DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 1.

Mucosa

Alimentary Canal: Epithelium: usually simple columnar with goblet cells;

may be stratified squamous if protection needed
 Mouth
 Pharynx Lamina propia: loose CT deep to epithelium
 Esophagus
Muscularis mucosae: produces folds:
 Stomach
 Small intestine Plicae – small intestine ; rugae – stomach
 Large intestine

Accessory digestive organs:

 Teeth
 Tongue
 Salivary glands
 Liver, and pancreas
 Gallbladder

2. Submucosa

- made up of dense CT

-contains submucosal plexus, lymph and blood vessles

and submucosal [Meissner] plexus

4 layers of the gut:

1. Mucosa

2. Submucosa

3. Muscularis externa

4. Serosa

3. Muscularis externa

-smooth muscle, usually 2 layers:

Outer layer: longitudinal Inner layer: circular

-in between the muscle sublayers contains blood, lymph
vessels and the myenteric [Auerbach] nerve plexus

MOUTH
4. Serosa

-visceral layer of mesentery

-thin sheet of loose CT, rich in blood vessels, lymphatics

and adipose tissue

-covered with simple squamous epithelium

[Mesothelium]

NB: the esophagus is not suspended in a cavity but is

bound directly to adjacent structures and therefore
lacks a serosa, and have instead a thick adventitia, a
layer of tissue continuous with the surrounding
structures
ORAL CAVITY

Mouth and its structures:

a. tongue

b. teeth

c. major and minor salivary glands

d. tonsils

2 divisions:

1. Oral cavity proper – lies behind the teeth

2. vestibule – space between lips, cheeks and teeth

(naa asa ppt ang pic palihog nalang tan-aw para

di kalas ink nig print)

TONSILS

-aggregations of lymphatic nodules clustered around

the posterior opening of the oral and nasal cavities

- organized into tonsillar [Waldeyer’s] ring of

immunologic protection located at the shared entrance
to the digestive and respiratory tract
  Skin [face] side of lip
 Free edge [red vermillion border]
 Inner portion [oral mucosa]

-the oral cavity is formed, in part, by the lips and cheeks

- The lips are lined by a very thin skin covered by a

stratified squamous keratinized epithelium.

- Blood vessels are close to the lip surface, imparting a

Waldeyer’s ring includes:
Palatine tonsils – either side of entrance to oropharynx
between palatopharyngeal and palatoglossal arches
Tubal tonsils – lateral walls of nasopharynx, posterior to
opening of auditory tube
Pharyngeal tonsil [ adenoid ] – located in the roof of
nasopharynx
Lingual tonsil - located at base of tongue on its superior
surface
red color to the lips.
-The outer surface of the lip contains hair follicles,
sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.
- The lips also contain skeletal muscle called orbicularis
oris.
- Inside the free margin of the lip, the outer lining
changes to a thicker, stratified squamous nonkeratinized
oral epithelium.
- Beneath the oral epithelium are found mucus -
secreting labial glands.

LIP RED MARGIN

LIPS

-orbicularis oris muscle

-dense CT

- 3 areas:
LIP RED MARGIN

-Much thicker than that of the face

-Red color due to deep penetration of CT papillae into

the epithelium

- Extensive vascularity of underlying CT [ venous blood

vessels ]

- Sensory receptors – e.g Meissner’s corpuscle

MUCOCUTANEOUS JUNCTION - Transition from

keratinized red margin to thick parakeratinized
epithelium of oral mucosa

Masticatory MUCOSA Gingiva [gums] and hard palate

-Where the red freely mobile mucosa of the floor of the

mouth is reflected onto the alveolar processes, there is
abrupt transition to a pink layer firmly fixed to
underlying bone by dense connective tissue.

Gingiva
ORAL MUCOSA

-Varies from region to region

-Does not keratinize completely [ stratum granulosum

upper layer ] … or may be thick with parakeratinization
[ stratum superficiale ]

-Consists of:

 masticatory mucosa

 lining mucosa,

 and specialized mucosa

GINGIVA

-It covers the gums & extends between the teeth

-In the roof of the mouth , it continous from the

alveolar process over the entire hard palate.

