Hindawi Publishing Corporation

Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society

Volume 2016, Article ID 4398527, 9 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4398527

Research Article
Optimal Harvest Control in a Singular Prey-Predator Fishery
Model with Maturation Delay and Gestation Delay

Chao Liu, Longfei Yu, and Qingling Zhang

Institute of Systems Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China

Correspondence should be addressed to Chao Liu; singularsystem@163.com

Received 18 August 2016; Accepted 20 October 2016

Academic Editor: Hubertus Von Bremen

Copyright © 2016 Chao Liu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which
permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

This paper presents a singular prey-predator fishery model, where maturation delay for prey and gestation delay for predator are
considered. Fishing efforts are introduced to harvest prey and predator population, which are developed as control instruments to
investigate optimal utilization of fishery resource. By analyzing associated characteristic equation, local stability analysis is studied
due to combined variations of double time delays. Furthermore, Pontryagin’s maximum principle is utilized to characterize optimal
harvest control, and the optimality system is numerically solved based on an iterative method.

1. Introduction biomass transmission rate from predation activity, and 𝑑 is

According to statistics from the Food and Agriculture
Organization of United Nations [1], approximate fifty-three
percent of fish stock under observation has experienced over-
exploitation or depletion, which reiterate the fact that fishery
needs to be managed with an effective and carefully defined
objective to prevent overexploitation and replenish depleted
stock [1]. In order to ensure sustainable fishery, it requires pre-
cision in stock assessment and reliability in fishery modelling
[2, 3]. In recent decades, there are growing research interests
in formulating bioeconomic mathematical models to obtain
more comprehensive indications of feedback effect between
exploitation activity and fishery resources [4–13].
In [5], authors establish a dynamic model where both
prey and predator fishery resource population are exploitable,
which is as follows:
𝑥 (𝑡) 𝛽𝑥 (𝑡) 𝑦 (𝑡)
𝑥̇ (𝑡) = 𝑟𝑥 (𝑡) (1 − )− − 𝐸 (𝑡) 𝑥 (𝑡) ,
𝐾 𝛼 + 𝑥 (𝑡)
(1)
𝑚𝛽𝑥 (𝑡)
𝑦̇ (𝑡) = 𝑦 (𝑡) [ − 𝑑] − 𝐸 (𝑡) 𝑦 (𝑡) ,
𝛼 + 𝑥 (𝑡)
where 𝑥(𝑡) and 𝑦(𝑡) represent population density of prey and
predator population with time 𝑡, respectively. 𝑟 is the intrinsic
growth rate of prey, 𝐾 stands for maximum environmental
capacity, 𝛽 denotes predation rate of predator, 𝑚 represents
death rate of predator.
It is well known that commercial harvesting fluctuates
with dynamical variation of economic interest [14, 15].
Although the harvested biological models have received great
attention from both mathematical and theoretical biologists,
little work has been done on dynamic effect of economic
interest on harvested prey-predator fishery model [14, 15].
In 1954, Gordon proposes common-property resource eco-
nomic theory [14], which investigates dynamic effect of
commercial harvesting on ecosystem from an economic
perspective [14, 15]. In [14], an algebraic equation is proposed
to investigate economic interest of commercial harvesting:
Net Economic Revenue
(2)
= Total Revenue (TR) − Total Cost (TC) .
In order to show dynamical variation of unit price of
harvested population due to change of amount of harvested
population, 𝑎1 /(𝑏1 + 𝐸(𝑡)𝑥(𝑡)) is assumed to be unit price
of commercially harvested prey, and 𝑎2 /(𝑏2 + 𝐸(𝑡)𝑦(𝑡)) is
assumed to be unit price of commercially harvested preda-
tor. Hence, TR in (2) takes the following form TR =
𝑎1 𝐸(𝑡)𝑥(𝑡)/(𝑏1 + 𝐸(𝑡)𝑥(𝑡)) + 𝑎2 𝐸(𝑡)𝑦(𝑡)/(𝑏2 + 𝐸(𝑡)𝑦(𝑡)), where
𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑏1 , 𝑏2 are all positive constants. Let 𝑐 represent cost of
2 Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society

commercial harvesting. Hence, TC in (2) takes the following The rest of the sections of this paper are organized as fol-
form TC = 𝑐𝐸(𝑡). lows. Positivity of any solution of system (3) and uniform per-
Recently, many theoreticians and experimentalists have sistence of system (3) are investigated in the second section.
investigated complex dynamics of prey-predator fishery sys- Local stability analysis of system (3) around interior equi-
tem [16, 17]; it reveals that time delay may cause the loss of librium is discussed in the third section. The optimal system
stability and other complicated dynamical behavior such as is derived and solved numerically based on an iterative
the periodic structure and bifurcation phenomenon [15, 18, method with Runge-Kutta fourth order scheme. Optimal
19]. harvest control problems associated with maximizing total
Keeping these aspects in view, we will extend work in discounted net revenues from the fishery and minimizing
[5] by incorporating maturation delay for prey and gestation harvest cost are discussed in the fourth section. Numerical
delay for predator into system (1). In this paper, prey is simulations are carried out to support theoretical analysis in
considered to be delayed by maturation delay 𝜏1 ≥ 0 due to the fifth section. Finally, this paper ends with a conclusion.
population crowding [15, 16], and predator is assumed to be
delayed by gestation delay 𝜏2 ≥ 0 [16]. Based on (1) and (2), a 2. Positivity and Uniform Persistence
singular prey-predator fishery model is established as follows:
Theorem 1. Any solutions of system (3) with initial conditions
𝑥 (𝑡 − 𝜏1 ) 𝛽𝑥 (𝑡) 𝑦 (𝑡) (4) are positive.
𝑥̇ (𝑡) = 𝑟𝑥 (𝑡) (1 − )− − 𝐸 (𝑡)
𝐾 𝛼 + 𝑥 (𝑡)
Proof. Due to lemma in [20] and Theorem A.4 in [21],
⋅ 𝑥 (𝑡) , any solution of system (3) with initial conditions (4) exists
uniquely and each component of solution remains within
𝑚𝛽𝑥 (𝑡 − 𝜏2 ) interval [0, 𝑋0 ) for some 𝑋0 > 0. Standard and simple
𝑦̇ (𝑡) = 𝑦 (𝑡) [ − 𝑑] − 𝐸 (𝑡) 𝑦 (𝑡) ,
𝛼 + 𝑥 (𝑡 − 𝜏2 ) (3) arguments show that any solution of system (3) always exists
and stays positive.
0 = 𝐸 (𝑡)
Theorem 2. If V > 0, 𝜏1 and 𝜏2 are bounded, and the following
𝑎1 𝑎2
⋅ [𝑥 (𝑡) + 𝑦 (𝑡) − 𝑐] inequalities (6) hold, and then system (3) with initial conditions
𝑏1 + 𝐸 (𝑡) 𝑥 (𝑡) 𝑏2 + 𝐸 (𝑡) 𝑦 (𝑡) (4) is uniformly persistent:
− V, 𝑚𝛽𝐾𝑒𝑟𝜏1 > 𝛼𝑑,
where 𝑐 represents cost of commercial harvesting, V is
𝑎1 𝑏2 𝛽𝐾𝑒𝑟𝜏1 + 𝑎2 𝑏1 𝑟 (𝛼 + 𝐾𝑒𝑟𝜏1 ) > 𝑐𝑏1 𝑏2 𝛽,
assumed to be economic interest of commercial harvesting, (6)
𝐸(𝑡) represents commercial harvesting amount with respect 𝑐𝛼𝑏1 > 𝑎1 𝐾𝑒𝑟𝜏1 (𝑚𝛽𝐾𝑒𝑟𝜏1 − 𝛼𝑑) ,
to time 𝑡, and interpretations for other parameters and state
variables share the same interpretations introduced in system 𝑐𝑏2 𝛼𝛽 > 𝑎2 𝑟 (𝛼 + 𝐾𝑒𝑟𝜏1 ) (𝑚𝛽𝐾𝑒𝑟𝜏1 − 𝛼𝑑) .
(1) and (2). Furthermore, system (3) is investigated with initial
conditions Proof. By using Taylor series expansion [2], for 𝑥(𝑡) and 𝜏1 >
0, 𝜏2 > 0 we have
𝑥 (𝜃) ≥ 0,
𝑑
𝑦 (0) ≥ 0, 𝑥 (𝑡 − 𝜏1 ) = 𝑥 (𝑡) − 𝜏1 (𝑥 (𝑡) − 𝜏1 𝑥̇ (𝑡) + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅) ,
(4) 𝑑𝑡
(7)
𝐸 (0) ≥ 0, 𝑑
𝑥 (𝑡 − 𝜏2 ) = 𝑥 (𝑡) − 𝜏2 (𝑥 (𝑡) − 𝜏2 𝑥̇ (𝑡) + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅) .
𝜃 ∈ [−𝜏, 0] , 𝜏 = max {𝜏1 , 𝜏2 } . 𝑑𝑡

