Date: 2nd May, 2017

MICROPROCESSOR AND SYSTEMS

Lecture # 01

Introduction to Microcomputer and Microprocessor

Department of Electrical Engineering ( SEC 1 , 11 & 111)

MEHRAN UET, JAMSHORO.

Engr. Aysha Rasheed

Email: aysha.muet@gmail.com

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 Classification Of Computer:

Computer is classified into Three main types.

 Combination of both analogue and
 Measures continuously Varying
hybrid.
Quantities.
 i.e. ECG Monitor of Patient.
 Input is some Physical Quantity
 Analogue : Heart Beat Signals.
instead of Numbers.
 Digital : Lines on Screen.
 i.e. Temperature

 Works on Discrete Values.

 Input is Binary Numbers.
 0 or 1.
 i.e. Switch.

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 Classification Of Digital Computer:
• Used for Corporate & Government Organizations

Mainframe-
computer

2 • Small
• Used for Scientific &
Research purpose. • Inexpensive
Super- Digital Micro-
• Bulky 1 3 • Microprocessor as its CPU
computer computer computer
• Complex Calculations. • I/O Devices
4  Memory

Mini
computer
3

• Business Applications on Small Scale

Central Processing Unit :

A central processing Unit (CPU) is an electronic

circuitry within a Computer that carries out basic
arithmetic, logical, control and input/output operations
specified by the instructions.

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Central Processing Unit in late 1960’s :

 In Early 1960’s CPU were made up of some

Discrete elements.
 The term "CPU" referred to a Processor.
 Processor means a device that processes whatever. In this
context processor means a device that processes numbers,
specifically binary numbers, 0’s and 1’s.

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Central Processing Unit In The Early 1970’s:

 In the early 1970’s the microchip was invented.

All of the components that made up the processor
were now placed on a single piece of silicon.
 The size became several thousand times
smaller and the speed became several hundred times faster.
The “Microprocessor" was born.
 The term "CPU" referred to as Microprocessor.
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Definition of Microprocessor:

 The microprocessor, also known as the Central Processing Unit(CPU),

is the brain of all computers and many household and electronic devices.
 A microprocessor -- also known as a CPU or central processing
unit -- is a complete computation engine that is fabricated on
a single chip.
 Microprocessors are integrated circuits that can interpret
and execute instructions as well as handle arithmetic and logic
operations.
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Definition of Microprocessor (cont’d):

The microprocessor is a programmable device that Takes in

(INPUT) numbers, performs on them arithmetic or logical
operations according to the program stored in memory and then
produces other numbers as a Result (OUTPUT) .

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First Microprocessor:

Intel 4004 it was primarily

used to perform simple
mathematical
operations in a calculator
called “BUSICOM”.

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Terminologies :

Program:
An organized list of Instructions.
Programmable Device:
Device that performs different operations on Data on the
basis of given set of instructions called “programs”.

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Terminologies :
Instruction Set:
 Specific group of operations.
 These define What microprocessor can do?
What Microprocessor Takes In:
The data on which microprocessor manipulates must come
from some input devices. i.e.
• keyboard 11

• Mouse
Terminologies :

Binary Numbers:
 A Binary digit (Number) is called as a bit.
 Microprocessor can only understands Binary Numbers.

BIT
Binary Digit
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Terminologies :

Bit:
Smallest unit of memory
either 0
or 1
Nibble:
A Group of four bits is called 1 Nibble. 1 0 1 0
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Terminologies :
Byte:
A Group of Eight bits is called 1 Byte.
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
Half Word:
1 Half Word = 2 bytes (8 x 2=16 bits).

1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
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Terminologies :

Word:
Four bytes are combined to form one word
1 Word = 4 bytes (8 x 4=32 bits).

1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0

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Terminologies :
OPERATIONS:

Arithmetic Logic
Operations Operations

Microprocessor
performs TWO types • AND
• Addition of operations • OR
• Multiplication
• XOR
• Subtraction
• Shift Left
• Division etc.
• Shift Right etc.
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 Terminologies :
Memory (Storage):
 Location where we place something that is not currently being used.
 Memory is expressed in terms of NUMBER OF BYTES it holds.
 It is measured in Kilos , Megas , Gigas.

1 kilobyte =1 KB = 1024 Bytes.

1 megabyte =1 MB = 1024 x ( 1024 )Bytes = 1024 KB.
1 gigabyte =1 GB = 1024 x ( 1024 x 1024 )Bytes = 1024 MB. 17
THE END !!!

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