ground structure and microstrip feed line. The initial
radius A [mm] of the circular patch is calculated using
Eq. (1) [29] and is optimised to get the desired
response
7.22
fL = . (1)
( L + r + p) k
Here, fL [GHz] is the lowest operating frequency,
p [mm] is the gap between the radiating patch and the
ground, L [mm] = 2A, and r [mm] = A/4. In [29], the
empirical value of k was reported as 1.15 for a 1.6 mm
thick dielectric substrate with εr = 4.4. As a result, we
used the same value in our study. Based on the itera-
tion as in Fig. 1, the fractal antenna is developed from
a simple monopole antenna. The antenna is developed
with a patch radius of 13 on 1.6 mm thick FR4 material
(εr = 4.4). This is called 0th iteration and is displayed
in Fig. 1a. First iterative antenna was constructed as in
JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY AND ELECTRONICS
47
(b) (c)
2nd iteration
(e)
4th iteration
Fig. 1b by subtracting a 23 × 23 mm2 square from the
main circular patch and filling the subtracted region of
the patch with a 9 mm radius circle. The second itera-
tion process has been accomplished by subtracting a
square of dimension 18 × 18 mm2 from the first itera-
tive structure and by inscribing a 7 mm radius circle as
shown in Fig. 1c. As in Figs. 1d, 1e, similar iteration pro-
cess like 1st and 2nd is followed for further iterations by
using a square (13 × 13 mm2) and circle (radius 5 mm)
for third iteration and by using square (8 × 8 mm2) and
circle (radius 3 mm) for fourth iteration. Due to fabri-
cation imperatives the iteration process cannot be
repeated infinitely, and hence the fourth iterative
antenna has been finalized for fabrication and mea-
surement. Figure 2 demonstrates the proposed fractal
antenna geometry fed with a transmission line and
superimposed with the partial ground plane. The feed
dimension is taken as 16 × 3.2 mm2. Partial ground
plane structure is used in the proposed antenna, so the
back radiations of the antenna are reduced due to the
suppression of surface waves. According to the param-
eters presented in Fig. 2a, the relationship between
each fractal iteration with respect to previous iteration
is d = 23 mm, c = d – 5 mm = 18 mm, b = c – 5 mm =
13 mm and a = b – 5 mm = 8 mm. The optimized
dimensions of the slotted ground plane and shown in
Fig. 2b.
2. UWB CHARACTERISTICS
AND MINIATURISATION
Figure 1a shows a circular disc monopole antenna.
From Fig. 3, it can be understood that the current dis-
Vol. 67 No. 1 2022
48 REDDY et al.

(a) (b)
45 mm

a b c d
45 mm

SW = 3.2 mm
16 mm

SL = 12 mm

GL = 15 mm
3.2 mm
1.6 mm εr = 4.4

Fig. 2. Top layer (a) and ground layer (b) of the antenna.

tribution on the circular patch is mainly along the cir- 3. PARAMETRIC STUDY OF THE ANTENNA
cumference. However, since the current density is low 3.1. Effect of the Circular Disc Diameter
in the centre region of the circular disc, removal of
the centre region of the patch will not affect the cur- The resonance frequency is related with the circu-
lar disc diameter. So, the consequence of circular disc
rent. In this antenna, the effective path of the surface diameter has been studied. The circular disc diameter
current is expanded by notching a square on the cir- is differed from 10 to 14 mm and the simulated
cular patch, resulting in the antenna size reduction. S-parameters for the same are shown in Fig. 4. It is
To accomplish UWB characteristics in high frequen- observed that, when the dimension of the circular disc
cies, partial ground structure is superimposed with it. is 13 mm, there was a proper impedance matching
By adjusting the width of the feed line to 3.2 mm, throughout the band, and hence the value is chosen to
50-Ohm impedance is accomplished. Ground plane be 13 mm.
length is optimized to 15 mm and the etched slot
width and length on the ground plane are optimized
3.2. Effect of Every Iteration
to 3.2 and 12 mm.
The simulated S-parameter results of the antenna
are shown in Fig. 5 with respect to various iterations,
Jsurf, A/m which shows that the zeroth iterative antenna is
6. 4028e+001
observed to have poor impedance matching. Imped-
6. 0034e+001 ance matching for the first and second iterative anten-
5. 6041e+001 nas are dramatically improved, and an additional
5. 2047e+001 impedance matching is improved for the third and
4. 8053e+001 fourth iterative antennas. Also, it is noticed that the
4. 4060e+001
4. 0066e+001 lower edge of impedance bandwidth is shifted towards
3. 6073e+001 lower frequency side as the iteration is increased, and
3. 2079e+001 also impedance matching is enhanced through the
2. 8085e+001 operating range.
2. 4092e+001
2. 0098e+001
1. 6104e+001
1. 2111e+001 3.3. Effect of Partial Ground Plane Length
8. 1171e+001 On the other hand, the ground plane length is also
4. 1234e+000
1. 2980e–001 a vital factor affecting the bandwidth and conse-
quently the antenna impedance. Using a 45 mm
ground width (GW), the performance of antenna in
Fig. 3. Surface current Jsurf distribution on the circular terms of S-parameters is investigated for different values
disc. of ground length (GL) as shown in Fig. 6. From the

