EURADOS, Prague, WG3 Meeting, 10th February 2011

Gordana Pantelić

Serbian Institute of Occupational Health ”Dr Dragomir Karajović”

-are search algorithms based on the mechanics
of natural selection and natural genetic.

-GA have been developed by John Holland, his

colleagues and his students at the Univesity of
Michigan, 1962.

GA -Optimization method which doesn′t require the definitions of

initial conditions.

Involve only - random number generation,

- string copies and
- partial string exchanges.
Parameter values
™ binary encoding,
a1 b 1 c 1 d 1 e 1 f 1 g 1
™ real number.

A chromosome is represented by a string of finite lenght,

which could be the possible solution of the problem.
Lenght of chromosome – number of parameters in the model.
An element in the string (gene) has the value of the
corresponding model parameter.
Population – group of possible solutions of the problem.
 GA
Parameters ai are randomly generated in the initial population
a i = a i1 + (a i 2 − a i1 ) ⋅ r
1. а1 b1 c1 d1 ... u1
2. а2 b2 c2 d2 ... u2
3. а3 b3 c3 d3 ... u3
n
io

4. а4 b4 c4 d4 ... u4
at
ul

... ..................
p
Po

n. аn bn cn dn ... un
5 5Population
populacija
1010Population
populacija
1E7
2020Population
populacija
vrednost kriterijumske funkcije

1000000

100000

10000

1000

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000

broj generacija
Number of generation
 GA

Each chromosome in the population has

fitness function (sum of squared
differences between the fit and
experimental data)

n
S = ∑ i i
( A
i =1
− f ( t )) 2
 GA
Procedures which are applied to successive string populations to
create new string populations:
™ selection,
™ parent choosing,
™ crossover
™ mutation.
 GA
Procedures which are applied to successive string populations to
create new string populations:
™ selection,
™ parent choosing,
™ crossover
™ mutation.

a1 b 1 c 1 d 1 e 1 f 1 g 1

a2 b 2 c 2 d 2 e 2 f 2 g 2

Simple crossover
А) 1-point crossover
 GA
Procedures which are applied to successive string populations to
create new string populations:
™ selection,
™ parent choosing,
™ crossover
™ mutation.

a1 b 1 c 1 d 1 e f g
1 1 1

a b c d e2 f 2 g2
2 2 2 2

Simple crossover
А) 1-point crossover
 GA
Procedures which are applied to successive string populations to
create new string populations:
™ selection,
™ parent choosing,
™ crossover
™ mutation.

a1 b 1 c 1 d 1 e 2 f 2 g 2

a2 b 2 c 2 d 2 e 1 f 1 g 1

Simple crossover
А) 1-point crossover
 GA
Procedures which are applied to successive string populations to
create new string populations:
™ selection,
™ parent choosing,
™ crossover
™ mutation.

a1 b 1 c 1 d 1 e 1 f 1 g 1

a2 b2 c 2 d 2 e 2 f 2 g2

Simple crossover
B) 2-point crossover
 GA
Procedures which are applied to successive string populations to
create new string populations:
™ selection,
™ parent choosing,
™ crossover
™ mutation.

a1 b 2 c2 d2 e2 f 1 g1

a2 b1 c1 d 1 e1 f 2 g2

Simple crossover
B) 2-point crossover
 GA
Procedures which are applied to successive string populations to
create new string populations:
™ selection,
™ parent choosing,
™ crossover
™ mutation.

a1 b 1 c 1 d 1 e 1 f 1 g 1

a2 b2 c 2 d 2 e 2 f 2 g 2

Uniform crossover – Form 2 offspring

where for each position in the offspring it
is decided with certain probability which
parent will contribute to its value.
 GA
Procedures which are applied to successive string populations to
create new string populations:
™ selection,
™ parent choosing,
™ crossover
™ mutation.

a1 b 2 c 2 d 1 e 2 f 1 g 1

a2 b 1 c 1 d 2 e 1 f 2 g 2

Uniform crossover – Form 2 offspring

where for each position in the offspring it
is decided with certain probability which
parent will contribute to its value.
 GA
Procedures which are applied to successive string populations to
create new string populations:
™ selection,
™ parent choosing,
™ crossover
™ mutation.

