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General Commissioning Procedure For Economizers: CXTPL Upgrade Project Oct. 31, 2001
General Commissioning Procedure For Economizers: CXTPL Upgrade Project Oct. 31, 2001
31, 2001
Prepared for:
Pacific Gas & Electric Company,
Customer Energy Management Non-Residential New Construction Program
Development of a Commissioning Test Protocol Library Project
Alyssa Newman, Project Manager
Ken Gillespie, Project Lead
Prepared by:
Pacific Gas & Electric Company,
Technical and Ecological Services, Performance Test and Analysis Unit
Richard Fromberg
Legal Notice
Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) makes no warranty or representation, expressed or
implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information contained in
this report, or that the use of any information, apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this
report may not infringe upon privately owned rights. Nor does PG&E assume any liability with
respect to use of, or damages resulting from the use of, any information, apparatus, method, or
process disclosed in this procedure.
CxTPL Upgrade Project Oct. 31, 2001
CONTENTS
General Commissioning Procedure for Economizers
FOREWORD ……………………………………………………………………….1
I. PROJECT / BUILDING DESCRIPTION………………………………………...2
II. SEQUENCES OF OPERATION………………………………………………...4
III. ACCEPTANCE AND RESPONSIBILITIES..………………………………….5
IV. VERIFICATION – CHECKS FOR REQUIRED DOCUMENTATION AND
TRAINING………………………………………………………………….6
V. VERIFICATION – NAMEPLATE DATA CHECKS…………………………..7
VI. VERIFICATION – INSTALLATION CHECKLIST………………………….10
VII. VERIFICATION – CONTROLS SENSOR CALIBRATION CHECKS..…...13
VIII. VERIFICATION – BALANCE REPORT CHECKS………………………. 14
IX. VERIFICATION – OPERATIONAL CHECKS
1) EXERCISE DAMPERS…………………………………………………15
2) FIRE ALARM ECONOMIZER DAMPER POSITIONS.………………17
3) ECONOMIZER MODE CHECKS………………………….…………...18
4) CONTROLS PROGRAM CHECKS…………………………………….20
X. FUNCTIONAL CHECKS – FORCED RESPONSE AND SEQUENCE OF
OPERATION TESTING – FANS ON/OFF, MORNING COOL-DOWN OR
WARM-UP, NORMAL OPERATING MODES, FIRE/SMOKE ALARM,
FREEZE PROTECTION AS-BUILT RECORDS …………..…………………21
XI. FUNCTIONAL TESTS – ECONOMIZER PERFORMANCE TEST..………..25
XII. FUNCTIONAL TESTS – ECONOMIZER OPERATIONAL TREND TEST..26
XIII. FUNCTIONAL TESTS – M&V SAVINGS CALCULATION USING
PERFORMANCE TRENDING TESTS ……………………….……………….27
XIV. COMMISSIONING REPORT OUTLINE……………………………………29
XV. REFERENCES USED TO DEVELOP THE ECONOMIZER PROTOCOL…30
General Commissioning Procedure for Economizers October 31, 2001
FOREWORD
This procedure provides example protocols for two fictitious buildings (one located in
Sacramento and the other in San Francisco) for steps that need to be taken to fully commission
their air handling system’s economizers. Variations are provided when requirements between the
two examples differ. Each building has integrated, built-up economizers, with return, exhaust
and outside air dampers, but different sequences of operation and designs.
In commissioning an economizer, the intent is to optimize the use of outside air for cooling a
building, in order to minimize energy use, while maintaining good indoor air quality. Our
primary goal is to verify that the economizer is working as specified, while looking for
opportunities to improve upon its intended operation. This procedure was developed with the
assistance of PG&E’s Commissioning Test Protocol Library’s Templates. Following is an
outline of what protocols are included here:
Project/Building Description
Description of Systems Under Test
Equipment Covered by this Protocol
Sequences of Operation
Acceptance and Responsibilities
Verification Checks
Checks for Documentation and Training
Nameplate Data Checks
Installation Checklist
Controls Sensor Calibration Checks
Balance Report Checks
Operational Checks -
1) Exercise dampers
2) Fire Alarm Economizer Damper Positions
3) Economizer Mode Checks
4) Controls Program Checks
Functional Tests
Forced Response and Sequence of Operation Testing – Fans On/Off, Morning Cool-down or
Warm-up, Normal Operating Modes, Fire/Smoke Alarm, Freeze Protection
Economizer Performance Test
Economizer Operational Trend Test
M&V Savings Calculation using Performance Trending Tests – Outline of Procedure
References Used to Develop the Economizer Protocol
Results and Recommendations Report
NAME & FIRM OF PERSON(S) DOING TESTS: JR Doolittle, Hotwire Commissioning Services
Equipment Covered by this Protocol: Economizers of AHU’s 1, 2, and 3 at the SSC and AHU-1 at the PEC.