System (3) is rewritten as follows: Consequently, it can be derived that

𝑥̇ (𝑡) 𝑥 (𝑡 − 𝜏1 ) ≤ 𝑥 (𝑡) ,
[ ] (8)
Ξ [𝑦̇ (𝑡)]
𝑥 (𝑡 − 𝜏2 ) ≤ 𝑥 (𝑡) .
[ 0 ]
By using (8) and the first equation of system (3), it gives
𝑥 (𝑡 − 𝜏1 ) 𝛽𝑥 (𝑡) 𝑦 (𝑡)
[ 𝑟𝑥 (𝑡) (1 − )− − 𝐸 (𝑡) 𝑥 (𝑡) ] (5) that
[ 𝐾 𝛼 + 𝑥 (𝑡) ]
[ ]
[
=[ 𝑦 (𝑡) [
𝑚𝛽𝑥 (𝑡 − 𝜏2 )
− 𝑑] − 𝐸 (𝑡) 𝑦 (𝑡)
]
],
𝑥 (𝑡) ≤ 𝑥 (𝑡 − 𝜏1 ) 𝑒𝑟𝜏1 ,
[ 𝛼 + 𝑥 (𝑡 − 𝜏2 ) ]
[ ] (9)
[ 𝑎1 𝑎2 ] 𝑥 (𝑡)
𝐸 (𝑡) [𝑥 (𝑡) + 𝑦 (𝑡) − 𝑐] − V 𝑥 (𝑡) ≤ 𝑟𝑥 (𝑡) (1 − ),
[ 𝑏1 + 𝐸 (𝑡) 𝑥 (𝑡) 𝑏2 + 𝐸 (𝑡) 𝑦 (𝑡) ] 𝐾𝑒𝑟𝜏1
where the third equation in system (3) does not contain any which derives that
differentiated variables; hence the third row in leading matrix
100 lim sup 𝑥 (𝑡) ≤ 𝐾𝑒𝑟𝜏1 fl Q1 . (10)
Ξ = [ 0 1 0 ] has a zero row. 𝑡→∞
000
Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 3