The primary role of the mutation is to

keep diversity in the population.
The mutation ought to create small
changes in the individuals from the
population.
p=0.01
 Two comparment model for predicting the
transport of radionuclides from pasture to milk
dAt
= −λ 1 At
dt
dAm
= f t I t At − λ 2 Am
dt
λ 1= λ f + λ e Solutions:
λ 2= λ f + λ b
− λ 1t
At = Ato e
Pulse input ⎛ f t I t Ato ⎞ −λ 2t ft I t Ato −λ 1t
⎜
Am = ⎜ Amo + ⎟⎟e − e
⎝ λ 1−λ 2 ⎠ λ 1− λ 2
Pulse and continuous input

f I t Ato −λ1 t − λ 2t
f It I ⎡ λ2 λ1 −λ 2t −λ 1t ⎤
Am = (e − e ) + ⎢1 − ( e − e )⎥
λ 2 −λ 1 λ 1λ 2 ⎣ λ1 − λ2 λ2 ⎦
 Chernobyl accident

Gross beta activity in

the аerosol in Belgrade,
spring 1986

Gross beta activity in

the fall-out in Belgrade,
spring 1986
 Experiment at PKB

PKB – Agricultural 300 Sampling from 14th May to

Plant in Belgrade 25th May 1986 every day
+ 16th May 1986

I group II group Control group

20 kg fresh 40 kg fresh 40 kg hay (from 1985)

green mass green mass
20 kg hay
 GA

Experimental data:
Activity in milk

Unknown parameters:

⎛ fIA ⎞ fIA
Am = ⎜⎜ Amo + t t to ⎟⎟e−λ 2t − t t to e−λ 1t
⎝ λ 1−λ 2 ⎠ λ 1− λ 2

f I t Ato −λ1t f It I ⎡ λ2 λ ⎤
Am = ( e − e − λ 2t ) + ⎢1 − ( 1 e −λ 2t − e −λ 1t )⎥
λ 2 −λ 1 λ 1λ 2 ⎣ λ1 − λ2 λ2 ⎦
Gen fitness a1 a2 a3 a4 a5
1 59378.64 36.31 0.3245 906.11 0.5633 0.0084796
2 59378.64 36.31 0.3245 906.11 0.5633 0.0084796
3 59378.64 36.31 0.3245 906.11 0.5633 0.0084796
4 27710.73 36.31 0.2875 906.11 0.7461 0.0084796
5 27710.73 36.31 0.2875 906.11 0.7461 0.0084796
………………………………….
49 7698.80 56.74 0.2636 883.34 0.7950 0.0060037
62 7361.38 47.10 0.2636 883.34 0.7950 0.0060037
………………………………..
495 3019.77 21.75 0.2069 854.67 0.6522 0.0051340
496 2671.49 21.75 0.2069 854.67 0.5941 0.0051340
…………………………..
22249 2427.83 1.00 0.1528 850.00 0.5391 0.0043700
22278 2426.24 1.00 0.1528 850.00 0.5367 0.0043700
……………………..
2860917 12.34 1.00 0.2036 1087.82 0.3781 0.0029971
2924902 12.30 1.00 0.2038 1087.78 0.3778 0.002997
Experiment at PKB
Measured and fitted values of milk activity

II grupa
group
160
140
131I IIIIgrupa
group
Kontrolna
Control
FIT
FIT (I grupa)
group)
120 FIT
FIT (II group)
(II grupa)
FIT
FIT (Control)
Aktivnost (Bq/l)

100 (Kontrolna)
80
Activity

60
40
20
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
dani
days
 Experiment at PKB
Measured and fitted values of milk activity
II grupa
12 134Cs group
IIIIgrupa
group
Kontrolna
Control
10
FIT
FIT(I(Igrupa)
group)
Aktivnost (Bq/l)

8 FIT (II grupa)

FIT (II group)
FIT
FIT(Kontrolna)
(Control)
6
Activity

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
days
dani
25 137Cs IIgrupa
group
IIIIgrupa
group
Control
Kontrolna
20
FIT(I (I
FIT group)
grupa)
Aktivnost (Bq/l)

FIT(II(II
FIT group)
grupa)
15 FIT (Control
FIT (Kontrolna) )
Activity

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
dani
days
 Experiment at PKB
Measured and fitted values of milk activity
25
IIgrupa
group
20
103Ru IIIIgrupa
group
Kontrolna
Control
FIT
FIT(I(Igrupa)
group)
15 FIT
FIT(II(II
grupa)
group)
Aktivnost (Bq/l)