General Notes:
1.This commissioning procedure addresses verification checks and functional testing of moderately sized packaged or built-
up air handlers.
2.In all test sections, circle or highlight any results that indicate deficiencies (i.e. responses that don’t meet the criteria for
acceptance). Acceptance requires correction and retest of all deficiencies, as defined in each test section under
“Criteria for Acceptance” or “Acceptance”. Attach all retest data sheets.
3.This Commissioning Procedure does not comprehensively address fire and life safety or basic equipment safety controls.
4.To ensure that this Commissioning Procedure will not damage any equipment or affect any equipment warranties, have the
equipment manufacturers’ representative(s) review all test procedures prior to execution, and be present if possible.
Cooling supply air temperature shall be maintained by first modulating the outdoor air damper open via the economizer mode
and then secondly modulating the chilled water valve open. When the outdoor air temperature is within 2F (adjustable) below
the warmest zone space temperature, the outside air damper shall go to the minimum position setting and the return damper
shall open to maximum position. The heating supply air temperature shall be reset downwards to the return air temperature as
required to maintain a zone temperature of 70F(adjustable) in the coldest room.
A photoelectric duct smoke detector shall be installed in the supply duct and shall provide a digital input to the DDC system.
When smoke is detected by the smoke detector, the air handler supply fan shall be de-energized via its variable frequency drive,
the return fan shall be de-energized via its VFD, and the outside air damper shall be fully closed.
All damper actuators shall be programmed to achieve full range adjustability (closed to 100% open) in 60 seconds (adjustable).
Case #2 – AHU-1 is programmed to operate (on/off) on a predetermined building occupancy schedule (adjustable).
When the supply fan is de-energized, the outside damper shall close and the cooling coil chilled water control valve TCV-1 shall
open to the full bypass position.
The supply fan is energized one hour (adjustable) prior to scheduled occupancy to provide a warm-up cycle. The outside air
damper shall remain closed and the cooling coil chilled water control valve shall remain open to the full bypass position during
the warm-up. The warm-up cycle shall be terminated when return air temperature TS-4 reaches 70°F.
The supply air temperature TS-3 shall be controlled by modulating the economizer dampers and then the cooling coil chilled
water control valve TCV-1 in sequence to maintain the supply air temperature at set point. Outside air via the economizer
dampers shall be the primary source of cooling when outside air temperature TS-1 is below 72°F and less than the return air
temperatureTS-4, otherwise cooling shall be provided by chilled water via TCV-1. No chilled water shall be supplied to
TCV-1 when outside air temperature TS-1 is below 61°F. Supply Air Temperature TS-3 setpoint shall be reset by greatest
cooling demand from 55°F to 65°F. When outside air temperature TS-1 is greater than 72°F or greater than the return air
temperature TS-4 the economizer dampers shall be positioned to provide the minimum design outside air CFM.
Building static pressure DPX-1 shall be maintain at 0.03”wg for economizer operating mode only. No set point control is
required for minimum outside air operating mode. Supply Air Duct Static Pressure DPX-2 setpoint shall be reset via AHU-1
supply fan VFD by greatest cooling demand from 1.0” wg to 2.0” wg.
ALARM SETPOINTS:
Building Static Pressure DPX-1: 0.07 “ wg.
Supply Air Duct Static Pressure, High: 2.4 “wg, Low: 0.06 “wg
Supply Air Temperature TS-3, Low: 50°F
Return Air Temperature TS-4, High: 76°F, Low: 60°F
Mixed Air Temperature TS-2, Low: 50°F
Filter (Dirty) Differential Pressure DPS-2: 1.0 wg.
3. Name: JR Doolittle
Company name: Hotwire Commissioning Services
Responsibilities:
Verification Checks: Complete the commissioning plan, ensure that all corrections are made, retest if necessary,
use best engineering judgement to achieve design intent.
Functional Testing: Complete the commissioning plan, ensure that all corrections are made, retest if necessary, use
best engineering judgement to achieve design intent.
