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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS
Dual Stator Winding Induction Machine:
Problems, Progress and Future Scope
Saptarshi Basak, Student Member, IEEE, and Chandan Chakraborty, Fellow, IEEE
Abstract— This paper gives an overview of the topological
variations of multi-winding induction machine and drives. The
study is restricted to induction machines having two distributed
windings on the stator and a brushless rotor. The mathematical
modeling techniques and control algorithms available in
literature are highlighted. Being magnet-less and brushless, Dual
Stator Winding Induction Machine is highly reliable,
maintenance-free and economic. Thus, it possesses the necessary
potential to become a part of AC and DC Micro-Grid. Recent
research trend shows growth in the application of such
generators for off-grid as well as grid-connected systems.
Index Terms—Micro-Grid, Brushless Generation Systems,
Dual Stator Winding Induction Machines, Wind Power, Micro-
Hydro Systems, Wave Energy
I. INTRODUCTION
M ULTIPHASE electrical machines and drives have several
advantages over their traditional three phase counter
parts. Advantages span from having high power density and
efficiency to better reliability and inherent fault tolerance [1] -
[3]. Therefore, multiphase machines are currently being used
for vehicle and ship propulsion application. Such machines
usually with a squirrel cage rotor offer a brushless alternative.
Therefore, if the generating mode of operation is considered in
remote locations with high power density of renewable energy
sources, use of such machines make the system mechanically
more robust and demands less maintenance.
Recent research trends in the field of wind power extraction
shows a shift in the choice of generation system used [4]-[7].
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators or Multi-Winding
Induction Generators with brushless rotor are being preferred
over the traditional slip-ring induction machines. Permanent
Magnet Machines are efficient but are susceptible to PM
demagnetization and start-up difficulties due to cogging torque
[8]-[10]. Therefore, for off-grid kind of application, where the
national grid is not available, multi-winding induction
generators have received the attention of the researchers.
Scope of the review: Dual stator winding induction machine
(DSWIM) is a special class of multi winding induction
Manuscript received April 30, 2014; revised November 21, 2014 and
December 17, 2014; accepted January 5, 2015.
Copyright © 2015 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted.
However, permission to use this material for any other purposes must be
obtained from the IEEE by sending a request to pubs-permissions@ieee.org
The authors are with the Dept. of Electrical Engineering, IIT Kharagpur,
West Bengal (INDIA). (e-mail:s.basak.1987@ieee.org,chakraborty@ieee.org)
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machine with two separate windings in the stator and a
brushless rotor. This paper presents a comprehensive review
of the principle of operation, performance, control and
applications of such machines. The scope of the paper
includes various topologies those are widely used in the field
of dual stator winding induction machines and drives (both in
motoring and generating mode). The hierarchical organization
chart in Fig.1 shows the classification of DSWIM according to
structural variations of such machines.
The paper is arranged into six sections. Section II deals with
the generating and motoring modes of operation for the
machine having same pole configuration winding on the stator
and squirrel cage rotor. Section III investigates the same for a
squirrel cage rotor machine with dissimilar pole configuration
on the stator. Section IV describes principle of operation,
design, modeling and control of a Brushless Doubly Fed
Induction Machine, a feasible alternative of slip-ring induction
machine for limited speed range applications. Section V brings
out unique features of the control algorithms for DSWIM
Drives. Section VI concludes the work.
II. DUAL STATOR WINDING SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION
MACHINE WITH SIMILAR POLE CONFIGURATION
A. Generating Mode
The major advantage of using a squirrel cage induction
generator is that it is robust, demands less maintenance and
therefore, found to be very suitable for installations which are
located at remote places (like offshore wind farms).Poor
voltage regulation has questioned its suitability for practical
application. The choice of capacitance value to be connected
at the load terminals is critical and is dependent on the
generator speed and load. In recent years, various
configurations for regulating terminal voltage of the Self-
Excited Induction Generator (SEIG) have been proposed [11]-
[17]. A decoupled control of Static Synchronous Compensator
(STATCOM) dc bus voltage and SEIG terminal voltage has
been proposed in [11], [12]. An Electronic Load Controller
(ELC) based voltage regulator for micro-hydro energy
conversion systems has been proposed in [13], [17].
Compensation for non-linear loads has been described in [14].
Power quality improvement with battery back-up has been
considered in [12]. Use of voltage regulating STATCOM
necessitates additional filter components. Therefore, the recent
trend is to use a two winding induction generator [18]. The
generator shown in the Fig.2 has two windings on the stator
which are wound for same pole configuration.
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Fig. 1.Classification of Dual Stator Winding Induction Machine (DSWIM)

according to the arrangement of stator windings and rotor bars Fig. 2.Variable Frequency AC System based on Dual Stator Winding Induction
Generator (DSWIG) [18]
The two windings are magnetically coupled while being Fig.3 shows the d-q equivalent circuit model of DSWIM.