FIT
FIT(Kontrolna)
(Control)
10
Activity

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
days dani 20 I Igrupa
group
106Ru IIIIgrupa
group
Control
Kontrolna
Aktivnost (Bq/l)

15 FIT(I grupa)
FIT (I group)
FIT(II(II
FIT group)
grupa)
Activity

FIT (Control
FIT (Kontrolna) )
10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
days
dani
Activity in food 14th May 1986 in experiment at PKB (Bq/kg)
Radionuclide Control I group II group
131I 127 1068 2009
133 962 1880
134Cs 22 284 546
29.2 240 562
137Cs 49 724 1399
55.6 657 1180
103Ru 153 1842 3531
180 2051 3171
106Ru 97 629 1161
111 647 1340

X measured, X calculated
Activity in milk 14th May 1986 in experiment at PKB (Bq/l)
Radionuclide Control I group II group
131I 15.4 44.8 57.8
13 41.4 52.4
134Cs 0.24 3.2 3
0.2 2.7 2.9
137Cs 3.9 5.7 7.5
3.3 5.3 6.7
103Ru 21 16.1 19.4
22.3 17.5 19.3
106Ru 9 10 11.9
8.2 10.1 14

X measured, X calculated
 Experiment at PKB
Measured and fitted values of milk activity
20
106Ru II grupa
group
II grupa Pulse input
II group
Kontrolna
Aktivnost (Bq/l)

Control
15 FIT (I(Igrupa)
FIT group)
FIT (II(IIgrupa)
FIT group)
Activity

10 FIT (Kontrolna)
FIT (Control)

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
daysdani IIgrupa
group
20 106Ru IIIIgrupa
group
Kontrolna
Control
Aktivnost (Bq/l)
15 FIT
FIT(I grupa)
(I group)
FIT
FIT(II(II
grupa)
group)
Activity

FIT
FIT(Kontrolna)
(Control)
10
Pulse and continuous input
5

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
dani
days
 Radionuclide transfer coefficient to milk
(day/l )

Obtain with GA Literature data

Nuclide (IAEA TRS 472, 2010)
Pulse input Pulse and Average Range
continuous input values
131I (1.20 ± 0.15) .10-3 (1.15 ± 0.09) .10-3 5.4.10-3 4.10-4 - 2.5.10-2
134Cs (4.9 ± 2.8) .10-4 (4.4 ± 1.8) .10-4 4.6.10-3 6.10-4 - 6.8.10-2
137Cs (4.3 ± 0.9) .10-4 (3.2 ± 0.9) .10-4
103Ru (3 ± 1) .10-4 (4.2 ± 1.6) .10-4 9.4.10-6 6.7.10-7 - 1.4.10-4
106Ru (4.3 ± 2.0) .10-4 (7.3 ± 0.8) .10-4
 Biological half-life of radionuclides in milk
Experiment Literature data
Nuclide Т1/2(day) Т1/2(day) /Reference/
Group Pulse input Pulse and
cont.input
I 4.1 4.3 3.0 /Shaeffer, 1981/
131I II 3.2 3.9 1.4 /Bonka et al., 1989/
Control 6.0 7.9 0.87-2.57 /Vandecasteele et al., 2000
I 1.5 2.8
134Cs II 1.1 2.8
Control 3.1 3.7

I 1.1 1.9 4 /Van den Hoek et al., 1969/

137Cs II 1.1 2.8 4 /Karlen, 1993/
Control 3.5 3.5 1.5 /Voigt et al., 1989/
I 0.7 0.9
103Ru II 0.7 0.8
Control 1.1 1.8
I 0.7 1.2
106Ru II 0.7 0.7
Control 2.6 2.2
 Parameter uncertainty < 10 %
160
140 131I II grupa
120 FIT (1. put) Uncertainty
FIT (2. put)
100
FIT (3. put) 0.6-8.8 %
Aktivnost (Bq/l)

80
60
40
20
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
dani

25 II grupa
137Cs FIT(1. put)
20 FIT(2. put)
FIT(3. put)
15
Aktivnost (Bq/l)

10

Uncertainty 5

1.2 - 5 % 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
dani
 GA - Optimization method that imitate natural selection
mechanisms.
It doesn′t require the definitions of initial conditions.
Involve only random number generation, string copies and partial
string exchanges.
Advantage of GA in solving optimization problem – easy to apply
and easy to find appropriate parameters.
GA opearates with populations, other metods deals with
individuals.
Results for transfer coefficients and biological half life agree with
literature data.
Thank you for your attention.