Signature:
Manufacturer
Model #
Serial #
Type
Maximum CFM
Minimum CFM
Manufacturer
Model #
Serial #
Type
Maximum CFM
Minimum CFM
Manufacturer
Model #
Serial #
Type
Maximum CFM
Minimum CFM
Manufacturer
Model #
Serial #
Type
Maximum Position
Minimum Position
Manufacturer
Model #
Serial #
Type
Maximum Position
Minimum Position
Manufacturer
Model #
Serial #
Type
Maximum Position
Minimum Position
Caution: Only qualified personnel familiar with the operation of the installed economizers, and the hazards involved, should
adjust, operate, test, and/or service the equipment. The commissioning agent should become familiar with the installation,
operation, and maintenance manuals prior to starting commissioning work. Failure to observe proper safety precautions could
result in damage to equipment, severe bodily injury, and/or loss of life.
The checklist items are all successfully completed for given trade. ___ YES ___ NO
Installation: Check that all sensor installations and locations are correct, in order to attain an accurate measurement of the
process. Make sure that they are installed out of direct sunlight, and in the ductwork where the process is mixed and uniform.
Sensor elements should not touch any surfaces. The outdoor air sensor should be located away from the economizer inlet or
exhaust, so that it is not affected by natural drafts when the AHU is off. If sensor location is improper, explain in comments, and
have it relocated. Verify that sensors with shielded cable, are grounded only at one end. It is not necessary to repeat any full
calibration procedure, but we recommend that through-system calibration checks be made, as follows:
Differential paired sensors. For sensor pairs that are used to determine a temperature or pressure difference, place both sensors
into a uniform temperature bath or expose them to the same pressure. Make sure that they are reading within 0.2°F of each
other for temperature and within a tolerance equal to 2% (of the reading) of each other for pressure. Tolerances for critical
applications may be tighter.
Sensors. Take a reading of the process with a calibrated test instrument close to the site sensor. Verify that the readings are
within the tolerances in the table below. If not, install an offset in the BAS, recalibrate, or replace the sensor. If a second
instrument cannot be installed to take a second reading, remove the sensor and subject it to a temperature bath or pressure
source along with a calibrated sensor, and compare the readings. Record the readings in the table below.
Criteria for Acceptance: Temperature and pressure sensors should agree with the calibrated instrument within the tolerances
listed below.
CONTROL CAL EMS EMS CALIBRATION DIFFERENCE ACCEPTABLE ACCEPTABLE? /
TYPE SENSOR SENSOR MEASURED SENSOR DIFFERENCE COMMENTS
LOCATION LOCATION. VALUE VALUE
IS IT
OKAY?
Outdoor air temp SF(.5F),Sac(1F)
Mixed air temp 1F
Test and balance report is verified to be in agreement with economizer design specifications? ___ YES ___ NO
Test and balance report is verified to be in agreement with system minimum outside air design specifications?
___ YES ___ NO
Criteria for Acceptance: Answers of “Y” (or “NA”, where not relevant) except where other criteria are noted.
Caution: Only qualified personnel familiar with the operation of the installed air handler, and the hazards involved, should
adjust, operate, test, and/or service the equipment. The commissioning agent should become familiar with the installation,
operation, and maintenance manuals prior to starting commissioning work. Failure to observe proper safety precautions could
result in damage to equipment, severe bodily injury, and/or loss of life.
Enter “Y”, “N”, “NA”, or data as requested. Enter comment or note number if deficient.
Check Equipment-> SSC SSC SSC PEC Contrac Value/
AHU1 AHU2 AHU3 AHU1 tor Comments
Air handler fans are off.
Command outside air damper to 100% open.
Is outside air damper fully open?
Is outside air damper position indicator pointing to 100%.
Make sure that the scale is labeled to indicate the 100% position.
Is exhaust air damper fully open?
Is exhaust air damper position indicator pointing to 100%.
Make sure that the scale is labeled to indicate the 100% position.
Is return air damper fully closed?
Is return air damper position indicator pointing to 0%.
Make sure that the scale is labeled to indicate the 0% position.
Command outside air damper to 0% open.
Is outside air damper fully closed?
Is outside air damper position indicator pointing to 0%.
Make sure that the scale is labeled to indicate the 0% position.
Is exhaust air damper fully closed?
Is exhaust air damper position indicator pointing to 0%.
Make sure that the scale is labeled to indicate the 0% position.