If 𝜏1 is bounded, then it is easy to show that 𝑄1 > 0 and is If the following two inequalities hold
bounded. According to (10), it can be derived that there exists
𝑇1 > 0 such that 𝑥(𝑡) ≤ 𝑄1 holds for 𝑡 > 𝑇1 + 𝜏1 . 𝑐𝛼𝑏1 > 𝑎1 𝐾𝑒𝑟𝜏1 (𝑚𝛽𝐾𝑒𝑟𝜏1 − 𝛼𝑑) ,
Based on the first equation of system (3) and practical (18)
interpretations of prey survival, it can be derived that there 𝑐𝑏2 𝛼𝛽 > 𝑎2 𝑟 (𝛼 + 𝐾𝑒𝑟𝜏1 ) (𝑚𝛽𝐾𝑒𝑟𝜏1 − 𝛼𝑑) ,
exists 𝑇2 > 𝑇1 + 𝜏1 such that 𝑦(𝑡) ≤ 𝑟[𝛼 + 𝑥(𝑡)]/𝛽, and
𝑟𝜏
𝑟 [𝛼 + 𝑥 (𝑡)] 𝑟 (𝛼 + 𝐾𝑒 1 ) then 𝑊1 > 0 and 𝑊2 > 0 and is bounded, and there exists
lim sup 𝑦 (𝑡) ≤ ≤ fl 𝑄2 . (11) 𝑇8 > 𝑇7 such that 𝑥(𝑡) ≥ 𝑊1 and 𝑦(𝑡) ≥ 𝑊2 hold for 𝑡 > 𝑇8 .
𝑡→∞ 𝛽 𝛽
Based on the above analysis, it can be concluded that sys-
Similarly, based on the second equation of system (3) and tem (3) with initial conditions (4) is uniformly persistent.
practical interpretations of predator survival, it is shown that
there exists 𝑇3 > 𝑇2 such that
3. Local Stability Analysis
𝑚𝛽𝑥 (𝑡 − 𝜏2 )
𝐸 (𝑡) ≤ − 𝑑. (12) Firstly, interior equilibrium 𝑃∗ of system (3) in the case of V >
𝛼
0 is computed as follows: 𝑃∗ (𝑥∗ , 𝑦∗ , 𝐸∗ ) = (𝑥∗ , (𝛼 + 𝑥∗ )[𝐾𝑑 +
By using (8), if 𝜏2 is bounded then it follows that 𝐸(𝑡) ≤
𝑟(𝐾 − 𝑥∗ )]/𝐾𝛽 − 𝑚𝑥∗ , 𝑚𝛽𝑥∗ /(𝛼 + 𝑥∗ ) − 𝑑), and 𝑥∗ satisfy the
(𝑚𝛽𝑥(𝑡)/𝛼) − 𝑑, and
following equation:
𝑚𝛽𝐾𝑒𝑟𝜏1 − 𝛼𝑑
lim sup 𝐸 (𝑡) ≤ fl 𝑄3 . (13)
𝑡→∞ 𝛼 𝐴 0 𝑥∗6 + 𝐴 1 𝑥∗5 + 𝐴 2 𝑥∗4 + 𝐴 3 𝑥∗3 + 𝐴 4 𝑥∗2 + 𝐴 5 𝑥∗
𝑟𝜏1
If 𝑚𝛽𝐾𝑒 > 𝛼𝑑, then it can be derived that 𝑄3 > 0 and (19)
+ 𝐴 6 = 0,
is bounded. According to (13), it is shown that there exists
𝑇4 > 𝑇3 such that 𝐸(𝑡) ≤ 𝑄3 holds for 𝑡 > 𝑇4 .
By virtue of the third equation of system (3), when V > 0, where 𝐴 𝑘 (𝑘 = 0, 1, . . . , 6) are defined as follows:
it can be derived that there exists 𝑇5 > 𝑇4 such that
V 𝑎1 𝑎2 2
= 𝑥 (𝑡) + 𝑦 (𝑡) 𝐴 0 = 𝑟 (𝑑 − 𝑚𝛽) (𝑎1 + 𝑎2 − V + 𝑑 − 𝑚𝛽) ,
𝐸 (𝑡) 𝑏1 + 𝐸 (𝑡) 𝑥 (𝑡) 𝑏2 + 𝐸 (𝑡) 𝑦 (𝑡)
2
(14) 𝐴 1 = (𝑚𝛽 − 𝑑) [3𝛼𝑑𝑟
𝑎1 𝑥 (𝑡) 𝑎2 𝑦 (𝑡)
−𝑐≤ + − 𝑐,
𝑏1 𝑏2 + (𝐾𝑑 + 𝐾𝑟 − 𝛼𝑟 − 𝑚𝐾𝛽) (𝑚𝛽 − 𝑑 + V − 𝑎1 − 𝑎2 )
which implies that
− 𝑐𝑏1 𝑟] ,
lim inf 𝐸 (𝑡)
𝑡→∞
3 2
(15) 𝐴 2 = 𝐾𝛼 (𝑑 + 𝑟) (𝑚𝛽 − 𝑑) − 3𝛼𝑑 (𝑚𝛽 − 𝑑) (𝐾𝑑
V𝑏1 𝑏2 𝛽
≥ fl 𝑊3 .
𝑎1 𝑏2 𝛽𝐾𝑒𝑟𝜏1 𝑟𝜏
+ 𝑎2 𝑏1 𝑟 (𝛼 + 𝐾𝑒 1 ) − 𝑐𝑏1 𝑏2 𝛽 + 𝐾𝑟 − 𝛼𝑟 − 𝑚𝐾𝛽) − 3𝛼2 𝑑2 𝑟 (𝑚𝛽 − 𝑑) + (𝑚𝛽
𝑟𝜏1 𝑟𝜏1
If 𝑎1 𝑏2 𝛽𝐾𝑒 + 𝑎2 𝑏1 𝑟(𝛼 + 𝐾𝑒 ) > 𝑐𝑏1 𝑏2 𝛽, then it is easy 2
to show that 𝑊3 > 0 and is bounded, and then there exists − 𝑑) [𝑐𝑏1 (𝐾𝑑 + 𝐾𝑟 − 𝛼𝑟 − 𝑚𝐾𝛽) + 𝐾𝛽𝑐𝑏2
𝑇6 > 𝑇5 such that 𝐸(𝑡) ≥ 𝑊3 holds for 𝑡 > 𝑇6 .
By virtue of the third equation of system (3), when V > 0, − 𝛼𝐾 (𝑑 + 𝑟) (𝑎1 + 𝑎2 − V)] + 𝛼 (𝑚𝛽 − 𝑑) (𝑚𝛽
it can be derived that there exists 𝑇7 > 𝑇6 such that
− 3𝑑) [(𝑎1 + 𝑎2 − V) (𝐾𝑑 + 𝐾𝑟 − 𝛼𝑟 − 𝑚𝐾𝛽)
𝑏 𝑎
𝐸 (𝑡) 𝑥 (𝑡) > 1 [𝑐 − 2 𝐸 (𝑡) 𝑦 (𝑡)] ,
𝑎1 𝑏2 − 𝑐𝑏1 𝑟] ,
(16)
𝑏2 𝑎 2
𝐸 (𝑡) 𝑦 (𝑡) > [𝑐 − 1 𝐸 (𝑡) 𝑥 (𝑡)] . 𝐴 3 = 𝛼𝐾 (𝑑 + 𝑟) (𝑐𝑏1 − 3𝛼𝑑) (𝑚𝛽 − 𝑑) + 𝑟𝛼3 𝑑3
𝑎2 𝑏1
According to (10), (11), and (13), it can be obtained that + 𝐾𝑐𝑏1 𝑏2 𝛽 (𝑚𝛽 − 𝑑) + V𝑏1 𝑏2 𝐾𝛽 + 𝛼 (𝑚𝛽 − 𝑑) (𝐾𝑑
lim inf 𝑥 (𝑡)
𝑡→∞ + 𝐾𝑟 − 𝛼𝑟 − 𝑚𝐾𝛽) [3𝛼𝑑2 + 𝑐𝑏1 (𝑚𝛽 − 3𝑑)] + (V
𝑐𝑏2 𝛼𝛽 − 𝑎2 𝑟 (𝛼 + 𝐾𝑒𝑟𝜏1 ) (𝑚𝛽𝐾𝑒𝑟𝜏1 − 𝛼𝑑)
≥ fl 𝑊1 , − 𝑎1 ) 𝑏2 𝐾𝛽 (𝑚𝛽 − 𝑑) + 𝑟𝑑𝛼2 (3𝑑 − 2𝑚𝛽)
𝛼𝛽
(17)
⋅ [(𝑎1 + 𝑎2 − V) (𝐾𝑑 + 𝐾𝑟 − 𝛼𝑟 − 𝑚𝐾𝛽) − 𝑐𝑏1 𝑟]
𝑏 [𝛼𝑐𝑏1 − 𝑎1 𝐾𝑒𝑟𝜏1 (𝑚𝛽𝐾𝑒𝑟𝜏1 − 𝛼𝑑)]
lim inf 𝑦 (𝑡) ≥ 2
𝑡→∞ 𝑎2 𝑏1 (𝑚𝛽𝐾𝑒𝑟𝜏1 − 𝛼𝑑) + 𝛼 (𝑚𝛽 − 𝑑) (𝑚𝛽 − 3𝑑) [𝐾𝛽𝑐𝑏2
fl 𝑊2 . − 𝛼𝐾 (𝑑 + 𝑟) (𝑎1 + 𝑎2 − V)] ,
4 Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society