electrically isolated. One of the windings which is directly The load and compensating capacitor model is given by-
connected to the load is called the power winding. The other 𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖̇0 = −
𝑟𝑟0
𝑖𝑖 +
1
𝑣𝑣𝑝𝑝 (8)
winding, labeled as control winding, is supplied from a high 𝐿𝐿0 0 𝐿𝐿0

frequency switched Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) and is used 𝑝𝑝𝑣𝑣𝑝𝑝 = −�𝑖𝑖0 + 𝑖𝑖𝑝𝑝 �/𝐶𝐶𝑞𝑞 (9)
to maintain the load voltage and frequency. where,
A battery is used as a real power buffer and delivers extra 𝑖𝑖0 = [𝑖𝑖0𝛼𝛼 𝑖𝑖0𝛽𝛽 ]𝑇𝑇 , 𝑖𝑖𝑝𝑝 = [𝑖𝑖𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑖𝑖𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 ]𝑇𝑇 , 𝑣𝑣𝑝𝑝 = [𝑣𝑣𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑣𝑣𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 ]𝑇𝑇 (10)
amount of power demanded by the load when the generation is Dual Stator Winding Induction Generator (DSWIG) has
less. The extra available power from the renewable energy also been used for automotive power generation as shown in
source (i.e. wind, hydro, wave, tidal energy source) is used for [19]. For a 42V system, the power winding is connected to a
charging the battery during light load conditions. Using diode bridge rectifier and the control winding is supplied from
battery back-up, the system can maintain load voltage even a MOSFET based inverter. To reduce the DC bus ripple and
when the slip is positive for a very short period of time. torque pulsations, a 12-phase power winding may be used.
Mathematical Model: In state space form, the machine The DC Bus voltage ripple is reduced to 0.35% as given in
model is represented in (1) on a stationary reference frame [18]. Here, the control winding d-axis current controls the DC
𝜓𝜓̇ = 𝑣𝑣 − 𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖 − 𝜔𝜔𝑟𝑟 𝜓𝜓� (1) bus of the diode rectifier and the q-axis current controls the
where, DC Bus of Static Excitation Regulator (SER) (Fig.4) [20],
𝑇𝑇 [22]-[24]. A different topology with capacitors connected to
𝜓𝜓 = �𝜓𝜓𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝜓𝜓𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝜓𝜓𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝜓𝜓𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝜓𝜓𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝜓𝜓𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 � (2) excitation winding to reduce the power winding converter
𝑇𝑇 rating has been illustrated in [21].
𝑣𝑣 = �𝑣𝑣𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑣𝑣𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 � , 𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 0 (3)
Capacity Optimization: In most cases, in addition to the
𝑖𝑖 = �𝑖𝑖𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑖𝑖𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑖𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 �
𝑇𝑇
(4) SER, the excitation capacitors are also placed across the load
terminals on the power winding side to reduce the capacity of
𝑅𝑅𝑝𝑝 0 0 0 0 0 the SER. As demonstrated in [22], [23], the maximum value of
⎡ ⎤
𝑅𝑅𝑝𝑝 0 0 SER current, for a certain value of capacitance ‘C’, occurs at
⎢0 0 0⎥
0 𝑅𝑅𝑠𝑠 0 base speed and maximum load whereas the minimum value of
𝑅𝑅 = ⎢ 0 0 0⎥ (5)
⎢0 0 0 𝑅𝑅𝑠𝑠 0 0⎥ SER current occurs at maximum speed and minimum loading
⎢0 0 0 0 𝑅𝑅𝑟𝑟 0⎥ condition. The value of capacitance on the power winding side
⎣0 0 0 0 0 𝑅𝑅𝑟𝑟 ⎦ is chosen such that
|𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 | = |𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 | = |𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 | (11)
The inductance matrix is given by (6).
𝜓𝜓𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝐿𝐿𝑝𝑝 0 𝐿𝐿𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 0 𝐿𝐿𝑚𝑚 0 𝑖𝑖𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
𝐿𝐿 0 𝐿𝐿𝑚𝑚 ⎥ ⎡𝑖𝑖𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 ⎤
⎢𝜓𝜓𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 ⎥ ⎢0 𝐿𝐿𝑝𝑝 0 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 𝜓𝜓𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ⎥ ⎢ 𝐿𝐿𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 0 𝐿𝐿𝑠𝑠 0 𝐿𝐿𝑚𝑚 0 ⎥ ⎢ 𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ⎥
⎢ 𝜓𝜓𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ⎥ = ⎢ (6)
0 𝐿𝐿𝑠𝑠 0 𝐿𝐿𝑚𝑚 ⎥ ⎢ 𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 0 𝐿𝐿𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ 𝜓𝜓𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 ⎥ ⎢ 𝐿𝐿𝑚𝑚 0 𝐿𝐿𝑚𝑚 0 𝐿𝐿𝑟𝑟 0 ⎥ ⎢ 𝑖𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 ⎥
⎣ 𝜓𝜓𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 ⎦ ⎣ 0 𝐿𝐿𝑚𝑚 0 𝐿𝐿𝑚𝑚 0 𝐿𝐿𝑟𝑟 ⎦ ⎣ 𝑖𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 ⎦
𝑇𝑇
𝜓𝜓� = �0 0 0 0 −𝜓𝜓𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝜓𝜓𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 � (7)
Fig.3. Equivalent d-q circuit model of a Dual Stator Winding Induction
Machine [18]

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This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS
Fig. 4. Control Structure of a DSWIG for DC off-grid systems [22]-[24]
where, ICA is the SER current at base speed and maximum
loading condition and ICB is the SER current at maximum
speed and minimum loading condition.
The second approach is based on efficiency optimization
[25]. The relationship between capacitance value and stator
copper loss of both windings plus the filter inductor losses is
determined. The value of capacitance is chosen to minimize
this total loss.
Variable Frequency AC (VFAC) Systems: Presently,
DSWIGs are being promoted for More Electric Aircraft
(MEA) application [26]-[29].Here, the target is to develop an
on-board generation scheme in order to replace the inefficient
and bulky brushless synchronous generator as described in
[30].