Is return air damper fully open?
Is return air damper position indicator pointing to 100%.
Make sure that the scale is labeled to indicate the 100% position.
Command outside air damper to its minimum operating position.
Is outside air damper at 20% (as specified)?
Is outside air damper position indicator pointing to 20%.
Make sure that the scale is labeled to indicate the 20% position.
Is exhaust air damper at 20% open?
Is exhaust air damper position indicator pointing to 20%.
Make sure that the scale is labeled to indicate the 20% position.
Richard Fromberg 15 507048063.rtf
Pacific Gas and Electric
rrf2@pge.com
General Commissioning Procedure for Economizers October 31, 2001
The checklist items are all successfully completed for given trade. ___ YES ___ NO
Criteria for Acceptance: Answers of “Y” (or “NA”, where not relevant) except where other criteria are noted.
Caution: Only qualified personnel familiar with the operation of the installed air handler, and the hazards involved, should
adjust, operate, test, and/or service the equipment. The commissioning agent should become familiar with the installation,
operation, and maintenance manuals prior to starting commissioning work. Failure to observe proper safety precautions could
result in damage to equipment, severe bodily injury, and/or loss of life.
Enter “Y”, “N”, “NA”, or data as requested. Enter comment or note number if deficient.
Check Equipment-> SSC SSC SSC PEC Contrac Value/
AHU1 AHU2 AHU3 AHU1 tor Comments
Verify that the air handler fans are off.
Command the outside air damper to 100% open. The exhaust damper
should be full open and the return damper should be closed.
Set the fire/smoke detection system input signal to ON.
Does the outside air damper close completely?
Does the return air damper close completely?
Does the exhaust air damper close completely?
Reset the fire/smoke detector input signal to OFF.
Do all dampers return to their normal position?
The checklist items are all successfully completed for given trade. ___ YES ___ NO
Criteria for Acceptance: Answers of “Y” (or “NA”, where not relevant) except where other criteria are noted.
Caution: Only qualified personnel familiar with the operation of the installed air handler, and the hazards involved, should
adjust, operate, test, and/or service the equipment. The commissioning agent should become familiar with the installation,
operation, and maintenance manuals prior to starting commissioning work. Failure to observe proper safety precautions could
result in damage to equipment, severe bodily injury, and/or loss of life.
Enter “Y”, “N”, “NA”, or data as requested. Enter comment or note number if deficient.
Check Equipment-> SSC SSC SSC PEC Contrac Value/
AHU1 AHU2 AHU3 AHU1 tor Comments
Disconnect power to supply and exhaust fans to make sure that they do not
turn on throughout the following tests.
Set BAS to Unoccupied (Fan Off) Mode
Verify that outside air damper is closed.
Verify that return air damper is open.
Verify that exhaust air damper is closed.
Set BAS to warm-up mode.
Outside and exhaust air dampers closed?
Return air damper open?
Set BAS to cool-down mode.
Set outside air temp to 65F
Outside and exhaust air dampers are full open?
Return air damper is closed?
Set outside air temp to 75F.
Outside damper is at minimum and exhaust damper is closed?
Return air damper is full open?
Set BAS to Occupied Mode
(For the SSC) Set outside air temp to 3F less than the warmest zone
temperature.
(For the PEC) Set the outside air temp to 71F or 1F less than the return
air temp, whichever is less.
Verify that outside air damper is full open.
Verify that return air damper is closed.
Verify that exhaust air damper is full open.
(For the SSC) Set outside air temp to 1.5F less than the warmest zone
temp
(For the PEC) Set the outside air temperature to 73F.
Verify that outside air damper is at minimum.
Verify that return air damper is full open.
The checklist items are all successfully completed for given trade. ___ YES ___ NO
Enter “Y”, “N”, “NA”, or data as requested. Enter comment or note number if deficient.
Check Equipment-> SSC SSC SSC PEC Contrac Value/
AHU1 AHU2 AHU3 AHU1 tor Comments
Have flow charts and/or other documentation of the software specific to the
SSC and PEC been provided?
Check the logic diagrams for the economizers. Do they accurately model
the sequences of operation, as follows:
Shut down?
Warm-up?
Cool-down?
Occupied Mode?
Economizer Mode (free cooling)? Is the logic set up to modulate the
economizer to maintain supply air temp (PEC) or a minimum mixed air
temp (SSC)?
Minimum Outside Air Mode?