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 CIRCULAR FRACTAL ANTENNA DESIGN WITH INSCRIBED SQUARE 49

0
–5 12
–10 11
–15

S11, dB
–20 d = 10 mm
14
–25
–30
13
–35
–40
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
f, GHz

Fig. 4. Simulated return loss S11 versus frequency f result for various circular disc diameters (with partial ground and slot in it).

–10
0th iteration
–20
S11, dB

1st
2nd
–30
3rd
–40
4th
–50
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
f, GHz

Fig. 5. Simulated return loss versus frequency with respect to each iteration.

simulation results, it is realized that efficient impedance
matching is obtained as the GL approaches closer to
monopole circular disc’s diameter.
The GL ranges from 17 to 14 mm in optimization.
A rectangular slot is etched on the partial ground plane
to achieve better UWB characteristics with enhanced
impedance matching. However, it is observed that the
use of full ground plane resulted in poor impedance
matching with a very minimum bandwidth as shown in
Fig. 7.
3.4. Effect of Slot on the Partial Ground Plane
Use of slot on the partial ground structure resulted
in good impedance matching with UWB characteris-
tics when compared with the ground plane without

–5 17

–10 16
S11, dB

–15
15
–20

–25
GL = 14 mm
–30
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
f, GHz

Fig. 6. Simulated return loss versus frequency result of 4th iterative antenna for various partial ground length without slot in it.

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50 REDDY et al.

2
0
–2
–4

S11, dB
–6
–8
–10
–12
–14
–16
0 2 4 6 8 10
f, GHz

Fig. 7. Simulated return loss versus frequency result with full ground plane.

–10 SL = 3 mm

–20
S11, dB

–30 6
9
–40
12
–50
2 4 6 8 10 12
f, GHz

Fig. 8. Simulated return loss versus frequency result of 4th iterative antenna for various slot length on the partial ground plane.

slot. The antenna is analysed for better performance
characteristics with various slot length (SL) and slot
width (SW) on the partial ground. In optimization, the
SL is varied from 3 to 12 mm, and the simulated results
for various SL’s are shown in Fig. 8. From the simula-
tion results, a proper impedance matching is observed
throughout the band when SL is increased.
In a similar way, the SW is varied to find the better
performance characteristics. Keeping SL = 12 mm,
the SW is assorted from 3 to 3.4 mm. The simulated
results for various SW’s are shown in Fig. 9. The
effect of slotted partial ground plane and the use of
fractal geometry in the disk are shown in Fig. 10 and
in Table 1.

0
3.3
–10
3.4
–20
S11, dB

3.1
–30
SW = 3 mm
–40 3.2
–50
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
f, GHz

Fig. 9. Simulated return loss versus frequency result of 4th iterative antenna for various slot width on the partial ground plane.

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 CIRCULAR FRACTAL ANTENNA DESIGN WITH INSCRIBED SQUARE 51

–10

–20

S11, dB
–30

–40

–50
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
f, GHz
Fig. 10. Comparison of effect of slotted partial ground and fractal geometry on antenna performance; solid line–without fractal
patch, dashed line—with fractal patch.

Fig. 11. Fabricated antenna photograph.

–10

–20
S11, dB

–30
4th iteration

–40

–50
0 2 4 6 8 10 11
f, GHz
Fig. 12. Measured (dashed curve) and simulated (solid curve) return loss versus frequency results of the antenna.

4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 45 mm, SL= 12 mm and SW = 3.2 mm. The antenna’s

Displayed in Fig. 11 is a picture of the fabricated measured (frequency versus return loss) result is
antenna tested using network analyser. With the opti- shown in Fig. 12 along with the simulated result. The
mized dimensions, the antenna has been fabricated on measured result reveals an eminent bandwidth of
a FR4 substrate of 1.6 mm thick, GL = 15 mm, GW = 8.8 GHz (from 2 GHz to 10.8 GHz).

Table 1. Effect of slotted ground and fractal patch on the antenna performance
Design Operating frequency, GHz Bandwidth, %
With slot on ground and without fractal patch 2.2–6.4 97.6
7.5–10.8 36
With slot on ground and with fractal patch 2–10.8 137.5

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52 REDDY et al.