𝐴 4 = 𝛼3 𝑑3 [3𝐾 (𝑑 + 𝑟) (𝑚𝛽 − 𝑑) Furthermore, it follows from the practical interpretations

of interior equilibrium that 𝑃∗ exists provided that 𝑦∗ > 0
− 𝑑 (𝐾𝑑 + 𝐾𝑟 − 𝛼𝑟 − 𝑚𝐾𝛽)] + 𝑏2 𝐾𝛽𝛼2 (𝑚𝛽 − 𝑑) and 𝐸∗ > 0, which derives that
⋅ (V − 𝑎1 ) + 𝑐𝑏1 𝛼𝑘 (𝑑 + 𝑟) (𝑚𝛽 − 𝑑) (𝑚𝛽 − 3𝑑) 𝑟𝑥∗2 + (𝛼𝑟 + 𝐾𝑚𝛽 − 𝐾𝑑 − 𝐾𝑟) 𝑥∗ − 𝛼𝐾 (𝑑 + 𝑟) < 0,
(21)
⋅ [𝐾𝛽𝑐𝑏2 + 𝑐𝑏1 (𝐾𝑟 + 𝐾𝑑 − 𝑎𝛼𝑟 − 𝑚𝐾𝛽)] + 2 (𝑎1 (𝑚𝛽 − 𝑑) 𝑥∗ − 𝛼𝑑 > 0.
− V) 𝑏2 𝐾𝛼𝛽 (𝑚𝛽 − 𝑑) + 2 (𝑎2 − V) 𝑏1 𝑑𝛼2 𝐾 (𝑑 + 𝑟 It follows from Routh-Hurwitz criterion [21], simple
sufficient conditions for existence of 𝑃∗ of system (3) are as
− 𝑚𝛽) + 𝑏2 𝐾𝛼𝛽 (V − 𝑎1 ) (𝛼 − 2) (𝑚𝛽 − 𝑑) ,
follows:
𝐴 5 = 𝑐𝑏1 𝛼3 𝑑𝐾 (𝑑 + 𝑟) (3𝑑 − 2𝑚𝛽) + 𝑏2 𝐾𝑑𝛼3 𝛽 (𝑎1
0 < V < min {𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑑
− V) + 𝛼3 𝑑3 [𝐾𝛽𝑐𝑏2 − 𝛼𝐾 (𝑑 + 𝑟) (𝑎1 + 𝑎2 − V)
(22)
+ 𝑐𝑏1 (𝐾𝑟 + 𝐾𝑑 − 𝛼𝑟 − 𝑚𝐾𝛽)] + 𝑏1 (V − 𝑎2 ) (1 − 𝑎2 ) 𝑏2 𝛽 − 𝑑𝛼 (𝑑 + 𝑟)
− 𝑚𝛽, }.
𝑏2 𝛽 − 𝑑 − 𝑟
⋅ [𝛼3 𝐾 (𝑑 + 𝑟) (𝑚𝛽 − 𝑑) − 𝑚𝛽𝐾 − 2𝛼2 𝑑𝐾 (𝑑 + 𝑟)] ,
Based on Jacobian matrix of system (3) evaluated around
𝐴 6 = 𝑐𝑏1 𝛼4 𝐾𝑑2 (𝑑 + 𝑟) + (𝑎2 − V) 𝑏1 𝛼3 𝐾 (𝑑 + 𝑟) 𝑃∗ and Ξ defined in (5), characteristic equation of system (3)
around 𝑃∗ is as follows:
+ 𝐾𝛽𝑏1 𝑏2 𝛼3 (V − 𝑐𝑑) .
(20) 𝜆2 + 𝐵1 𝜆 + 𝐵2 + (𝐵3 𝜆 + 𝐵4 ) 𝑒−𝜆𝜏1 + 𝐵5 e−𝜆𝜏2 = 0, (23)

where 𝐵𝑖 , 𝑖 = 1, 2, . . . , 5, are defined as follows:

2 2
𝛽𝑥∗ 𝑦∗ 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝐸∗ 𝑦∗ (𝑏1 + 𝐸∗ 𝑥∗ ) + 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝐸∗ 𝑥∗ (𝑏2 + 𝐸∗ 𝑦∗ )
𝐵1 = − − ,
(𝛼 + 𝑥∗ )2 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑥∗ (𝑏2 + 𝐸∗ 𝑦∗ )2 + 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑦∗ (𝑏1 + 𝐸∗ 𝑥∗ )2 − 𝑐 (𝑏1 + 𝐸∗ 𝑥∗ )2 (𝑏2 + 𝐸∗ 𝑦∗ )2
2 2
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝛽𝑥∗ 𝑦∗2 𝐸∗ (𝑏1 + 𝐸∗ 𝑥∗ ) + 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝛽𝑥∗ 𝑦∗ 𝐸∗ (𝛼 + 𝑥∗ ) (𝑏2 + 𝐸∗ 𝑦∗ )
𝐵2 = 2 2 2 2
,
(𝛼 + 𝑥∗ )2 [𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑥∗ (𝑏2 + 𝐸∗ 𝑦∗ ) + 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑦∗ (𝑏1 + 𝐸∗ 𝑥∗ ) − 𝑐 (𝑏1 + 𝐸∗ 𝑥∗ ) (𝑏2 + 𝐸∗ 𝑦∗ ) ]

𝑟𝑥∗
𝐵3 = , (24)
𝐾
2
𝑟𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑥∗ 𝑦∗ 𝐸∗ (𝑏1 + 𝐸∗ 𝑥∗ )
𝐵4 = − 2 2 2 2
,
𝐾 [𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑥∗ (𝑏2 + 𝐸∗ 𝑦∗ ) + 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑦∗ (𝑏1 + 𝐸∗ 𝑥∗ ) − 𝑐 (𝑏1 + 𝐸∗ 𝑥∗ ) (𝑏2 + 𝐸∗ 𝑦∗ ) ]

𝑚𝛼𝛽𝑥∗ 𝑦∗ 𝛽 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝐸∗ (𝑏1 + 𝐸∗ 𝑥∗ )
𝐵5 = [ − ].
(𝛼 + 𝑥∗ )2 𝛼 + 𝑥∗ 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑥∗ (𝑏2 + 𝐸∗ 𝑦∗ )2 + 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑦∗ (𝑏1 + 𝐸∗ 𝑥∗ )2 − 𝑐 (𝑏1 + 𝐸∗ 𝑥∗ )2 (𝑏2 + 𝐸∗ 𝑦∗ )2