Fire/Smoke Alarm Mode?
Freeze Protection?
Check the building occupancy schedules. Is the PEC M to F 7:00A to 6:00P
and is the SSC M to F 6:30A to 5:30P, with AHU#3 24-7?
Is the warm-up or cool-down mode scheduled to begin 1 hour before
occupancy?
Are there alarms set for economizer malfunctions?
Have graphics screens of the economizer and associated temperatures and
damper positions been set up?
Are the graphics screens easy to access from other graphics screens?
Are trends set up to store economizer data?
Can 48 hours of data be retrieved and plotted conveniently from the BAS
for each economizer?
Is the % outside air to total air calculated?
The checklist items are all successfully completed for given trade. ___ YES ___ NO
Instructions: These functional checks augment the manufacturer’s instructions, and are to be performed when the system is
operational. Fill in the appropriate values if other information is requested, such as damper position (%) or temperature.
Identify responsible contractor.
Check Economizer Damper Responses when the Fans are Turned On and Off, then during Morning Cool-down and Warm-
up, then during Normal Occupied Operating Modes
These tests are to verify that the dampers respond properly to various input conditions in different operating modes. Follow the
steps in the table below for each economizer.
Criteria for Acceptance: Answers of “Y” (or “NA”, where not relevant) except where other criteria are noted.
Caution: Only qualified personnel familiar with the operation of the installed air handler, and the hazards involved, should
adjust, operate, test, and/or service the equipment. The commissioning agent should become familiar with the installation,
operation, and maintenance manuals prior to starting commissioning work. Failure to observe proper safety precautions could
result in damage to equipment, severe bodily injury, and/or loss of life.
Enter “Y”, “N”, “NA”, or data as requested. Enter comment or note number if deficient.
Check Equipment-> SSC SSC SSC PEC Contrac Value/
AHU1 AHU2 AHU3 AHU1 tor Comments
Make sure that the AHU is ready for functional testing.
Verify stable operation of the AHU and fans before commissioning.
Set BAS to Unoccupied (Fan Off) Mode
Are the supply and exhaust fans off?
Verify that outside air damper is closed.
Verify that return air damper is open.
Verify that exhaust air damper is closed.
Is the differential pressure close to what was specified in the AHU design.
Return the BAS and AHU to their normal operating modes, and release
the OAT, SAT, MAT, and set point overrides.
Are the fans on?
Are the dampers in their expected operating positions based on outside
air and return air temperatures? Record the OAT and RAT.
Both Cases:
Set the BAS to heating mode.
Does the outside air damper go to its minimum position?
Is the exhaust damper closed and the return damper full open?
Return the BAS to its normal operating mode.
The checklist items are all successfully completed. ___ YES ___ NO
Criteria for Acceptance: Answers of “Y” (or “NA”, where not relevant) except where other criteria are noted.
Caution: Only qualified personnel familiar with the operation of the installed air handler, and the hazards involved, should adjust,
operate, test, and/or service the equipment. The commissioning agent should become familiar with the installation, operation, and
maintenance manuals prior to starting commissioning work. Failure to observe proper safety precautions could result in damage to
equipment, severe bodily injury, and/or loss of life.
Introduction: The following procedure should be used to estimate the savings due to improvements in economizer
performance. It follows ASHRAE’s retrofit isolation approach for determining M&V savings. The assumption is that other
commissioning efforts do not affect the economizer’s performance or our estimate of savings. The improvements could come
from a commissioning effort on new or old equipment or from repair, replacement, or retrofit of existing equipment.
Measurements of pre- and post-retrofit data will be needed, in order to characterize the economizer’s performance
improvement as a function of outside air temperature. To determine the energy savings, a model of the fan supply air flow as
a function of outside air temperature will also be needed. The following procedure does not yet comply with ASHRAE 14P,
since an uncertainty analysis of the results has not been performed, and we do not know if the results fall within the criteria
of the guidelines.
ASHRAE’s criteria for the application of the retrofit isolation approach involves the following steps:
1. Select independent variables and develop model
2. Select and document Baseline conditions
3. Select duration and frequency of monitoring for Baseline and Post Retrofit periods
4. Project Baseline usage to Post Retrofit conditions
Determine savings by: Savings = Projected Baseline (usage, demand) - Post Retrofit (usage, demand)
Test Procedure:
1. Set up and collect pre-retrofit performance trend data using the Economizer Operational Trend Test protocol
(above). Collect enough data to be able to model the economizer over as wide a range of ambient temperatures as
possible. We suggest several weeks of data collected during a transitional season, such as spring or fall. Preferred
baseline data would ideally cover a one-year period before the implementation of the ECM (energy conservation
measure), even though this is rarely achieved.