Hybrid AC and DC Microgrid: Micro-Grids have found
widespread application in rural areas where national grid is
inaccessible [31], [32]. The main purpose of setting up a
micro-grid has been aimed at capturing power from renewable
energy sources like wind, solar, PV etc. Due to remote
locations of micro-grid, the generators in such systems,
demand highly reliable and economic solution. Dual Stator
Winding Induction Generator can be a potential candidate for
micro-grid systems as it is a brushless and permanent magnet-
less system. One such topology is shown in Fig.5 [36]. Here,
the two windings are on the stator which are electrically
isolated but magnetically coupled. The control winding
handles the excitation requirement and establishes voltage on
the power winding side which is rectified to produce Vdc1.
Inverter-1 controls the excitation current of the machine and
regulates Vdc1 while, Inverter-2 maintains AC Bus voltage and
frequency. Thus, a Hybrid AC-DC Micro-Grid is set-up. As
shown in [33], [34], the DC Bus area of the micro-grid
facilitates direct interfacing of the distributed energy storage
resources. Here, a Battery Energy Storage is reinforced in the
DC Section of the micro-grid. Recently, Self-Excited
Induction Generator has been found to be effective for
practical micro-grids [35], especially in harsh weather
conditions. Similarly, an alternative topology using DSWIG
can be considered for micro-grid operation by extracting
power from wind.
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Fig. 5. Power Quality Improvement using Energy Storage for AC Micro-Grid
[36]
Smoother control over voltage and frequency is expected as
shown in [36]. A control algorithm to maintain DC Bus
Voltage for a wind-driven DC Microgrid system under wind
speed drop is proposed in [24].
DSWIG is expected to find wide-spread applications for
remote area power supply system where economic and
maintenance-free solutions are highly recommended [24],
[36].
B. Control in Motoring Mode
Double winding induction machine is also investigated in
motoring mode. In this mode, the stator windings phase-
shifted by 300 are investigated extensively. Two inverters of
the same rating are used to feed both the stator windings .The
generic topology is shown in Fig. 6.
Decomposition into orthogonal subspace: The
mathematical model of Split-Phase Induction Machine (SPIM)
was derived considering sinusoidal winding distribution on the
stator and six phase rotor [37]-[39]. Magnetic saturation is
neglected. In a-b-c-x-y-z domain, the model is stated by (12)-
(13).
𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 = 𝑅𝑅𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠 + 𝑝𝑝[𝐿𝐿𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠 + 𝐿𝐿𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 (𝜃𝜃𝑟𝑟 )𝑖𝑖𝑟𝑟 ] (12)
0 = 𝑅𝑅𝑟𝑟 𝑖𝑖𝑟𝑟 + 𝑝𝑝[𝐿𝐿𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑖𝑖𝑟𝑟 + 𝐿𝐿𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 (𝜃𝜃𝑟𝑟 )𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠 ] (13)
A 6x6 transformation matrix is used to decompose (12)-(13)
in to three orthogonal sub-spaces given by [38]-
• (α,β) sub-space: Fundamental component and harmonics
of the order 12n±1 which will be present in air-gap flux
and contribute to torque production.
• (μ1,μ2) sub-space: Harmonics of the order 6n±1 which
will be absent in air gap flux and will not contribute to
torque production.
Fig.6. Split Phase Induction Motor Drive Topology with two three phase
voltage source inverters rated for half the drive rating [40]-[53].
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Fig.7. Double Synchronous Reference Frame current control [40].
• (z1,z2) sub-space: The zero sequence components which
will have no existence in air-gap flux.
The model in the three sub-spaces is given by (14)-(21).
• (α,β) sub-space: 𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝑅𝑅𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 + 𝑝𝑝�𝐿𝐿𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 + 𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 � (14)
0 = 𝑅𝑅𝑟𝑟 𝑖𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 + 𝑝𝑝�𝐿𝐿𝑟𝑟 𝑖𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 + 𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 �
−𝑗𝑗𝜔𝜔𝑟𝑟 �𝐿𝐿𝑟𝑟 𝑖𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 + 𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 �
• (μ1,μ2) sub-space: 𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝑅𝑅𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 + 𝐿𝐿𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
0 = 𝑅𝑅𝑟𝑟 𝑖𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 + 𝐿𝐿𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
• (z1,z2) sub-space : 𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝑅𝑅𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 + 𝐿𝐿𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
0 = 𝑅𝑅𝑟𝑟 𝑖𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 + 𝐿𝐿𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
The torque equation is given by-
3𝑃𝑃 𝑀𝑀
𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒 = �𝜆𝜆𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 − 𝜆𝜆𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 �
2 𝐿𝐿𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
where, 𝜆𝜆𝑟𝑟 = 𝐿𝐿𝑟𝑟 𝑖𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 + 𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
Field Oriented Control for Split-Phase Machines: As
proposed in [40], the most efficient technique for field
oriented control of split-phase machines is the double
synchronous reference frame control. Double synchronous
frame control utilises only four current sensors whereas single
synchronous frame control needs at least five current sensors
and hysteresis current control needs six. The control block
diagram is shown in Fig. 7. Transformation from a-b-c-x-y-z
to (α,β) sub-space involves (22).
1 1
𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠1 𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ⎡1 − 2 − 2 ⎤
2⎢
�𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 1 � = 𝑇𝑇3 �𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 � , �𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2 � = 𝑇𝑇3 �𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 � , 𝑇𝑇3 = ⎢0 √3 − √3⎥
3 2
𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠01 𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠02 𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ⎢1 1
⎣2 2
(22)
Reduction in current sensors: The major popularity of the
multi-phase machines is due to their higher power density
alongside reducing dc-link current harmonics and torque
pulsations. However, the use of four current sensors (instead
of two for normal three phase drives) and use of a large
number of gate drivers render the drive unattractive for cost-
effective applications. Therefore, researchers in this domain
focused on the use of two current sensors based speed
sensorless split phase induction motor drive. One such
algorithm is described in [41]. Elimination of two current
sensors is achieved using (23).
𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 , 𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = −𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
Current control is done in stationary reference frame as in
[42]. Speed sensor is eliminated by estimating the speed of
rotation of rotor flux vector using a PLL and estimated stator
flux vector which is reconstructed from the estimated rotor
flux vector using (24).
𝑀𝑀
𝜆𝜆𝑠𝑠 = 𝜆𝜆𝑟𝑟 + 𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠 (24)
𝐿𝐿𝑟𝑟
Efficiency Comparison: A decrease in stator copper loss of
6.7% at 50 Hz is found when six phase machine of same
power rating is used instead of conventional three phase
machine [43]. However, for very high speed application, the
core loss is comparable to the copper losses and an efficiency
improvement of 1% is obtained [44].
Space Vector Analysis for Split-Phase Machines: In case a
of split-phase machine which is being supplied by means of
two inverters, the space vector locations form a dodecagon
instead of a hexagon for a normal three phase induction motor
drive. This results in better dc bus utilization as the maximum
circle which can be inscribed within a dodecagon is of larger
radius than that of a hexagon for the same value of dc bus
voltage. The peak fundamental line-to-neutral voltage is 0.643
VDC as compared to VDC/√3 for normal three phase systems
[45], [46]. Improvement in dc bus utilization as well as
(15) increase in number of sectors has a positive impact for the use
of Direct Torque Control based SPIM drives [47], [48].
(16) Direct Torque Control (DTC): Direct torque control is
(17) advantageous from the point of view that it can provide
(18) decoupled control over torque and flux without the necessity
(19) of inner current control loop. In [49], two types of DTC
algorithm have been proposed i.e. Direct Self-Control
(variable switching frequency) and dead-beat control (constant
(20)
switching frequency).
(21) From the perspective of method of flux control, Resultant Flux
Control and Individual Flux Control method have been
proposed in [50]. In case of resultant flux control method, the
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
resultant flux vector 𝜓𝜓�⃗𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 𝜓𝜓�⃗𝑠𝑠1 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗 12 + 𝜓𝜓�⃗𝑠𝑠2 𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗 12 is rotated
along a circular trajectory. The advantage of using resultant
control method is better dc bus utilisation (as shown for a
dodecagonal space vector envelope) and also faster torque
control due to higher line-to-line voltage availability for same
value of DC Bus. The use of dodecagonal flux trajectory
reduces torque pulsations and causes the harmonics present in
line currents of the machine to be shifted towards their higher
⎥ frequency side for same inverter switching frequency. As a
result, reduced mechanical stress and interference with signal
2
1 ⎥ frequencies in case of railway traction are achieved [48].
2 ⎦ Individual Flux Control method can also be adopted. But it
leads to poor DC Bus Utilization and are mostly suited for low
power drives where it is affordable to use high switching
frequency power converters.
More advanced control techniques like sliding mode
control, and predictive control has been used to make the
system robust against model parameter uncertainties and
reduce controller complexity [51],[52]. Note that Model
Following Control has been adopted to make the drive less
sensitive to rotor resistance variation [53].
Analysis Approach under non-uniform air-gap length:
Rotor Eccentricity can be a result of wrong bearing
positioning during manufacturing, worn out bearings. This
(23) causes a non-uniform air-gap length along the stator/rotor
periphery. In such a condition, it is first necessary to obtain a
closed form expression of the air-gap permeance function with
eccentricity severity and its angle as function parameters. The
air-gap permeance function is calculated by using Legendre
Polynomials or by Fourier Series Expansion [55].

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Fig. 8. Active Reactive Induction Machine Drive where active power is
processed through LCI and VSI ensures successful thyristor commutation
[57].
A detailed mathematical model of the machine having
eccentric rotor (both static and dynamic eccentricity) and
considering stator and rotor slotting effects has been derived in
[54]. Analytical expressions for the predominant harmonics in
line current spectrum for fault identification have also been
elaborated.
Fault Tolerant Capabilities: Multi-phase machines are
generally recommended for critical applications due to their
inherent fault-tolerant nature. An analytical study and
experimental investigation of various winding configurations
for fault-tolerant operation has been reported in [56]. It is
feasible to have different winding configuration of the Dual
Winding machine in the same stator laminations. However,
the induced rotor currents force them to have different mutual
couplings. As a result, among the four winding configurations
under study, some are found to be suitable for operation in
case of open circuit failure while some other configuration is
best suited for fault-tolerant operation against short-circuit
failure.
Active Reactive Induction Machine: A topological variation
of the split-phase machine has been proposed where the phase
shift between the two windings is zero and the number of turns
on individual windings is different [57], [58]. The high voltage
winding is fed from a Load-Commutated Inverter (LCI) and is
named as power winding as it handles only the active power
demand of the drive. The one with less number of turns,
dubbed as reactive winding, is connected to a high-frequency
switched VSI and it supplies the reactive power required for
natural or load commutation of thyristorised inverter as shown
in Fig.8. LCI, being switched at fundamental frequency, is
bound to generate sixth harmonic torque pulsations.
Fig. 9. An Induction Machine utilizing an auxiliary winding to attain
controllable reactive power at grid terminal [61].
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5
For high power drives like traction applications, SPIM is
found to be befitting as it is inherently fault-tolerant and has
higher power density compared to its three-phase counterpart
[48], [59],[60].
C. Power Factor Enhancement by Auxiliary Stator Winding
It is quite well known that induction machine always draws
reactive power from the grid. Addition of an auxiliary stator
winding can be effective for power factor enhancement [61].