3.1. Case I: 𝜏1 > 0, 𝜏2 = 0. When 𝜏1 > 0 and 𝜏2 = 0, (23) can According to Routh-Hurwitz criterion [21], a simple suffi-
be rewritten as follows: cient condition (𝐵2 + 𝐵5 )2 − 𝐵42 < 0 guarantees existence of
positive root 𝜔1∗ of (27). Hence, (25) has a pair of purely imag-
𝜆2 + 𝐵1 𝜆 + 𝐵2 + 𝐵5 + (𝐵3 𝜆 + 𝐵4 ) 𝑒−𝜆𝜏1 = 0. (25)
inary roots of the form ±𝑖𝜔1∗ .
By substituting 𝜆 = 𝑖𝜔1 (𝜔1 > 0) into (25) and separating By eliminating sin(𝜔1 𝜏1 ) from (26), it can be calculated
∗
real and imaginary parts, it gives that that 𝜏1𝑘 corresponding to 𝜔1∗ is as follows:
𝜔12 − (𝐵2 + 𝐵5 ) = 𝐵4 cos (𝜔1 𝜏1 ) + 𝐵3 𝜔1 sin (𝜔1 𝜏1 ) ,
(26) 1 (𝐵 − 𝐵1 𝐵3 ) 𝜔1∗2 − (𝐵2 + 𝐵5 ) 𝐵4
∗
𝜏1𝑘 = arccos { 4 }
𝐵1 𝜔1 = −𝐵3 𝜔1 cos (𝜔1 𝜏1 ) + 𝐵4 sin (𝜔1 𝜏1 ) , 𝜔1∗
𝐵42 + 𝐵32 𝜔1∗2
(28)
which derives that 2𝑘𝜋
2 + ∗,
𝜔14 + [𝐵12 − 2 (𝐵2 + 𝐵5 ) − 𝐵32 ] 𝜔12 + (𝐵2 + 𝐵5 ) − 𝐵42 𝜔1
(27)
= 0. where 𝑘 = 0, 1, . . ..
Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 5

It follows from Butler’s lemma [22] that system (3) is − 𝐵3 𝐵5 𝜎1 cos (𝜎1 𝜏̃2 )
locally stable around 𝑃∗ when 0 < 𝜏1 < 𝜏10
∗
, 𝜏2 = 0.
Based on the above analysis, local stability analysis of − 𝐵4 𝐵5 sin (𝜎1 𝜏̃2 ) ,
system (3) around 𝑃∗ is concluded in Theorem 3.
𝑓12 (𝜎1 , 𝜏̃2 ) = 𝐵42 + 𝐵32 𝜎12 .
Theorem 3. If (𝐵2 + 𝐵5 )2 − 𝐵42 < 0, then system (3) is locally (33)
stable around 𝑃∗ when 0 < 𝜏1 < 𝜏10
∗ ∗
, 𝜏2 = 0, and 𝜏10 is defined
in (28). Based on 𝑓1𝑘 (𝜎1 , 𝜏̃2 ), 𝑘 = 0, 1, 2, defined in (32), we define
2 2 2
𝐹1 (𝜎1 , 𝜏̃2 ) = 𝑓10 (𝜎1 , 𝜏̃2 ) + 𝑓11 (𝜎1 , 𝜏̃2 ) − 𝑓12 (𝜎1 , 𝜏̃2 )
3.2. Case II: 𝜏1 = 0, 𝜏2 > 0. When 𝜏1 = 0, 𝜏2 > 0, by (34)
using similar arguments in Section 3.1, local stability analysis = 0.
of system (3) around 𝑃∗ can be concluded in the following
Theorem 4. It is difficult to discuss root properties of transcendental
equation (34) due to its complicated form. Without investi-
Theorem 4. If (𝐵2 + 𝐵4 )2 − 𝐵52 < 0, then system (3) is locally gating the properties of roots of (34) in detail, it follows from
stable around 𝑃∗ when 𝜏1 = 0, 0 < 𝜏2 < 𝜏20
∗ ∗
, and 𝜏20 is defined simple computations that (23) has a pair of purely imaginary
as follows: roots when (34) has at least two roots 0 < 𝜎10 < 𝜎11 < ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ .
By denoting 𝜎1𝑤 = max{𝜎1𝑘 , 𝑘 = 0, 1, . . .} and 𝜏1 which
∗ 1 𝜔2∗2 − 𝐵2 − 𝐵4 2𝑘𝜋 is considered to be bifurcation parameter, we can obtain the
𝜏2𝑘 = arccos { }+ ∗ , (29)
𝜔2∗ 𝐵5 𝜔2 corresponding critical value 𝜏1𝑤 :
where 𝑘 = 0, 1, . . . and 𝜔2∗ is a positive root of the following 𝜓1𝑤 + 2𝑘𝜋
equation: 𝜏1𝑘 = ,
𝜎1𝑤 (35)
2 2
𝜔24 + [(𝐵1 + 𝐵3 ) − 2 (𝐵2 + 𝐵4 )] 𝜔22 + (𝐵2 + 𝐵4 ) − 𝐵52 𝜏1𝑤 = min {𝜏1𝑘 , 𝑘 = 0, 1, . . .} ,
(30)
= 0. where 𝑘 = 0, 1, . . . , 𝜓1𝑐 ∈ [0, 2𝜋) satisfies the following
equations:
∗
3.3. Case III: 𝜏1 > 0, 𝜏2 ∈ (0, 𝜏20 ), 𝜏1 ≠ 𝜏2 . In this subsection,
𝜏1 is considered to be bifurcation parameter and 𝜏2 is regarded 𝑓10 (𝜎1𝑤 , 𝜏̃2 )
∗ ∗
cos 𝜓1𝑤 = ,
as fixed value 𝜏̃2 ∈ (0, 𝜏20 ), where 𝜏20 is determined in 𝑓12 (𝜎1𝑤 , 𝜏̃2 )
Theorem 4. (36)
Let 𝜆 = 𝑖𝜎1 (𝜎1 > 0) be the root of (23), and two tran- 𝑓 (𝜎 , 𝜏̃ )
sin 𝜓1𝑤 = 11 1𝑤 2 .
scendental equations are obtained as follows: 𝑓12 (𝜎1𝑤 , 𝜏̃2 )