2. After the retrofit is completed, collect the same economizer data as well as supply fan RPM data. Data collected
during a wide range of outside air temperature conditions is preferable. Collect data for at least one month, for use
as an estimate of the savings. Collect data for one year for use in determining ESCO payments or utility rebates.
3. Create a model of the “mixed air temperature minus what the MAT should be” versus outside air temperature, for
both pre- and post-retrofit data.
4. Using fan performance curves, estimate the fan flow (in lbs/hour) from the RPM data that was collected during the
post-retrofit period.
5. Create a model of the fan flow as a function of ambient temperature for the post-retrofit period, for when the
building was occupied.
6. If a full year of data is not available, estimate how much energy will be saved from short-term data in a normal year.
Load TMY2 data for your site into a spreadsheet, and use the models to predict MAT deviations and supply airflows
using expected ambient temperatures.
7. Filter the ambient temperature data to include only data for when the building is occupied.
8. For each hourly reading of ambient temperature, calculate the energy saved due to the economizer retrofit, using
the following formula:
Energy saved(kWh) = [(MATdevpre – MATdevpost) * Supply Air Flow(lbm/hr) * 0.24 (Btu/lbm*F)] /
[12,000 (Btu/hr/ton) * Nominal Chiller Efficiency (kW/ton)]
For each economizer, follow this procedure for determining annual energy and dollar savings:
Criteria for Acceptance: The calculated estimate of monthly savings meets the required minimum level and range of uncertainty.
Check Equipment- SSC SSC SSC PEC Contractor Value/
> AHU1 AHU2 AHU3 AHU1 Comments
Sum up the hourly energy savings for the nominal weather year to
calculate the expected annual energy savings (kWh/yr).
If actual savings are to be determined for ESCO payments or utility
rebates, repeat the above calculation using actual monitored data (for
one year of the post-retrofit period) and the model from the pre-retrofit
test period applied to the post-retrofit data.
To calculate the energy dollar savings, repeat the energy savings
calculation on an hourly basis, and apply actual electrical energy rates
(either TOU or other applicable schedule). Sum up the dollar savings
for the year for an annual amount.
Calculate the uncertainty (and confidence interval) in the results using
methods outlined in ASHRAE 14P.
ASHRAE Guideline 1-1996, The HVAC Commissioning Process. Atlanta, Georgia. 1996.
Ellis, Rebecca and McKew, Howard. Back to Basics – Series V, Topic: Central Air with Return Air System. Originally printed in July,
August, and September 1997 issues of Engineered Systems.
Katipalumula, S.; Pratt, R.G.; et. al. Automated Fault Detection and Diagnostics for Outdoor-Air Ventilation Sysems and Economizers:
Methodology and Results from Field Testing. ASHRAE Transactions 1999, V. 105, Pt. 1.
Montgomery County, Maryland. Building Commissioning Program & Contractor Quality Control – Guidelines & Specifications. Paul
Tseng, Montgomery Engineering Institute, Division of Facilities and Services, Dept. of Public Works and Transportation. July 1998.
University of Washington, Commissioning Specifications, Facilities Services, Facility Design Information. Volume 2, Appendix 17C, pages
1 to 27, Check-off Sheets: Air Handling Systems. September 1995.
Austin, S.B. HVAC System Trend Analysis. ASHRAE Journal page 44. February, 1997.
National Environmental Balancing Bureau (NEBB). Procedural Standards for Building Systems Commissioning. Gaithersburg,
Maryland. Section 6 and Appendix A pages 11.1.1 to 11.3.2. Rev 2.0, November 1999
Pacific Energy Center (Pacific Gas and Electric), Tool Lending Library, Toolbox. Assessing Economizer Performance. Website:
http://www.pge.com/003_save_energy/003c_edu_train/pec/toolbox/tll/app_notes/asses_econ.shtml. Ryan Stroupe (PEC).
Sacramento Service Center, Building A, HVAC System Renovation, Sequences of Operation, Johnson Controls, Date 7/27/99.
Pacific Energy Center, Draft Systems Manual, Sherrill Engineering (San Francisco, CA), Sections 1 and 3. April 2, 2001.