Recently, an improved algorithm of power factor enhancement
based on Model Reference Adaptive Control (MRAC) has
been introduced [62]. The d-axis component of the auxiliary
winding current is adaptively set in order to achieve the
desired operating power factor on the grid side.
Fig.9 shows the topology in which power factor
improvement has been achieved by solid state devices. Using
a slip-ring rotor induction machine with back-to-back
converter connected to the rotor side can be a viable solution.
But compared to it, the topology shown in Fig.10 is rugged
and maintenance free as squirrel cage rotor is used. Reactive
power is computed by sensing the two line-to-line voltages of
the grid and three line currents of main winding. Reference
voltage magnitude of the PWM inverter connected to the
auxiliary winding is obtained from the reactive power
regulator. The phase angle of the inverter is altered to keep the
DC Bus of the PWM inverter at the desired value.
Optimum Operating Power Factor Selection: The value of
auxiliary winding current increases with improvement of
power factor and along with it, the copper loss in stator
windings escalates. The value of power factor at which the
efficiency of the dual stator winding induction machine is
maximum is taken to be the operating power factor for a
particular value of slip [63]. For light loading conditions, it
may happen that the optimal power factor based on maximum
efficiency condition is low. In such a situation, the control
strategy prevents operation below a power factor of 0.85 lag.
III. DUAL STATOR WINDING SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION
MACHINE WITH DISSIMILAR POLE CONFIGURATION
Fig. 10. Control Block Diagram and Mode Selection Mechanism of a Dual
Stator Winding Induction Motor Drive having different pole configuration
on stator [64].
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Drive Topology: Here, a different type of dual stator
winding induction machine is considered. The stator is wound
for dissimilar number of poles and the rotor is a standard
squirrel cage rotor. Any combination of different number of
poles will eliminate magnetic coupling between the two
windings. From the viewpoint of better magnetic utilization, a
ratio of 1:3 between the pole numbers corresponding to two
sets of winding is normally chosen [64]. The drive topology is
akin to that shown in Fig. 6.
Field Analysis Technique: The peak magnetic loading
produced by combined effect of the two stator windings
should not exceed to that produced by an equivalent stator
winding design. The flux density of individual windings is
chosen according to (25), considering the individual flux
linkages to have zero spatial phase difference [64].
𝐵𝐵𝑔𝑔1 = 0.819𝐵𝐵𝑔𝑔 , 𝐵𝐵𝑔𝑔2 = 0.543𝐵𝐵𝑔𝑔 (25)
where, Bg1 is the peak air-gap flux produced when only
winding with lower pole configuration is excited, Bg2 is the
corresponding value for winding with higher number of poles,
Bg is the air-gap flux produced by an equivalent single stator
winding machine. Since the magnetic coupling between the
two windings is eliminated, the DSWIM under consideration
behaves as two independent machines coupled through the
same shaft. Controller design and implementation is simplified
when linear magnetic circuit is assumed [65].
For the DSWIM, field analysis technique is a cumbersome
process as the stator consists of two windings which are
excited by separate frequencies in coherence with their pole
ratio. Therefore, Finite Element Analysis becomes a time-
consuming task. In [66], a mathematical model is derived to
obtain an estimate of the flux densities in air-gap periphery
and the stator back iron core. First, the winding functions of
the stator windings and rotor bars are calculated for a
generalized n-phase machine in order to obtain an exact
expression for the inductances. This approach helps us to
obtain the line currents in each winding and rotor bars.
Finally, an estimate of the air-gap flux is made from the
calculated instantaneous stator and rotor currents. Magnetic
saturation is taken into account by using the B-H curve of the
core material.
Saturation Issues and Control: The main air-gap saturation
phenomenon in a DSWIM is more complex than its Single-
Winding counterpart. This is because the resultant air-gap flux
linkage is contributed by the two windings which are excited
by different frequencies and also from the rotor bars. The
major issue in this case is the selection of flux density level for
optimal design of the machine as the fluxes contributed by
each of the stator winding aid each other in some parts and
oppose each other in some other parts. A complete study of
the effect of phase shift between the two stator windings on
machine saturation is available in [67].
For the saturated machine, control algorithm is formulated
using main air-gap flux orientation. The d-axis of the
synchronously rotating reference frame is aligned along the
main air gap flux. Therefore, during saturation, only the d-axis
inductances are altered and the q-axis inductances remain
unaffected.
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6
Fig. 11. Flux angle controller for peak flux density minimization in the air-
gap [68].
The vector rotator is generated using the condition that the
q-axis flux and its derivative is zero.
Peak Flux Density Minimization: Total air-gap flux density
optimization is important in order to obtain maximum torque
per ampere ratio [68]. The total instantaneous flux density,
corresponding to a position in the air-gap ‘θmech’, is given by
(26).
𝑃𝑃
𝐵𝐵𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 (𝜃𝜃𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ℎ , 𝜃𝜃𝑚𝑚1 , 𝜃𝜃𝑚𝑚2 ) = |𝐵𝐵𝑚𝑚1 | sin � 1 𝜃𝜃𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ℎ + 𝜃𝜃𝑚𝑚1 �
2
𝑃𝑃
+|𝐵𝐵𝑚𝑚2 |sin � 2 �𝜃𝜃𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ℎ − 𝜃𝜃𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 � + 𝜃𝜃𝑚𝑚2 � (26)
2
θm1 and θm2 are the position of individual air-gap flux
measured in their respective electrical co-ordinates. θshift is the
angle difference between the two winding axes.