(a)
0 0
0 330 30 330 30
–10
300 60 300 60
–20
–30
–40 270 90 270 90
–30
–20
240 120 240 120
–10
0 210 150 210 150
180 180
(b)
0 0
0 330 30 330 30
–10
300 60 300 60
–20
–30
–40 270 90 270 90
–30
–20
240 120 240 120
–10
0 210 150 210 150
180 180
(c)
0 0
0 330 30 330 30
–10
300 60 300 60
–20
–30
–40 270 90 270 90
–30
–20
240 120 240 120
–10
0 210 150 210 150
180 180

Fig. 13. Simulated (solid curve with circles) and measured (solid curve) radiation patterns of antenna at 4.2 (a), 6.2 (b) and
8.2 GHz (c).

The radiation properties of the fractal antenna at 6.2, and 8.2 GHz. Since the radiation of microstrip
peak resonance frequencies were studied. Displayed in antenna is normal to the patch surface, the useful por-
Fig. 13 represents the simulated and measured tion of radiation pattern is for ϕ = 0° and ϕ = 90°. The
(H-plane and E-plane) patterns of radiation at 4.2, patterns in H-plane are omnidirectional and in the

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 CIRCULAR FRACTAL ANTENNA DESIGN WITH INSCRIBED SQUARE 53

7.5
5.0
2.5

PG, dBi
0
–2.5
–5.0
–7.5
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
f, GHz

Fig. 14. Peak gain (PG) of antenna versus frequency: solid curve—simulated results, dashed curve—measured results.

98
95
93
RE, %

90
88
4th iteration
85
83
80
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
f, GHz

Fig. 15. Radiation efficiency (RE) of antenna versus frequency.

E-plane they are bi-directional. For the proposed
antenna the patterns are reliable and besides the simu-
lated and measured patterns are in wise agreement.
The measured and simulated peak gain of the
antenna is portrayed in Fig. 14. A realized peak gain of
6.27 dBi is obtained at 10 GHz. The radiation effi-
ciency (RE) of the antenna is demonstrated in Fig. 15,
which shows that RE is 97% at lower frequency 2 GHz
and is > 80% throughout the operating range. Table 2
compares the proposed UWB antenna’s performance
to that of similar existing works. Though some of the
referenced antennas are small in size, the proposed
antenna has a larger bandwidth and a higher peak gain.

Table 2. Comparison of the proposed antenna with the existing ones

Operating band,
No. Size, mm2 Bandwidth, GHz Peak Gain, dBi Reference
GHz

1 50 × 67 2.0–6.2 4.2 4.2 [13]

2 40 × 100 3–5.5 2.5 3.5 [14]
3 44 × 40 3.1–10.6 7.5 Not mentioned [17]
4 50 × 50 3–9.5 6.5 3 [23]
5 59.5 × 52 2–9 7 6.1 [24]
6 52 × 50 2–10 8 3.28 [25]
7 50 × 45 3–10 7 6 [26]
8 45 × 50 1.31–6.81 5.5 6.8 [28]
9 45 × 45 2–10.8 8.8 6.27 Proposed work

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54
Since the proposed design is compact and with
UWB at the same time, it is very important to find the
dimension efficiency (DE) obtained. To calculate the
Chu sphere size, the ratio (7) from [30] can be used. To
evaluate the Chu case, the case of spherical antenna
geometry, the polarizability tensor is equal to 6πa3.
Then the radius of the Chu sphere for an antenna with
the lower frequency of the operating range of 2 GHz is
8 mm, which is 3.9 times less than the radius (a = 31.2)
described around the proposed antenna, and therefore
the DE is 0.26.
CONCLUSIONS
A compact circular fractal antenna is developed
and conferred to offer a very large transmission capac-
ity. The measured results of the antenna showed good
alignment with the simulated ones. The measured
antenna obtained a broad frequency band of 2 GHz to
10.8 GHz with Omni-directional patterns of radiation
in H-plane and Bi-directional patterns of radiation in
E-plane and a peak gain of 6.27 dBi. Usage of partial
ground plane with a defect in it resulted in UWB and
improved matching is achieved by fractal geometry in
patch. A detailed parametric analysis is carried out for
various fractal iterations and various dimensions of
partial ground and slot in it. When compared with the
existing works the complexity and size of the design in
the proposed work is reduced with improved perfor-
mance characteristics. The size of proposed antenna is
3.9 times the Chu spheres limiting diameter that cor-
responds to DE = 0.26. This kind of antenna may be
useful for various UWB systems, commercial wide-
band applications and military applications.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.
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