𝜎12 − (𝐵2 + 𝐵5 cos (𝜎1 𝜏̃2 )) Based on the above analysis, local stability analysis
around 𝑃∗ due to dynamical variation of bifurcation param-
= 𝐵4 cos (𝜎1 𝜏1 ) + 𝐵3 𝜎1 sin (𝜎1 𝜏1 ) , eter 𝜏1 can be summarized as follows.
(31)
𝐵1 𝜎1 − 𝐵5 sin (𝜎1 𝜏̃2 ) Theorem 5. If (34) has at least two roots 0 < 𝜎10 < 𝜎11 < ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ,
and there exists 𝜏1𝑤 defined in (35), then system (3) is locally
= 𝐵4 sin (𝜎1 𝜏1 ) − 𝐵3 𝜎1 cos (𝜎1 𝜏1 ) , stable around 𝑃∗ when 0 < 𝜏1 < 𝜏1𝑤 , 𝜏2 = 𝜏̃2 .
where 𝐵𝑘 , 𝑘 = 1, 2, . . . , 5, are defined in (23).
∗
By eliminating 𝜏̃2 from (31), it can be derived that 3.4. Case IV: 𝜏2 > 0, 𝜏1 ∈ (0, 𝜏10 ), 𝜏1 ≠ 𝜏2 . In this
subsection, 𝜏2 is considered to bifurcation parameter and 𝜏1 is
𝑓10 (𝜎1 , 𝜏̃2 ) regarded as fixed value 𝜏̃1 ∈ (0, 𝜏10∗ ∗
), where 𝜏10 is determined
cos (𝜎1 𝜏1 ) = ,
𝑓12 (𝜎1 , 𝜏̃2 ) in Theorem 3. By using similar arguments in Theorem 5 of
(32) this paper, local stability analysis around 𝑃∗ can be concluded
𝑓 (𝜎 , 𝜏̃ ) in Theorem 6.
sin (𝜎1 𝜏1 ) = 11 1 2 ,
𝑓12 (𝜎1 , 𝜏̃2 ) Firstly, we define following equation:
2 2 2
where 𝑓1𝑘 (𝜎1 , 𝜏̃2 ), 𝑘 = 0, 1, 2, are defined as follows: 𝐹2 (𝜎2 , 𝜏̃1 ) = 𝑓20 (𝜎2 , 𝜏̃1 ) + 𝑓21 (𝜎2 , 𝜏̃1 ) − 𝑓22 (𝜎2 , 𝜏̃1 )
(37)
𝑓10 (𝜎1 , 𝜏̃2 ) = (𝐵4 − 𝐵1 𝐵3 ) 𝜎12 − 𝐵2 𝐵4 = 0,

− 𝐵4 𝐵5 cos (𝜎1 𝜏̃2 ) where 𝑓2𝑘 (𝜎2 , 𝜏̃2 ), 𝑘 = 0, 1, 2, are defined as follows:

+ 𝐵3 𝐵5 𝜎1 sin (𝜎1 𝜏̃2 ) , 𝑓20 (𝜎2 , 𝜏̃1 ) = 𝜎22 − 𝐵2 − 𝐵4 cos (𝜎2 𝜏̃1 )

𝑓11 (𝜎1 , 𝜏̃2 ) = 𝐵3 𝜎13 + (𝐵1 𝐵4 − 𝐵2 𝐵3 ) 𝜎1 − 𝐵3 𝜎2 sin (𝜎2 𝜏̃1 ) ,

6 Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society

𝑓21 (𝜎2 , 𝜏̃1 ) = 𝐵1 𝜎2 + 𝐵3 𝜎2 cos (𝜎2 𝜏̃1 ) The Hamiltonian function 𝐻(𝑡) associated with system
(3) with 𝜏̂1 and 𝜏̂2 is
− 𝐵4 sin (𝜎2 𝜏̃1 ) ,
𝑎1
𝑓22 (𝜎2 , 𝜏̃1 ) = 𝐵5 . 𝐻 (𝑡) = 𝑒−𝛿𝑡 [𝐸 (𝑡) 𝑥 (𝑡)
𝑏1 + 𝐸 (𝑡) 𝑥 (𝑡)
(38)
𝑎2
+ 𝐸 (𝑡) 𝑦 (𝑡) − 𝑐𝐸 (𝑡)] + 𝜆 1 (𝑡)
Theorem 6. If (37) has at least two roots 0 < 𝜎20 < 𝜎21 < 𝑏2 + 𝐸 (𝑡) 𝑦 (𝑡)
(43)
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ , there exists a critical delay 𝜏2𝑤 , and then system (3) is 𝑥𝜏̂1
𝛽𝑥 (𝑡) 𝑦 (𝑡)
locally stable around 𝑃∗ when 0 < 𝜏2 < 𝜏2𝑤 , 𝜏1 = 𝜏̃1 , where ⋅ [𝑟𝑥 (𝑡) (1 − )− − 𝐸 (𝑡) 𝑥 (𝑡)]
𝐾 𝛼 + 𝑥 (𝑡)
𝜏2𝑤 = min{(𝜓2𝑤 + 2𝑘𝜋)/𝜎2𝑤 , 𝑘 = 0, 1, . . .}, 𝜎2𝑤 = max{𝜎2𝑘 , 𝑘 =
0, 1, . . .} and 𝜓2𝑤 ∈ [0, 2𝜋) satisfies the following equations: 𝑚𝛽𝑥𝜏̂2
+ 𝜆 2 (𝑡) [𝑦 (𝑡) ( − 𝑑) − 𝐸 (𝑡) 𝑦 (𝑡)] ,
𝛼 + 𝑥𝜏̂2
𝑓20 (𝜎2𝑤 , 𝜏̃1 )
cos 𝜓2𝑤 = , where 𝑥𝜏̂1 fl 𝑥(𝑡 − 𝜏̂1 ), 𝑥𝜏̂2 fl 𝑥(𝑡 − 𝜏̂2 ), and 𝜆 1 (𝑡), 𝜆 2 (𝑡) are
𝑓22 (𝜎2𝑤 , 𝜏̃1 )
(39) adjoint functions.
𝑓 (𝜎 , 𝜏̃ )
sin 𝜓2𝑤 = 21 2𝑤 1 . Theorem 7. There exists an optimal harvest 𝐸𝛿 which is deter-
𝑓22 (𝜎2𝑤 , 𝜏̃1 ) mined by (44); furthermore, there exist adjoint functions 𝜆 1 (𝑡),
𝜆 2 (𝑡) satisfying system (47) with 𝜆 𝑘 (𝑡𝑓 ) = 0, 𝑘 = 1, 2.
4. Optimal Control Problem
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑥𝛿 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑦𝛿
In this section, 𝜏1 and 𝜏2 are considered to be a fixed value 2
+ 2
∗ (𝑏1 + 𝐸𝛿 𝑥𝛿 ) (𝑏2 + 𝐸𝛿 𝑦𝛿 ) (44)
𝜏̂1 ∈ (0, 𝜏1𝑤 ) and 𝜏̂2 ∈ (0, 𝜏20 ), respectively; 𝜏̂1 ≠ 𝜏̂2 , 𝜏1𝑤 , and
∗
𝜏20 have been determined in Theorems 5 and 4, respectively. = 𝑐 + [𝑥𝛿 𝜆 1 (𝑡) + 𝑦𝛿 𝜆 2 (𝑡)] 𝑒 . 𝛿𝑡
It follows from Theorem 5 that system (3) with 𝜏̂1 and 𝜏̂2
is locally stable around 𝑃∗ , and we will investigate optimal Proof. By differentiating 𝐻(𝑡), the adjoint system can be
control 𝐸(𝑡) with maximizing total discounted net revenues obtained as follows:
and minimizing commercial harvesting cost during [𝑡0 , 𝑡𝑓 ].
The optimal harvest control problem is formulated as follows: 𝑑𝜆 1 𝜕𝐻 𝜕𝐻
=− (𝑡) − 𝜒1[𝑡0 ,𝑡𝑓 −̂𝜏1 ] (𝑡) (𝑡 + 𝜏̂1 )
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜏̂1
𝑡𝑓
𝑎1
𝐽 (𝐸) = ∫ 𝑒−𝛿𝑡 [𝐸 (𝑡) 𝑥 (𝑡) 𝜕𝐻
𝑡0 𝑏1 + 𝐸 (𝑡) 𝑥 (𝑡) − 𝜒2[𝑡0 ,𝑡𝑓 −̂𝜏2 ] (𝑡) (𝑡 + 𝜏̂2 ) , (45)
(40) 𝜕𝑥𝜏̂2
𝑎2
+ 𝐸 (𝑡) 𝑦 (𝑡) − 𝑐𝐸 (𝑡)] 𝑑𝑡, 𝑑𝜆 2 𝜕𝐻
𝑏2 + 𝐸 (𝑡) 𝑦 (𝑡) =− (𝑡) ,
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦

where 𝛿 is instantaneous annual discount rate [7], and opti- where

mal control problem (40) is subject to the first and second
delayed differential equations of system (3) with 𝜏̂1 and 𝜏̂2 . {1, 𝑡 ∈ [0, 𝑡𝑓 − 𝜏̂1 ] ,
Furthermore, convexity of 𝐽(𝐸) with respect to 𝐸(𝑡), linearity 𝜒1[𝑡0 ,𝑡𝑓 −̂𝜏1 ] (𝑡) = {
of the delayed differential equations with 𝐸(𝑡), and range val- 0, otherwise,
{
ues compactness of state variables can be uniformly investi- (46)
gated when discussing existence of optimal harvest control {1, 𝑡 ∈ [0, 𝑡𝑓 − 𝜏̂2 ] ,
𝐸(𝑡). By assuming 𝐸𝛿 as an optimal harvest control with 𝜒2[𝑡0 ,𝑡𝑓 −̂𝜏2 ] (𝑡) = {
0, otherwise.
corresponding optimal state variables 𝑥𝛿 and 𝑦𝛿 of system (3) {
with 𝜏̂1 and 𝜏̂2 , and 𝐸𝛿 satisfies the following condition:
By using the optimal conditions, (45) can be rewritten as
follows:
𝐽 (𝐸𝛿 ) = max {𝐽 (𝐸 (𝑡)) | 𝐸 (𝑡) ∈ 𝑈} , (41)
𝑑𝜆 1
𝑑𝑡
where 𝑈 represents control set that is defined as follows:
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝐸 (𝑡)
= −𝑒−𝛿𝑡 2
𝑈 = {𝐸 : [𝑡0 , 𝑡𝑓 ] (𝑏1 + 𝐸 (𝑡) 𝑥 (𝑡))
(42) 𝑥 (𝑡) 𝛼𝛽𝑦 (𝑡)
󳨀→ [0, 𝐸max ] | 𝐸 is Lebesgue measurable.} . + 𝜆 1 (𝑡) [𝑟 ( − 1) + + 𝐸 (𝑡)]
𝐾 (𝛼 + 𝑥 (𝑡))2
Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 7