In the air-gap, the minimum value of peak air-gap flux
density will occur if the positive peak of winding-1 flux
coincides with the negative peak of winding-2 flux. In order to
achieve this, condition (27) and (28) have to be satisfied.
𝑃𝑃1 𝜋𝜋
𝜃𝜃𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ℎ + 𝜃𝜃𝑚𝑚1 = ± (27)
2 2
𝑃𝑃2 𝜋𝜋
�𝜃𝜃𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ℎ − 𝜃𝜃𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 � + 𝜃𝜃𝑚𝑚2 = ∓ (28)
2 2
The relative angle between the two flux densities is
obtained by (29).
𝑃𝑃2 𝑃𝑃2 𝑃𝑃 𝜋𝜋
∆𝜃𝜃12 = 𝜃𝜃𝑚𝑚2 − 𝜃𝜃𝑚𝑚1 = 𝜃𝜃𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ∓ �1 + 2 � (29)
𝑃𝑃1 2 𝑃𝑃1 2
The control block diagram is shown in Fig.11. The output of
the relative angle regulator gives torque splitting ratio ‘k’. The
torque splitting logic becomes according to (30), (31).
∗ ∗
𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒1 = (1 − 𝑘𝑘)𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒∗ , 𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒2 = 𝑘𝑘𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒∗ (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) (30)
∗ ∗
𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒1 = 𝑘𝑘𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒 , 𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒2 = (1 − 𝑘𝑘)𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒∗ (𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)
∗
(31)
If we consider motoring mode of operation, an increase in the
value of ‘k’ will cause larger share of torque production from
winding-2. This will increase the operating slip frequency and
subsequently, the flux position of winding-2 will increase. The
value of ∆θ12 is expected to go up.
Sensorless Control Issues: Speed sensorless control using
Model Reference Adaptive Systems (MRAS) has been
demonstrated in [69]. DSWIM has been instrumental in
improving controllability of a squirrel cage IM in the low
speed region. The stator frequency of the low pole winding is
prohibited to fall below a predetermined value by controlling
the amount of torque from the higher pole winding side [64].
Two distinct modes of operation are identified. Normally, the
drive is operated in synchronous mode where the ratio of
stator frequencies is in accordance to pole number ratio. At
speed range of 0 to 0.05 p.u. speed, the machine is operated in
asynchronous mode where the frequency of lower pole
winding is held constant at 0.05 p.u. The detailed control
block diagram and mode selection are shown in Fig.10.
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Fig.13. Brushless Doubly Fed Induction Machine with Control Winding fed
by a fractionally rated back to back converter [71]-[90]
Fig. 12.Generating Mode of Operation for a Squirrel Cage Dual Stator
Different Pole Configuration Induction Machine (a) Parallel Connection
and (b) Series Connection [70].
Standalone Induction Generator: Dual Stator Winding
Induction Generator with two sets of decoupled winding can
be utilised for automotive application [70]. Utilizing two
windings which are having no mutual coupling between them,
it is possible to generate different voltage levels. Two
topological variations are shown in Fig.12. Parallel connection
is used to boost up the current capacity while series
connection is used to generate higher dc bus voltage levels.
This configuration of DSWIM is suitable for vehicle
application [70] and/or retrofit application, where speed
sensors need to be eliminated [64], [69].
IV. BRUSHLESS DOUBLY FED INDUCTION MACHINE
Evolution: It is well known that one of the methods of speed
control of induction machine is cascade control. In 1907, it
was shown that two sets of winding on the stator, which are
having different pole configurations and have no magnetic
coupling, can be utilised for cascade control by using a
specially designed rotor [71]. In 1921, improvements in rotor
and stator designs were made in order to remove limitations
due to use of two separate pole configuration windings [72].
Research interest in this area was revived in late 1970’s and
80’s with the advent of power electronics devices with which
slip power recovery schemes for brushless systems were
derived [73]. The start of 1990’s marked the beginning of
Brushless Doubly Fed Induction Machines (BDFIM) being
considered to be an alternative of the slip-ring machines [74].
One of the stator windings called the power winding is
directly connected to the grid and the other stator winding
called the control winding is connected to the grid via a
fractionally rated bidirectional converter-inverter system (Fig.
13). The two stator windings are indirectly coupled through a
specially designed rotor configuration. To prevent unbalanced
magnetic pull of the rotor, the pole configuration is selected
such that
𝑃𝑃𝑝𝑝 ≠ 𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐 ± 1 (32)
where, Pp and Pc are no. of pole pairs corresponding to power
and control windings respectively.
Principle of Operation: In this analysis, the space
harmonics of the air-gap flux is neglected [75].
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7
Corresponding to each of the stator winding, the air-gap flux
density can be expressed as in (33)-(34).
