Chapter 14: JIT and Lean Operations
History of TOYOTA
Lean Production
Goals and Building Blocks
Lean Service
History of Toyota
Toyota switched from automated looms to
military trucks just prior to WWII.
Secondhand equipment and high unit
costs forced Toyota to reduce waste and
improve quality whenever possible.
Toyota Production System was not
invented overnight
— it is the outcome of a long evolution.
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Lean Production 精實生產
Just‐in‐time: A highly coordinated production
system in which materials are moved through the
system with precise timing, just as they are needed.
JIT (pull) ← → MRP (push)
JIT = lean production
Lean operations for service systems.
The Toyota Approach
Muda: waste and inefficiency (浪費)
Heijunka: workload leveling (平準化)
Kaizen: continuous improvement (改善)
Jidoka: automatic detection (自働化)
Poka‐yoke: fool‐proofing to reduce errors
Team concept: small teams for improvement (品管圈)
Kanban (看板)
Pull system: supplying material based on demand
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Goals and Building Blocks of JIT
Supporting Goals
Eliminate Disruptions such as poor quality, equipment
breakdowns, changes to the schedule, and late deliveries.
A Flexible System: reduce setup and lead times in order to
handle a mix of products and deal with some uncertainty.
Eliminate Waste: Inventory, Overproduction, Waiting time,
Unnecessary transportation, Processing waste, Inefficient
work methods, Product defects
Muda: 庫存過多、生產量過多、待工待料、搬運與包裝
、產品設計過度、加工方法浪費或缺乏效率、不良品
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Building Blocks: product design
1. Standard parts.
2. Modular design.
3. Highly capable production systems with quality built in.
4. Concurrent engineering.
Building Blocks: process design
1. Small lot sizes. 5. Production flexibility.
2. Setup time reduction. 6. A balanced system.
3. Manufacturing cells. 7. Little inventory storage.
4. Quality improvement. 8. Fail‐safe methods.
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Single Minute Exchange of Dies 快速換模
faster set up
smaller lot sizes
smaller inventory
internal setup
external setup
事先調整定位、簡
易拆卸、預熱模具
F1 Pit Stops 1950 vs 2013_
Quick Changeover
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Jidoka (autonomation)
automatic detection of
problems
Kaizen: Continuous Improvement
降低庫存迫使生產線必須面對並解決各種問題
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Building Blocks:
personnel/organizational elements
1. Workers as assets.
2. Cross‐trained workers.
3. Continuous improvement.
4. Cost accounting.
5. Leadership/project management.
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Building Blocks:
manufacturing planning and control
1. Level loading.
2. Pull systems.
3. Visual systems.
4. Limited work‐in‐process (WIP).
5. Close vendor relationships.
6. Reduced transaction processing.
7. Preventive maintenance and housekeeping
整理Seiri、整頓Seiton、清掃Seiso、清潔Seikeetsu、素養Shitsuke
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Heijunka (level loading)
根據實際需求安排生產計劃,使生產量與生產內容平準化
當月計劃生產 800A、 600B、 400C
每週生產 200A、 150B、 100C
每天生產 40A、 30B、 20C
實際現場排程 AAAABBBCC AAAABBBCC
mixed model
production
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Kanban 由下游往上游拉(pull)的物料控制方式,看板提供的
相關資訊,包括時間、規格、數量、運送地點等
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Pull System with Kanban Control
上游 6 4 2
1
P看板 P看板
C看板 5 C看板 2 市場
A B A B
7 3
前製程 後製程
運送看板(Conveyance):各站完成加工的產品
必須得到下游的運送看板才能前進
生產看版(Production):各站等待加工的產品
必須得到該站的生產看板才能進行加工
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Single-Kanban Systems
Machine 1 (b) Machine 2
Demand
Kanban 2
Input Output Input Output
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Machine 1 (c) Machine 2
Kanban 1
Input Output Input Output
Machine 1 (d) Machine 2
Supply
Input Output Input Output
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Determining the Number of Kanbans Needed
DT(1+X)
N =
C
N = Total number of kanbans
D = Planned usage rate of using work center
T = Average waiting time for replenishment of parts plus
average production time for a container of parts
X = Policy variable set by management
–– possible inefficiency in the system
C = Capacity of a standard container
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JIT Delivery and Focused Factory Networks
減少零組件庫存
直接配送至生
產線使用地點
少量多次補貨 簡化訂貨與驗收
選擇鄰近供應商 協助供應商改善品質
quality at the source
發展成中衛體系
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Lean Services
• Eliminate disruptions. 服務顧客時不中斷接聽電話
• Make the system flexible. 訓練多能工以提高彈性
• Reduce setup times and processing times. 備妥常
用工具、資料庫查詢
• Eliminate waste. 員工訓練,減少錯誤與重工
• Minimize work‐in‐process. 防止工作積壓
• Simplify the process. MOD電影
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Conclusion
Lean Production is suitable for assemble to stock, high
volume and low variety production.
The goal is to achieve a balanced, smooth flow of production.
Key elements include quality at the source, elimination of
waste, continuous improvement, setup time reduction,
workload leveling, kanban control.
There is more to a successful operational turnaround than
the application of a set of tools. 是信仰,不是技術
Mindsets of employees must be involved in the process.
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