LINING MUCOSA
- Thin nonkeratinized stratified squamous
epithelium [ except in the red portion of lip]
- LP: loose lamina propria with fewer & shorter
papillae …..allows mobility over the underlying
structures
- Permeability: greater permeability
- Clinical application: sublingual oral medications
, faster diffusion through the thin epithelium
and into the circulation
- Vestibule ,floor of mouth , underside of tongue
CHEEKS
- Thicker stratified squamous epithelium
- Striated muscle
- SUBMUCOSA Contains minor salivary glands
SPECIALIZED MUCOSA
 Associated with sensation of taste & restricted to
dorsal surface of the tongue
 Contains papillae & taste buds
TONGUE
- The tongue is a muscular organ located in the oral cavity.
The core of the tongue consists of connective tissue and
interlacing bundles of skeletal muscle fibers.
-The distribution and random orientation of individual
skeletal muscle fibers in the tongue allows for increased
movement during chewing, swallowing, and speaking.
-The epithelium on the dorsal surface of the tongue is
irregular or rough owing to numerous elevations or
projections called papillae. These are indented by the
underlying connective tissue called lamina propria.
-All papillae on the tongue are covered by stratified
squamous epithelium that shows partial or incomplete
keratinization. In contrast, the epithelium on the ventral
surface of the tongue is smooth.
-There are four types of papillae on the tongue: filiform,
fungiform, circumvallate, and foliate.

4 types:
1. filiform papillae
4. circumvallate papillae
2. Foliate Papillae
-Parallel low ridges separated by deep mucosal clefts
2. foliate papillae -Posterior lateral edge of tongue with many taste buds
3. fungiform papilla
-Small serous glands [ von Ebner ] empty into the clefts

-Non –keratinized SSQ

1. Filiform Papillae
- Posteriorly bent conical projections of the epithelium
-Most numerous, smallest along anterior dorsum of tongue
- Highly keratinized SQE with no taste buds
- Form rows divergent from the midline
3. Fungiform Papillae
-Project above filiform papillae & are seen as small red spots
scattered among them.
-More numerous near tip of tongue
-Presence of taste buds on the free surface of the papillae

-Highly vascularized CT core

 - Taste buds are wider at the base with their narrow
apices converging into small opening in the superficial
layers of the epithelium , called Taste Pore
- Present also in glossopalatine arch,soft
palate,posterior wall of pharynx down to level of
cricoid cartilage

PALE OVOIDAL
BODIES

4. Circumvallate Papillae

- 8 -12 Dome shaped structure found in the mucosa anterior

to sulcus terminalis

- Moat-like [trench] invaginatiion lined with SSQ with many

taste buds
3 PRINCIPAL CELL TYPES
- Serous glands[von Ebner’s] empty into the base of moats
1. Neuroepithelial [sensory ] cells :
- most numerous
- from basal lamina to the taste pore
- at their base they form synapse with afferent
sensory neurons of facial nerve [VII]
,glossopharyngeal [IX] or vagus [ X ] nerves.
- 10 days turnover rate

TASTE BUDS

- 3000 taste buds in human tongue

2. Supporting Cell
- Pale ovoid bodies against darker staining lingual
- less numerous
epithelium
- elongated cells that extend from basal lamina to the TEETH
taste pore
- do not synapse with nerve cells
- 10 days turnover time

3. Basal cells
-small cells located in the basal porting of the taste
bud, near the basal lamina
- stem cells for the 2 other cell types

Deciduous – 20
shedding – 6th to 13th yr
Permanent - 16 maxilla
[ Succedaneous ] - 16 mandible
18th year or so - Full dentition with eruption of 3rd
molar [ wisdom tooth ]

Parts of adult tooth

Gross division:
 crown
5 BASIC TASTE SENSATIONS  Neck or cervix
-Sweet, bitter, sour salty, umami  Root
- tip of tongue – sweet and salty Histologic division:
- back of tongue – bitter  Hard portion – 3 specialized tissues
- lateral side – sour a. enamel
b. dentin
Nerve supply of the tongue: c. cementum
 Motor nerve supply: extrinsic and intrinsic  Soft portion – dental pulp, periodontal
membrane, gingiva
muscles are supplied by hypoglossal nerve
(exception: palatoglossus  supplied by vagus
nerve via its pharyngeal branch)
 General sensory nerve supply: lingual nerve
(branch of V3)  anterior ⅔; glossopharyngeal
nerve  posterior ⅓; vagus nerve (via internal
laryngeal nerve)  small area adjacent to
epiglottis
 Special sensory nerve supply (taste): facial nerve
(via chorda tympani)  anterior ⅔;
glossopharyngeal nerve  posterior ⅓ (including
vallate papillae); vagus nerve (via internal
laryngeal nerve)  small area adjacent to
epiglottis
 INTERPRISMATIC SUBSTANCE
ENAMEL PRISMS[RODS]