𝑏𝑏𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 (𝜃𝜃, 𝑡𝑡) = 𝐵𝐵𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 cos�𝜔𝜔𝑝𝑝 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑃𝑃𝑝𝑝 𝜃𝜃 + 𝜃𝜃𝑝𝑝 � (33)
𝑏𝑏𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 (𝜃𝜃, 𝑡𝑡) = 𝐵𝐵𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 cos(𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐 𝜃𝜃 + 𝜃𝜃𝑐𝑐 ) (34)
Expressing the flux densities in terms of rotor co-ordinates
which is rotating at a speed of ωr,
𝑏𝑏𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 (𝜃𝜃′, 𝑡𝑡) = 𝐵𝐵𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 cos ��𝜔𝜔𝑝𝑝 − 𝑃𝑃𝑝𝑝 𝜔𝜔𝑟𝑟 �𝑡𝑡 − 𝑃𝑃𝑝𝑝 𝜃𝜃′ + 𝜃𝜃𝑝𝑝 � (35)
𝑏𝑏𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 (𝜃𝜃′, 𝑡𝑡) = 𝐵𝐵𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 cos�(𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 − 𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐 𝜔𝜔𝑟𝑟 )𝑡𝑡 − 𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐 𝜃𝜃′ + 𝜃𝜃𝑐𝑐 � (36)
or, 𝑏𝑏𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 (𝜃𝜃′, 𝑡𝑡) = 𝐵𝐵𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 cos(−(𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 − 𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐 𝜔𝜔𝑟𝑟 )𝑡𝑡 + 𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐 𝜃𝜃 ′ − 𝜃𝜃𝑐𝑐 ) (37)
In order to couple both the stator fluxes through the rotor, the
frequency and the distribution of the currents induced by the
power winding should be identical to that produced by the
control winding. Therefore,
𝜔𝜔𝑝𝑝 − 𝑃𝑃𝑝𝑝 𝜔𝜔𝑟𝑟 = −(𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 − 𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐 𝜔𝜔𝑟𝑟 ) (38)
𝜔𝜔 𝑝𝑝 +𝜔𝜔 𝑐𝑐
or, 𝜔𝜔𝑟𝑟 = (39)
𝑃𝑃𝑝𝑝 +𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐
For the induced currents to have same distribution, the phase
difference corresponding to the rotor bar spacing must be
equivalent.
2𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋
𝑃𝑃𝑝𝑝 � � = −𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐 � � + 2𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 (40)
𝑁𝑁𝑟𝑟 𝑁𝑁𝑟𝑟
or, 𝑁𝑁𝑟𝑟 = 𝑃𝑃𝑝𝑝 + 𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐 (41)
where, ‘Nr’ is the no. of nests in the nested loop rotor and q=1
to select the minimum no. of nests and to avoid further
complicacy in construction.
In general, the speed of the machine is given by
𝜔𝜔 𝑝𝑝 ±𝜔𝜔 𝑐𝑐
𝜔𝜔𝑟𝑟 = (42)
𝑁𝑁𝑟𝑟
Negative sign in the equation indicates that phase sequence of
control winding is reverse to that of power winding.
Design: In [76], an optimized design of a BDFIM is
described. A fixed frame size of D160 4/8 pole is taken and 4
pole winding is found to be suitable for handling more power
than 8-pole winding. The aim was to maximize torque per
ampere ratio while preventing power factor not to fall below
0.75. Sufficient improvement in torque production is shown
(in the speed range considered).
Design analysis on the basis of magnetic circuit is proposed
in [77]-[79]. Considering the detailed geometry of the machine
and the slot number, the derived magnetic circuit model
(MCM) is found to be successful in predicting the
performance of the machine accurately. The results computed
from derived MCM model matches with that computed from
the FEA model [92].
One of the major drawbacks of the Brushless Doubly Fed
Induction Machines is its power density compared to a
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standard squirrel cage induction machine. In order to
overcome this drawback, a novel rotor configuration is
illustrated in [80] which aims at reducing spatial harmonic
distortions of the air-gap flux by optimizing conductor
distribution using Imperialist Competitive Algorithm. More
uniform rotor bar current distribution and efficient magnetic
utilization is achieved in this process. A detailed thermal
model of the machine is taken into consideration and
improvement in power density is reported in [81]. Recently, a
6 MW BDFIG has been fabricated [82].
Mathematical Model: With the assumption of sinusoidal
distribution of stator winding, two different modelling
approaches are generally adapted. Initially, the unified
reference frame model was developed with the supposition
that the rotor can be represented as an equivalent loop per
nest, even though there are multiple loops per nest [83]. Later,
a generic or generalized reference frame model was developed
which is valid for any number of loops per nest [84]. The
generic reference model is as simple to analyse and as
compared to the unified reference frame model.
Control Techniques: For single winding machines with a
standard die-casted squirrel cage rotor, rotor flux oriented
control is the widely accepted method as it gives perfect
decoupling between flux and torque control. Researchers
investigated the use of rotor flux oriented control in case of
brushless doubly fed induction machine [85]. However, the
algorithm was found to be complex and computationally
intensive. Also, perfect decoupling between active and
reactive power control was not achieved. In case of slip-ring
induction machines, stator flux orientation gives decoupled
control over active and reactive power. Power winding flux
orientation is used to achieve the same in case of BDFIM [86].
The controller is synthesized on the basis of unified reference
frame model.
Recently, more simplified control based on generic model
of BDFIM has been formulated. In the synchronous mode of
operation, (42) is valid. Therefore, location of control winding
flux position can be done using (43) [87], [88].
𝜃𝜃𝑐𝑐,𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = ∫ 𝜔𝜔𝑝𝑝 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − �𝑃𝑃𝑝𝑝 + 𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐 �𝜃𝜃𝑚𝑚 (43)
Fig. 14. Generalized Vector Control of a Brushless Doubly Fed Induction
Machine [87], [88].
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8
The three phase current reference on the control winding can
be computed using (44) and (45).
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝑖𝑖𝑐𝑐,𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅�[1 𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗 2𝜋𝜋 ⁄3 𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗 4𝜋𝜋 ⁄3 ]𝑇𝑇 𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗 𝜃𝜃 𝑐𝑐,𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑖𝑖𝑐𝑐,𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 � (44)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
where, 𝑖𝑖𝑐𝑐,𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ,𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 + 𝑗𝑗𝑖𝑖𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 ,𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 . (45)
The overall control block diagram is shown in Fig.14. The
power winding and control winding are synchronized by
means of a PLL.
