1.

0 PROBLEM STATEMENT
.
Drains and proper drainage is important parts of any home or others utility
that used by people to prevent them from being wet from rain. Whenever water
comes into the building, it has to have a way to leave after it's been used. This is
where the importance of drains and proper drainage comes into play. While
keeping water drained away from building foundations is important for some
reasons. First, if there is living space on the other side, the user will want it to
stay dry. Good drainage is the first step toward accomplishing that, then
waterproofing.

Second, enhanced grass swales are well suited for conveying and treating runoff
from highways and other roads because they are a linear practice and easily
incorporated into road rights-of-way. They are also a suitable practice for managing
runoff from parking lots, roofs and pervious surfaces, such as yards, parks and
landscaped areas. Grass swales can be used as snow storage areas. The storm sewer
system being the buried drainage conveyance system below the roadway pavement is
designed to convey a 1:2 year storm without surcharging. The discharge of storm
sewers will be to paved drains or grassed swales. Minimum cover will be as per the
manufacturer‟s specifications. The storm sewer will be designed to ensure the
carriageway can comfortably convey the 1:5 year at kerb height. Storm sewer inlets
will be placed appropriately in order to minimize the pipe runs and allow for
maximum collection. A combination of kerb and grate inlets will be used as
necessary.
2.0 PROCEDURE

The design process for swales involves in the first instance designing the swale to
meet flow conveyance requirements and then ensuring the swale has the necessary
design features to optimise its storm water quality treatment performance. It should be
noted that swales should form part of the storm water „treatment train‟ as they will not
achieve contemporary load-based objectives on their own. Therefore, other storm
water quality best management practices should be incorporated into the surrounding
catchment to augment the storm water treatment performance of any proposed swale
system.
 The design methods for channel sections are based on steady uniform Flow. The
most commonly used uniform-flow formula worldwide is the Manning formula which
is simple and produces acceptable accuracy in most practical applications. Three
design methods are presented in this Section: best hydraulic section, most economic
section, and probabilistic methods.

3.0 DESIGN PROCESS

1. LONGITUDINAL SLOPE

Longitudinal slope has a number of effects on swale performance. In general

terms, the greater the slope, the faster the water will pass through the swale. Slope of
swales should normally be between 0.1% (1 in 1000) and no greater than 0.5% (1 in
200). Under drains may be required for slopes below 0.2% (1 in 500) . Drop structures
such as rock check dams in the channel may be required for slopes greater than 0.2%
to reduce the longitudinal slope such that the design flow velocities do not exceed the
permissible limits .
 2. VELOCITY

The average velocity in a grassed swale ideally be less than 2m/s, unless
additional erosion protection is provided.

3. GEOMETRY AND LENGTH

The depth shall not exceed 1.2 m. A “vee” or triangular shapes section will
generally be sufficient for most applications. A trapezoidal or parabolic swale shape
may be used for additional capacity or to limit the depth of swale. Swales with
trapezoidal cross sections shall be recommended for ease of construction. A parabolic
shape is best for erosion control. The geometry of the swale is primarily associated
with maintenance issues as the side slopes need to be gentle enough and the bases
wide enough to allow full access for mowing equipment. When parabolic channels are
used, care needs to be taken to ensure the slope transfers at the margins are not too
significant. Trapezoidal channels are most commonly used due to their design
simplicity, and recommended side slopes and base width.
The preferred shapes for grassed swales are shown in Figure
 4. FREEBOARD

The depth of a grassed swale shall include a minimum freeboard of 50mm

above the design storm water level in the swale.

The grass species chosen for lining of grassed swales must be sturdy, drought
resistance, easy to establish, and able to spread and develop a strong turf layer after
establishment. A thick root structure is necessary to control weed growth and erosion.
Grass by far the most effective choice of plant material in swales, however not all
grass species are best for vegetation cover. Compacted soils will need to be tilled
before grass seeding or planting. At least 100 mm thick of good quality topsoil is
required.

5. UNDER DRAIN

A swale should have the capacity to convey the peak flows from the design minor
ARI without exceeding the maximum permissible velocities. If this is not practical or
insufficient space for a swale, designer should consider dividing the flow into surface
and subsurface conduits where underground pipe drains or drainage modules can be
provided.
 6. ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENT

The n value must be adjusted for varying flow depths

4.0 CONCLUSSION

Once the annual calculations have been performed. Findings for open drain are
shown, the rainfall intensity for open drain is 88.89 mm/hr while the Q0.5 minor
discharge is 2.41 m3/s and also Q discharge is 2.54 m3/s .So our design successful
since Q discharge is more than Q0.5. the maximum depth is 1.1 m .so the depth is less
than 1.2 m, so this depth will be acceptable .In other hand our second design project is
swale design Q5 is 2.18m3/s and Q discharge is 2.29 m3/s. the swale design is
acceptable since Q discharge is more than Q5 And also the depth for water quality is
greater than 150 mm Sustainable drainage is a concept that includes long term
environmental and social factors in decisions about drainage. The swales may be
covered by dense vegetation, usually grass to slow down flows and trap particles and
remove pollutant. It takes account of the quantity and quality of runoff, and the
amenity and aesthetic value of surface water in the urban environment. Many existing
urban drainage systems can cause problems of flooding, pollution or damage to the
environment and are not proving to be sustainable in the context of wider challenges
from climate change and urbanization.

A combination of a grassed section and a lined drain may be provided in locations

subject to dry-weather base flows wHich would otherwise damage the invert of a
grassed swale, or in areas with highly erodible soils. The lined drain section at the
invert to carry dry-weather base flows and minor flows up to a to recommended limit.
While evidence of hydrological benefit of swales has been presented and discussed,
there is currently no accepted method of quantifying this effect in terms of storm
water quantity control, and therefore there is no design methodology available to
provide this benefit. Therefore, despite the knowledge that swales provide
hydrological benefit, alternative devices will be required for sites that are required to
provide water quantity control as part of their development.