Enamel
- Hardest substance in the body
- 96 – 98% calcium hydroxyapatite
- Bluish white and nearly transparent
- Produced by ameloblasts of the enamel organ
- Enamel organ – epithelial formation derived
from ectodermal epithelial cells of oral cavity
- Dental enamel is formed by matrix-mediated
biomineralization process called amelogenesis
[secretory and maturation]
- LM: enamel consists of thin enamel rods or
prisms with interprismatic regions. Around each
rod is a thin clear layer of organic matrix called
enamel sheath or prismatic rod sheath
DENTIN
-Produced by neural-crest derived Odontoblasts of the
adjacent mesenchyme
- Semi-translucent ,slightly yellow in color
-Calcified material that forms most of tooth substance
-20% organic,80% inorganic matter
-Organic portion is 92% collagen
-ODONTOBLASTS - are columnar dentin producing cells
that form an epithelial layer around the periphery of
the pulp cavity immediately beneath the inner surface
of the dentin
- Predentin- unmineralized zone of collagen fibers
-Dentin- thicker birefringent collagen fibers
…dentinal tubules…calcification

AMELOBLASTS

ODONTOBLASTS

ENAMEL PRISMS
GROUND SECTION OF TOOTH

- Calcification of developing dentin is not uniform

with persistence of angular spaces containing
organic matrix of dentin…interglobular spaces …
- Granular layer of Tomes - dentinocemental
junction
- Contour lines of Owen – dentinoenamel junction
- Fiber of Tomes CEMENTUM
-mineralized tissue resembling bone
-consists of: calcified matrix of collagen fibers,
glycoprotein and mucopolysaccharides
-cementocytes, cemetoblasts

KORFF’S FIBERS
[ BETWEEN PULP CAVITY & ODONTOBLASTS ]
 SALIVARY GLANDS

-MAJOR SALIVARY GLANDS: [paired glands]

o Parotid gland – stensen’s duct

o Submandibular gland – wharton’s duct
o Sublingual gland – many small excretory
ducts

DENSE LAYER OF COLLAGEN

PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT

SALIVARY GLANDS

MINOR SALIVARY GLANDS:

-buccal, labial, lingual, molar, palatine glands

-are located in the submucosa and open directly or via shot

ducts onto the surface of the oral epithelium

-they secrete continuously, contributing to the saliva that

DENTAL PULP moistens and lubricates the oral cavity
-pulp interstitium SALIVON
-pulp cells -basic secretory unit of salivary glands
-nerves responsible for tootache -consists of: acinus, intercalated duct, and excretory duct

-ACINUS: blind sac composed of secretory cells:

a. serous acini

b. mucous acini

c. mixed acini
Salivary ducts

a. Intercalated duct – which leads from the acinus

a] low cuboidal epithelium

b] more prominent in serous glands

c] short & difficult to identify in mucous glands

b. Striated duct – have “striations” or infoldings of basal

plasma membrane of the columnar cells that form the duct

a] simple cuboidal epithelium that becomes columnar

as it nears the excretory duct

b] located in parenchyma of glands [ interlobular ducts]

c. excretory duct – larger ducts that employ into the oral

cavity

a] principal ducts of each major glands

b] small ducts – simple cuboidal that gradually

changes to pseudostratified columnar or stratified
cuboidal epithelium ….stratified squamous
epithelium maybe present as duct nears the oral
epithelium.

PAROTID GLAND completely serous

 SUBLINGUAL DUCT – mixed glands that are mostly mucous
secreting in humans

SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND

-mixed glands that are mostly serous in humans

Left – mixed acini with demilune

Right – striated duct

TACBSMTTWOA