DTC scheme for BDFIM has been implemented in order to
overcome the necessities of co-ordinate transformations [89].
A better alternative to DTC is Indirect Stator Control (ISC)
strategy. ISC provides better robustness against parameter
perturbations over DTC [90].
Fault Analysis: Failure of converter switches and low
voltage ride through capability are of major concern for the
BDFIM drive. During converter or controller failure, there is
loss of synchronism between power and control winding. The
machine behaves as a ‘double cascaded’ one [91]. It behaves
as two machines, as the cross-coupling between the two
stators through the rotor vanishes. The two revolving fields
contributed by two stator windings rotate at different speeds in
the air-gap and generate harmonic torques.
Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT) capability of the drive
is investigated in [92]-[94]. Voltage sags result in sudden
change in power winding flux and can cause large transient
currents in control winding. Sudden increase in control
winding current is detrimental to the power converter switches
and therefore, the control winding is shorted by means of a
crowbar resistance during voltage sag (Fig. 15 (a)). Also,
series dynamic resistors can be used in place of crowbar
resistance so as to limit sudden rise in control winding current
(Fig. 15(b)).
Crowbar-less LVRT algorithm is also proposed. A
symmetrical low voltage detector is used to sense the fault and
the fault flag is set. The q-axis component of the power
winding is reduced to zero and the d-axis component is driven
to the rated value of the power winding current.
BDFIM is brushless in nature and capable to work through
slip-power recovery schemes [95]. Therefore, it has scope to
be an attractive alternative to Doubly-Fed Induction Generator
based Grid-Connected Wind Energy Conversion System [96].
V. DISCUSSION ON CONTROL STRATEGIES
Uniqueness of each control strategy, in relation to a Dual
Stator Winding Induction Motor when compared to other
multiphase drives, is described in this section [1], [41], [48]-
[50], [53], [64], [67], [68]. Two current sensor based FOC
drive similar to that of single winding machine can be
developed [41]. For the Split-Phase Induction Machine, Direct
Fig. 15. Low Voltage Ride Through of Brushless Doubly Fed Induction
Machine using (a) Crowbar Resistance (b) Series Dynamic Resistor [92]-
[94].
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/TIE.2015.2409800, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS
Self Control (DSC) is having a unique advantage of reduction
of torque pulsations and shift of line current harmonics to their
higher frequencies using two off-the shelf three phase
inverters [48]-[50]. But for the configurations for which the
number of poles of the stator winding is different irrespective
of the rotor configuration, this advantage is lost as the flux
vector does not follow a dodecagonal orbit [89]. The machine
having a squirrel cage rotor and two windings with different
number of poles on the stator is found to be best suited for
speed sensor-less control as zero shaft torque at zero speed
does not transfer to zero frequency [64]. Control of the
machine under saturation is a challenging task. In such a case,
the main air-gap flux orientation is performed [67]. The phase
shift between the individual fluxes is adjusted such that the net
air-gap flux density is minimized while keeping each winding
flux at its rated value [68]. Robustness against rotor resistance
variation can be made possible by adapting a model following
approach using the expected value of flux-winding active
power as reference model [53]. The flux-winding is expected
to handle no active power when the position of the vector
rotator is accurately estimated for an indirect field-oriented
drive.
VI. CONCLUSION
This paper has summarized different forms of dual stator
winding induction machines and drives. Methods of analysis
and control strategies have been discussed in detail. Addition
of an extra winding unfolds huge scope for improvement of
performance and reliability of such drive. Different such
machines are first categorised systematically from the point of
view of stator and rotor winding configuration. Both
generating and motoring modes of operations are highlighted.
As such machines offer a unique combination of being
magnet-less and brush-less, it is expected to be a strong
contender in future in many applications including renewable
energy extraction and traction drives. The technology is yet to
achieve popularity for wide usage and future scope of research
lies in three areas viz. (i) winding re-design, (ii) exploration of
converter-machine integrated topology, (iii) improving
controllers to achieve high dynamic performance. In
particular, such machines have the potentiality to replace the
existing slip power recovery drives offering a brushless
version of the same and can be an integral part of future
micro-grid with a brushless and magnet less generating
system.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Financial Support from Department of Science and
Technology (DST), Government of India through project grant
(No.DST/RCUK/SEGES/2012/ 04(G)) is acknowledged.
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Saptarshi Basak (S’14) received his B.E. degree in
Electrical Engineering from Jadavpur University and
M. Tech Degree in Electrical Engineering with
specialization in Machine, Drives and Power
Electronics from Indian Institute of Technology
Kharagpur in the year 2010 and 2012 respectively.
He is pursuing his Ph.D in the Department of
Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Kharagpur. His research interests
include Design and Control of Brushless Generation
Systems, and Estimation Techniques and Control of AC Drives.
Chandan Chakraborty (F’15) is a professor in the
Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Kharagpur. His research
interest includes power converters, motor drives,
electric vehicles and renewable energy. Dr.
Chakraborty was awarded the JSPS Fellowship to
work at the University of Tokyo during 2000-2002.
He has received the Bimal Bose award in power
electronics in 2006 from the IETE (India). He has
regularly contributed to IES conferences such as
IECON, ISIE and ICIT as technical program chair/track chair. He is an
ADCOM member of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society. He is one of the
Associate Editors of IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics and IEEE
Industrial Electronics Magazine and an Editor of the IEEE Transactions on
Sustainable Energy. He is the Founding Editor-in-Chief of IE Technology
News (ITeN), a web-only publication for IEEE Industrial Electronics Society.
He is a Fellow of IEEE and Indian National Academy of Engineering (INAE).