Slide 1: Bismillah….

Assalamualikum! Dear Students

I am your instructor, facilitator and Mentor and my name is Dr. Aisha Mahmood and. I welcome
you all to the third Week of the online course “Introduction to Information Technology”.

Slide 2: In lecture 1, we have learnt what is internet and how it works.

Slide 3: LOs of this Lecture

After Completing this lecture’s content, you will be able to

• Briefly describe various broadband Internet connections

Slide4: Three different Wired Internet access technologies

Now I will show you a simulation in which, we're going to talk about three different Internet access
technologies. So we're going to discuss the difference between broadband cable, DSL, and fiber
So let's start with broadband cable. Now cable internet is a High-Speed Access Technology that
uses a cable modem with an attached coaxial cable which provides a link to the Internet service
provider. Broadband cable is typically provided by the same provider that provides cable
television to their customers and Because it's provided by cable television providers broadband
cable leverages the existing infrastructure from cable TV to cover large Geographical areas even
in the developing countries like Pakistan e.g. in different cities of Pakistan if you want broadband
cable your Broadband cable provider offers different packages that vary in speed. They offer
download speeds anywhere from 2 megabits per second all the way up to several megabits per
second which is many times less than available in US so if you were to order cable internet for
your home your cable internet provider would send you a Modem or typically they would send
you a modem with a Wi-Fi router Combo, which is often referred to as a gateway. In this device
would be a modem with a built-in switch and Wi-Fi Router all in one. So when you receive this
modem from your ISP, you would attach a coaxial cable, that's routed into your home and then
you would attach it to the back of the device, The modem is what brings the Internet into your
home and the switch and the Wi-Fi router is so that you can connect multiple wired and wireless
devices such as Computers, Laptops, Tablets to the modem to give them internet access.

Now cable does have a downside and that's because you along with the other homes in your
neighborhood will all have to share a pool of bandwidth that's been provided by your cable
provider in your area, So what that basically means is that during peak hours of surfing the Internet
or streaming or downloading you may experience a slowdown in your internet speed and that's
because the people in your neighborhood are all using the shared Internet bandwidth.

Now DSL stands for a digital subscriber line DSL is another popular technology that is used by
homes and businesses to access broadband data over the Internet. DSL can carry both voice and
data at the same time over phone lines. It has a DSL modem like this one here that uses common
telephone lines to carry its data. And Because DSL uses phone lines, you don't want to confuse
DSL with the older and painfully slow Dial-up connection which also uses phone lines. DSL is a
high-speed connection that is much faster than the Ancient dial-up connections and with DSL you
can go on the internet and talk on the phone at the same time. Unlike a dial-up connection where
you can only do one at a time. Now DSL is not as fast as cable but it is cheaper and also with DSL
you don't have to share bandwidth with your neighborhood like cable does. Everyone using DSL
has their own dedicated connection. It's not a shared line and DSL is more widely available than
cable. Because it uses common telephone lines which are nearly everywhere Now the speed of
DSL can vary depending on where you live. But on an average, they offer download speeds
anywhere from two megabits per second up to 100 megabits per second and just like cable when
you order DSL through a provider (e.g. PTCL). They will also send you a DSL modem Wi-Fi
router combo but instead of attaching a coaxial cable, you would plug a typical phone line with a
phone jack to the back of a DSL modem. Now there are a few different forms of DSL and one is
called ADSL which stands for asymmetric digital subscriber line. This is called asymmetric
because the download speed is considerably faster than the upload speed. this type of DSL is
mainly used in homes because home users typically download a lot more than upload and ADSL
is the cheapest form of DSL. There's also SDSL which stands for symmetric digital subscriber
line and this as a name implies that download and upload speeds are the same and this type of DSL
is typically used in businesses.

Finally, there's VDSL which stands for very high bit DSL and this is a fast form of DSL that also
runs over copper wire and because it uses copper wire, it is really only made for short distances.
For long distances it can also use fiber optic cable VDSL is roughly three times faster than ADSL.

Finally, there's fiber internet. Fiber offers of fastest internet speeds available today it has download
and upload speeds of 1000 megabits per second (in Pakistan it gives 100MBPS at max), so
generally it's very fast and the reason why it's so fast is because it uses light to send data running
through fiber optic cable and fiber optic cable is what's already used as the backbone of the Internet
and in addition to the benefit of the faster speed fiber can also travel much longer distances than
DSL or cable. And this is because DSL and cable transmit data using Electricity over copper cable
and signals in a copper cable can be affected by electromagnetic Interference as it travels which
can weaken the signal especially over a long distance But fiber uses light to transmit its data and
it transmits it over a thin glass cable which makes it less vulnerable to interference.

For example, people use Fiber to Home (FTTH) Providers e.g. Nayatel, Storm Fiber, PTCL,
Transworld, SatComm, WorldCall, Optix in some of the cities of Pakistan.

So, as you might have guessed fiber is more expensive than DSL or cable and fiber is relatively
new compared to DSL or cable. The infrastructure is not there yet so fiber may not be available in
many locations.