𝑟𝑥 (𝑡) 𝜆 2 (𝑡 + 𝜏̂1 ) 𝑚𝛽𝑥𝑘−𝑗

+ 𝜒1[𝑡0 ,𝑡𝑓 −̂𝜏1 ] (𝑡) 𝑦𝑘+1 = 𝑦𝑘 + 𝜌 [𝑦𝑘 ( − 𝑑) − 𝐸𝑘 𝑦𝑘 ] ,
𝐾 𝛼 + 𝑥𝑘−𝑗
𝑚𝛼𝛽𝑦 (𝑡) 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝐸𝑘+1
− 𝜒2[𝑡0 ,𝑡𝑓 −̂𝜏2 ] (𝑡) 𝜆 2 (𝑡 + 𝜏̂2 ) , 𝜆𝑛−𝑘−1 = 𝜆𝑛−𝑘 −𝛿(𝑛−𝑘)
(𝛼 + 𝑥 (𝑡))2 1 1 − 𝜌𝑒 2
(𝑏1 + 𝐸𝑘+1 𝑥𝑘+1 )
𝑑𝜆 2
𝑑𝑡 𝑥𝑘+1 𝛼𝛽𝑦𝑘+1
+ 𝜌𝜆𝑛−𝑘
1 [𝑟 ( − 1) + 2
+ 𝐸𝑘+1 ]
𝐾 (𝛼 + 𝑥𝑘+1 )
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝐸 (𝑡) 𝛽𝑥 (𝑡) 𝜆 1 (𝑡)
= −𝑒−𝛿𝑡 2
+
(𝑏2 + 𝐸 (𝑡) 𝑦 (𝑡)) 𝛼 + 𝑥 (𝑡) 𝑟𝑥𝑘−𝑗
+ 𝜌 [𝜒1[𝑡0 ,𝑡𝑓 −̂𝜏1 ] 𝜆𝑛−𝑘+𝑖
1
𝑚𝛽𝑥 (𝑡) 𝐾
+ 𝜆 2 (𝑡) (𝐸 (𝑡) + 𝑑 − ).
𝛼 + 𝑥 (𝑡)
𝑛−𝑘+𝑗 𝑚𝛼𝛽𝑦𝑘+1
(47) − 𝜒2[𝑡0 ,𝑡𝑓 −̂𝜏2 ] 𝜆 2 2
],
(𝛼 + 𝑥𝑘+1 )
In optimal control problem (40), there is not terminal cost
and final state is free. Consequently, transversality conditions 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝐸𝑘+1
(bounded conditions) for adjoint functions are as follows: 𝜆𝑛−𝑘−1
2 = 𝜆𝑛−𝑘
2 − 𝜌 [𝑒
−𝛿(𝑛−𝑘)
2
(𝑏2 + 𝐸𝑘+1 𝑦𝑘+1 )
𝜆 𝑘 (𝑡𝑓 ) = 0, 𝑘 = 1, 2.
It is easy to obtain characterization of optimal harvest 𝛽𝑥𝑘+1 𝜆𝑛−𝑘 𝑚𝛽𝑥𝑘+1
control 𝐸𝛿 , which derives that 𝜕𝐻/𝜕𝐸|𝐸=𝐸𝛿 = 0. Conse- − 1
− 𝜆𝑛−𝑘
2 (𝐸𝑘+1 + 𝑑 − )] .
quently, it follows from simple computations that there exists 𝛼 + 𝑥𝑘+1 𝛼 + 𝑥𝑘+1
an optimal harvest 𝐸𝛿 determined by (49)
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑥𝛿 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑦𝛿
2
+ 2
(𝑏1 + 𝐸𝛿 𝑥𝛿 ) (𝑏2 + 𝐸𝛿 𝑦𝛿 ) (48)
𝛿𝑡
= 𝑐 + [𝑥𝛿 𝜆 1 (𝑡) + 𝑦𝛿 𝜆 2 (𝑡)] 𝑒 , In order to show effectiveness of optimal harvest control
designed in Theorem 7, parameters values of system (3) are
where 𝜆 1 (𝑡), 𝜆 2 (𝑡) satisfies system (47) with 𝜆 𝑘 (𝑡𝑓 ) = 0, 𝑘 = partially from [5], 𝑟 = 2.5, 𝐾 = 1.4, 𝑚 = 0.6, 𝛽 = 1, 𝛼 = 1.4,
1, 2. 𝑑 = 0.09, 𝑎1 = 1, 𝑎2 = 0.5, 𝑏1 = 1.2, 𝑏2 = 1, 𝑐 = 0.05, 𝛿 = 0.01,
𝑡0 = 0, and 𝑡𝑓 = 120 with appropriate units. By using given
Remark 8. It follows from similar arguments in Theorem 7 values of parameters and simple computations, interior equi-
that symmetric optimal control problem on cases in Sec- librium 𝑃∗ (0.2471, 3.3911, 0.7467) exists provided that 0 <
tion 3.4 can be also obtained, which are omitted in this paper. V < 0.1491. In the following part, V = 0.075 is utilized
∗
𝜏1 and 𝜏2 can be set to be a fixed value 𝜏̂1 ∈ (0, 𝜏10 ) and 𝜏̂2 ∈ in the numerical simulations, which is arbitrarily selected
∗
(0, 𝜏2𝑤 ), respectively; 𝜏̂1 ≠ 𝜏̂2 , 𝜏10 , and 𝜏2𝑤 are determined in within (0, 0.1491) and is enough to merit theoretical analysis
Theorems 3 and 6, respectively. obtained in this paper. It follows from Theorem 3, Theorem 7,
and simple computations that system (3) is locally stable
In the following part, the optimal system is numerically ∗
around (0.2471, 3.3911, 0.7467) when 0 < 𝜏1 < 𝜏10 = 0.5632
solved based on an iterative method with Runge-Kutta fourth
and 𝜏2 = 0. By using similar arguments and Theorems 4 and
order scheme. Firstly, by assuming that there exist a step
7, it is revealed that system (3) is locally stable around (0.2471,
size 𝜌 > 0 and integers 𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑛 with 𝜏1 = 𝑖𝜌, 𝜏2 = 𝑗𝜌, and ∗
3.3911, 0.7467) when 0 < 𝜏2 < 𝜏20 = 0.3894 and 𝜏1 = 0. As
𝑡𝑓 − 𝑡0 = 𝑛𝜌. Secondly, we initialize optimal harvest control
analyzed in Section 3.3, 𝜏̂2 = 0.15 is arbitrarily selected within
with a given initial value 𝐸0 = 0.09. By using forward differ- ∗
(0, 𝜏20 ), that is, (0, 0.3894), and it follows from Theorems 5
ence approximation, we solve the first and second differential
and 7 that system (3) is locally stable around (0.2471, 3.3911,
equation of system (3) with initial conditions 𝑥0 = 0.38, 𝑦0 =
0.7467) when 0 < 𝜏1 < 𝜏1𝑤 = 0.4126 and 𝜏̂2 = 0.15. As
0.43. Thirdly, by using backward difference approximation,
analyzed in Section 3.4, 𝜏̂1 = 0.28 is arbitrarily selected within
we solve the adjoint functions (47) with transversality condi- ∗
(0, 𝜏10 ), that is, (0, 0.5632), and it follows from Theorems 6
tions. Finally, the optimal harvest control is updated by values
and 7 that system (3) is locally stable around (0.2471, 3.3911,
of the state and adjoint variables, and the updated optimal
0.7467) when 𝜏̂1 = 0.28 and 0 < 𝜏2 < 𝜏2𝑤 = 0.2219. Numeri-
harvest control is replaced with the initial value given in the
cal simulations are made to investigate dynamic effects of
second step. This process will be repeated until successive
double time delays on variation of optimal prey, predator
iterates of harvest control values become sufficiently close.
biomass, and optimal harvest control, which can be found in
By utilizing combinations of forward and backward dif-
Figures 1 and 2, respectively. The initial values of simulation
ference approximations, it can be derived that for 𝑘 =
work made in Figure 1 are as follows: 𝑥(0) = 0.28, 𝑦(0) =
0, . . . , 𝑛 − 1
0.31, 𝐸(0) = 0.76, and initial values of simulation work made
𝑥𝑘−𝑖 𝛽𝑥𝑘 𝑦𝑘 in Figure 2 are as follows: 𝑥(0) = 0.42, 𝑦(0) = 0.21, 𝐸(0) =
𝑥𝑘+1 = 𝑥𝑘 + 𝜌 [𝑟𝑥𝑘 (1 − )− − 𝐸𝑘 𝑥𝑘 ] ,
𝐾 𝛼 + 𝑥𝑘 0.81.
8 Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society

2 predator population, which are developed as control instru-

x 1
ments to investigate optimal utilization of prey-predator
fishery resource. Positivity of solutions and uniform persist-
0 ence of system are discussed in Theorems 1 and 2. By ana-
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
lyzing associated characteristic transcendental equation,
Time
local stability around interior equilibrium is discussed due
4
to combined variations of double time delays, which can be
y 2 found in Theorem 3 to Theorem 6. Furthermore, an opti-
mal harvest control is designed in Theorem 7. By using
0 the proposed mathematical model and dynamical analysis,
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time
authors aim to obtain some results which are theoretically
2
beneficial to discussing optimal harvesting strategies and
sustainability mechanism of harvested prey-predator fishery
E 1 system with double time delays. Furthermore, the theoretical
results may be potentially constructive for administrative
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 agencies to formulate regulatory policies to preserve eco-
Time nomic optimality through ensuring global sustainability.
𝜏1 = 0.15, 𝜏2 = 0.15
𝜏1 = 0.25, 𝜏2 = 0.15
Competing Interests
𝜏1 = 0.35, 𝜏2 = 0.15 All authors of this article declare that there is no conflict of
Figure 1: Stable dynamical variation of optimal prey, predator interests regarding the publication of this article. We have no
biomass and optimal harvest control with the increasing time under proprietary, financial, professional, or other personal interest
𝜏1 = 0.15, 0.25, 0.35 and 𝜏2 = 0.15, respectively. of any nature or kind in any product, service, and/or company
that could be construed as influencing the position presented
in, or the review of, this article.
1.5
x 1 Acknowledgments
0.5
0 This work is supported by National Natural Science Founda-
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 tion of China, Grant No. 61104003 and Grant No. 61673099,
Time Research Program for Liaoning Excellent Talents in Uni-
4 versity, Grant No. LJQ2014027, and Hebei Province Natural
Science Foundation, Grant No. F2015501047. This work is
y 2
supported by Hong Kong Admission Scheme for Mainland
0 Talents and Professionals, Hong Kong Special Administrative
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Region.
Time
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