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Soil Stiffness For Jakarta Silty and Clayey Soils
Soil Stiffness For Jakarta Silty and Clayey Soils
ABSTRACT
The upper layer of Jakarta soil is mostly silty and clayey types, which is very compressible and very
sensitive to the loads applied that could caused damages to the building. These problems are usually not
caused by the strength but more on the deformation properties of the soil. This research is aim to help the
engineers in predicting the soil deformation modulus by getting the right E-value from an empirical
correlation.
In this research, data are collected from the soil investigation companies in Jakarta. The excel
spreadsheet program was used in data processing and also to develop the correlation to find the E-value. At
the end of the research the relevant conclusion were drawn to get the proposed correlation between E vs N
value and E vs PI.
Deformation modulus from pressuremeter Deformation modulus from the triaxial test
test (EPMT), is determined through the theory (E50), is derived by the stress-strain curve
of expansion of an infinitely thick cylinder. obtained from the laboratory testing as shown
in Fig. 3 below:
Thus,
⎛ Δp ⎞ … (2)
E PMT = 2 ⋅ (1 + μs ) ⋅ (V0 + Vm ) ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ ε
⎝ ΔV ⎠ E50
where: V + Vf σ3
Vm = 0 εpeak
2
ΔP = Pf − P0
ΔV = Vf − V0
ε50
μs = Poisson' s Ratio ~ 0.33 for
drained condition
σ
σ50 σpeak
Fig.3 Stress-Strain Curve for E50
2.3 Oedometer Test In the triaxial test, usually the tests are done
by varying the confining pressure, σ3. And it
Deformation modulus from oedometer test, appears that the E value varies with the
(Eoed), is determined by the following confining pressure. The greater the confining
formulation: pressure the greater the E. Therefore, it is
necessary to take an E value at a referenced
Δe confining pressure, which is usually taken at
mv = … (3)
ΔP ⋅ (1 + e1 ) 100kPa. This referenced E value is termed as
E50-ref , and it is determined as shown below:
1
E oed = … (4)
mv
Where E50
ΔP = P2 − P1
Δe = e1 − e 2 E50-ref
e
Cc
(P2, e2)
σ3
100 kPa
P (Log Scale)
Fig.2 Typical curve of oedometer test
20000
Eoed (kPa)
10000
effective SPT energy of 60%. Below is the 8000
4000
⎛E ⎞
2000
N 60 = α ⋅ β ⋅ γ ⋅ N field ⋅ ⎜⎜ r ⎟⎟ … (6) 0
⎝ E 60 ⎠
0 5 10 15 20
N1(60)
Fig.5 Eoed-N1(60)
Where:
N60 = Normalized N-SPT value to an
effective hammering energy of 60%
α = Rod length correction E50-ref - N1(60)
E50-ref (kPa)
15000
4–6m 0.85
Fig.6 E50-ref -N1(60)
3–4m 0.75
Standard Sampler (β) 1.00
US sampler without liners (β) 1.20
E50' - N1(60)
65 – 115
Borehole diameter: (γ) 1.00
mm 25000
E50' (kPa) = 1208 N1(60)
150 mm 1.05 2
R = 0.77
20000
200 mm 1.15 119 Data
15000
E50' (kPa)
N1(60)
12 14 16 18 20
60000
E PMT
50000
3. RESULTS 40000
30000
10000
below: 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
N(60)
Eoed - PI
Correlation to N1(60)
Eoed (kPa)
20000
15000
10000
o Eoed (kPa) = 1035 ⋅ N1( 60) ... (13)
2
5000 (0 < N1(60) < 20, R = 0.78)
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
o E50’ (kPa) = 1208 ⋅ N1( 60) … (14)
PI
2
(0< N1(60) <10, R = 0.77)
Fig. 9 Eoed vs. PI
o E50-ref (kPa) = 1187 ⋅ N1( 60 ) … (15)
E50-ref - PI 2
(0< N1(60) <17, R = 0.64)
35000
E50-ref = 122 PI
30000 2
R = 0.67 Correlation to PI
25000 277 Data
20000
5000
o E50’ (kPa) = 124 ⋅ PI … (17)
0
(0<PI<69, R2 = 0.75)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
E50' - PI
From the correlation coefficient, it can be seen the
35000
E50' (kPa) = 124 PI
correlations which are developed by correcting
30000 2
R = 0.75 the N(60) to N1(60) give the better results, as
25000
110 Data
shown by the higher value of R2. This is due to
the consideration of the effective overburden
E50' (kPa)
20000
15000
pressure of the soil.
10000
5000
0
5. RECOMMENDATIONS
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
PI
1. Further data collection is suggested to
Fig.11 E50’ - PI improve the reliability of the correlation.
2. Further research is recommended to develop
other corelation for Jakarta soils, and other
4. CONCLUSION localities in Indonesia. This will be very
useful for local engineering practice.
After all the data that are carefully analyzed, 3. A Proper soil investigation procedure is
below are the resulting correlations: recommended in order to get a better data,
therefore, the extracted correlation can be
Correlation to N(60) more reliable.
4. One must be very careful in using the the
o Eoed (kPa) = 303⋅ N ( 60) ... (9) correlation for the geotechnical engineering
job as the correlation may depends on the
(0< N(60) <46, R2 = 0.64) local soil condition.
5. The proposed correlation shall only be used
o E50’ (kPa) = 354 ⋅ N ( 60) … (10) as a guideline only. It is suggested to carry
(0< N(60) <41, R2 = 0.64) out the relevant test to determine the right
soil stiffness, especially in a project that have
o E50-ref (kPa) = 292 ⋅ N ( 60 ) … (11) high degree of importance.
2
(0< N(60) <50, R = 0.46)