Three different Wireless Internet Access Technologies

So you want to know the difference between cellular and Wi-Fi data. Let's start with what data is?
Data is electronic information that sent from or to your phone. You use data when you share photos
or videos via email or on social media sites like Facebook, send and receive email messages,
browse the internet, watch streaming videos on a website or using an app like YouTube, listen to
streaming music on a website or using an app like Pandora, follow turn-by-turn directions using
the Maps app or download apps from the google play store. Your Jitterbug Touch (An android
Mobile Phone) is automatically connected to a cellular network that's nationwide so you can rely
on a connection just about anywhere you go just remember that when you're connected on a cellular
network, data is deducted from your monthly plan. Your jitterbug touch is also compatible with
most Wi-Fi networks to access high-speed internet without having to worry about using data plan.
So why not use Wi-Fi all the time. Well while a cellular network is virtually everywhere. Wi-Fi
has a more limited range. Fortunately, these days most homes businesses and even airports provide
Wi-Fi. Consider connecting to these Wi-Fi networks whenever possible.

Slide 5:

Table (2-1) shows examples of popular wired and wireless broadband Internet service technologies
for home and small business users.

Technology Description

Cable Internet Provides high-speed Internet access through the cable

Service television network via a cable modem

DSL (digital Provides high-speed Internet connections through the

Wired
subscriber line) telephone network via a DSL modem

Fiber to the Uses fiber-optic cable to provide high-speed Internet access

Premises (FTTP) via a modem

Uses radio signals to provide high-speed Internet

Wi-Fi (wireless connections to computers and devices with built-in Wi-Fi
fidelity) capability or a communications device that enables Wi-Fi
connectivity

Offers high-speed Internet connections over the cellular

Wireless radio network to computers and devices with built-in
Mobile broadband
compatible technology (such as 3G, 4G, or 5G) or a wireless
modem or other communications device

Provides high-speed Internet connections using a dish-

Fixed wireless shaped antenna on a building, such as a house or business,
to communicate with a tower location via radio signals

Satellite Internet Provides high-speed Internet connections via satellite to a

Service satellite dish that communicates with a satellite modem

Slides 6:

Many public locations, such as shopping malls, coffee shops, restaurants, schools, airports, hotels,
and city parks have Wi-Fi hot spots. Recall that a hot spot is a wireless network that provides
Internet connections to mobile computers and devices. Although most hot spots enable unrestricted
or open access, some require that users agree to terms of service, obtain a password (for example,
from the hotel’s front desk), or perform some other action in order to connect to the Internet.
Employees and students typically connect their computers and mobile devices to the Internet
wirelessly through a business or home network, which, in turn, usually connects to a high-speed
Internet service. When away from the office, home, or school, mobile users often access the
Internet using Wi-Fi, mobile hot spots, or tethering services. Hotels and airports often provide
wireless Internet connections as a free service to travelers. Many hotels have computers in their
lobbies for customers to check email, browse the web, or print travel documents. Customers often
bring their laptops or tablets to coffee shops, restaurants, libraries, hotels, and malls that offer free
Wi-Fi as a service to their patrons (users, customers, consumers).

After this lecture, I would recommend you to go to your MTB #1 (Discovering Computers) Page
# 59, read Secure IT 2-1 for ways to use a public Wi-Fi hot spot safely.

Slide 7:

An Internet service provider (ISP), sometimes called an Internet access provider, is a business
that provides individuals and organizations access to the Internet free or for a fee. ISPs often charge
a fixed amount for an Internet connection, offering customers a variety of plans based on desired
speeds, bandwidth, and services. In addition to Internet access, ISPs may include additional
services, such as email and online storage. Bandwidth represents the amount of data that travels
over a network. A higher bandwidth means more data transmits. Data sizes typically are stated in
terms of megabytes and gigabytes. A megabyte (MB) is equal to approximately one million
characters, and a gigabyte (GB) is equal to approximately one billion characters.

Slide 8:

This Table shows approximate data usage for various Internet activities. Describe the table.

Slide 9:

Wi-Fi networks often provide free Internet access, while some charge a daily or per use fee. Instead
of locating a hot spot, some users prefer to subscribe to a mobile service provider, such as Mobilink
,Zong and Uphone, so that they can access the Internet wherever they have mobile phone access.
A mobile service provider, sometimes called a wireless data provider, is an ISP that Offers
wireless Internet access to computers and mobile devices with the necessary built-in wireless
capability (such as Wi-Fi), wireless modems, or other communications devices that enable wireless
connectivity. An antenna on or built into the computer or device, wireless modem, or
communications device typically sends signals through the airwaves to communicate with a
mobile service provider.

Discover More: Visit this chapter’s free resources to learn more about Internet service providers.

Slide 10: How Data Travels the Internet

Computers and devices connected to the Internet work together to transfer data around the world
using servers and clients and various wired and wireless transmission media. On the Internet, your
computer or device is a client that can access data and services on a variety of servers. Wired
transmission media includes phone line, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable. Wireless transmission
media includes radio waves and satellite signals. The inner structure of the Internet works much
like a transportation system. Just as interstate highways connect major cities and carry the bulk of
the automotive traffic across the country, several main transmission media carry the heaviest
amount of traffic, or communications activity, on the Internet. These major carriers of network
traffic are known collectively as the Internet backbone as we have also seen that in the video “How
internet works”.

In the United States, the transmission media that make up the Internet backbone exchange data at
several different major cities across the country. That is, they transfer data from one network to
another until reaching the final destination.

Describe the Figure 2-4

Slide 11: Internet Facts of Pakistan

Slide 12: Summary of the Lecture

In this lecture, we have covered

1. Various broadband Internet connections

2. ISP

3. MSP