0% found this document useful (0 votes)
150 views11 pages

Chapter 14: JIT and Lean Operations: History of Toyota

The document discusses Toyota's lean production system and just-in-time operations. It describes how Toyota evolved from using secondhand equipment after WWII to developing the Toyota Production System through continuous improvement. The key elements of lean production discussed include just-in-time delivery, reducing waste, workload leveling, visual control systems like kanban, small lot sizes, and building quality into processes and parts. The goals of lean are to eliminate disruptions and waste while maintaining flexibility.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
150 views11 pages

Chapter 14: JIT and Lean Operations: History of Toyota

The document discusses Toyota's lean production system and just-in-time operations. It describes how Toyota evolved from using secondhand equipment after WWII to developing the Toyota Production System through continuous improvement. The key elements of lean production discussed include just-in-time delivery, reducing waste, workload leveling, visual control systems like kanban, small lot sizes, and building quality into processes and parts. The goals of lean are to eliminate disruptions and waste while maintaining flexibility.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Chapter 14: JIT and Lean Operations

 History of TOYOTA
 Lean Production
 Goals and Building Blocks
 Lean Service

History of Toyota
 Toyota switched from automated looms to 
military trucks just prior to WWII.

 Secondhand equipment and high unit 
costs forced Toyota to reduce waste and 
improve quality whenever possible.

 Toyota Production System was not 
invented overnight 
— it is the outcome of a long evolution.

1
Lean Production 精實生產

Just‐in‐time: A highly coordinated production 
system in which materials are moved through the 
system with precise timing, just as they are needed.
 JIT (pull) ← → MRP (push)
 JIT = lean production
 Lean operations for service systems.

The Toyota Approach

Muda: waste and inefficiency (浪費)
Heijunka: workload leveling (平準化)
Kaizen: continuous improvement (改善)
Jidoka: automatic detection (自働化)
Poka‐yoke: fool‐proofing to reduce errors
Team concept: small teams for improvement (品管圈)
Kanban (看板)
Pull system: supplying material based on demand

2
Goals and Building Blocks of JIT

Supporting Goals

 Eliminate Disruptions such as poor quality, equipment 
breakdowns, changes to the schedule, and late deliveries.

 A Flexible System:  reduce setup and lead times in order to 
handle a mix of products and deal with some uncertainty.

 Eliminate Waste: Inventory, Overproduction, Waiting time, 
Unnecessary transportation, Processing waste, Inefficient 
work methods, Product defects
Muda: 庫存過多、生產量過多、待工待料、搬運與包裝
、產品設計過度、加工方法浪費或缺乏效率、不良品

3
Building Blocks: product design

1. Standard parts.
2. Modular design.
3. Highly capable production systems with quality built in.
4. Concurrent engineering.

Building Blocks: process design


1. Small lot sizes. 5. Production flexibility.
2. Setup time reduction. 6. A balanced system.
3. Manufacturing cells. 7. Little inventory storage.
4. Quality improvement. 8. Fail‐safe methods.

4
Single Minute Exchange of Dies 快速換模

faster set up
 smaller lot sizes
 smaller inventory

internal setup 
external setup
事先調整定位、簡
易拆卸、預熱模具
F1 Pit Stops 1950 vs 2013_
Quick Changeover

10

Jidoka (autonomation) 
automatic detection of 
problems 

Kaizen: Continuous Improvement

降低庫存迫使生產線必須面對並解決各種問題
11

5
Building Blocks:
personnel/organizational elements

1. Workers as assets.
2. Cross‐trained workers.
3. Continuous improvement.
4. Cost accounting.
5. Leadership/project management.

12

Building Blocks:
manufacturing planning and control

1. Level loading.
2. Pull systems.
3. Visual systems.
4. Limited work‐in‐process (WIP).
5. Close vendor relationships.
6. Reduced transaction processing.
7. Preventive maintenance and housekeeping
整理Seiri、整頓Seiton、清掃Seiso、清潔Seikeetsu、素養Shitsuke

13

6
Heijunka (level loading)
根據實際需求安排生產計劃,使生產量與生產內容平準化
當月計劃生產 800A、 600B、 400C
每週生產 200A、 150B、 100C
每天生產 40A、 30B、 20C
實際現場排程 AAAABBBCC  AAAABBBCC

mixed model
production

14

Kanban 由下游往上游拉(pull)的物料控制方式,看板提供的
相關資訊,包括時間、規格、數量、運送地點等

15

7
Pull System with Kanban Control

上游 6 4 2
1
P看板 P看板
C看板 5 C看板 2 市場
A B A B
7 3
前製程 後製程

運送看板(Conveyance):各站完成加工的產品
必須得到下游的運送看板才能前進
生產看版(Production):各站等待加工的產品
必須得到該站的生產看板才能進行加工

16

Single-Kanban Systems

Machine 1 (b) Machine 2

Demand
Kanban 2

Input Output Input Output

17

8
Machine 1 (c) Machine 2

Kanban 1

Input Output Input Output

Machine 1 (d) Machine 2

Supply

Input Output Input Output

18

Determining the Number of Kanbans Needed


DT(1+X)
N  =
C
N = Total number of kanbans
D = Planned usage rate of using work center
T = Average waiting time for replenishment of parts plus 
average production time for a container of parts
X = Policy variable set by management
–– possible inefficiency in the system
C = Capacity of a standard container

19

9
JIT Delivery and Focused Factory Networks

減少零組件庫存

直接配送至生
產線使用地點

少量多次補貨 簡化訂貨與驗收

選擇鄰近供應商 協助供應商改善品質
quality at the source
發展成中衛體系

20

Lean Services

• Eliminate disruptions. 服務顧客時不中斷接聽電話
• Make the system flexible. 訓練多能工以提高彈性
• Reduce setup times and processing times. 備妥常
用工具、資料庫查詢
• Eliminate waste. 員工訓練,減少錯誤與重工
• Minimize work‐in‐process. 防止工作積壓
• Simplify the process. MOD電影

21

10
Conclusion
 Lean Production is suitable for assemble to stock, high 
volume and low variety production.
 The goal is to achieve a balanced, smooth flow of production.
 Key elements include quality at the source, elimination of 
waste, continuous improvement, setup time reduction, 
workload leveling, kanban control.
 There is more to a successful operational turnaround than 
the application of a set of tools. 是信仰,不是技術
 Mindsets of employees must be involved in the process.

22

11

You might also like