PFI Standard 5-24 (Revised December 2013) PIPE BENDING METHODS, TOLERANCES, PROCESS AND MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS Prapared by Pipe Fabrication Iie Enginvering Commice SHUM PIPE p, Nb, yy, AILPRL Standards ae aso) ony. Tee ‘eccnt fh PE Seed he cory PIPE FABRICATION INSTITUTE coma ra engines[Pens Revision Pipe Bending PEI Standard ES-24 (evaed December 2013) ‘Methods, Tolerances, Process and Material Requirement METRIC CONVERSIONS ‘The conversion of unites between systems of unis involves a determination of te umber of significant gts tbe retained. Allconverson depend pon the intended precision ofthe erin! quant und are rounded to he apeopit accacy. Pipe sizes together with pliable val hickneses re ot shown with mtr equivalents. ‘Tho SI (msc) vals whet ine wi a eastomary US. al inthis Standard re the oundedcguvaens of the US, values and are for efeence oly. ‘Metic units wee dived utilizing the flowing conversion fico: Conversion Factor Incbesto 254 Mitinetrs Lato 0.703 Kyle 1. Scope 1.1 This standard covers methods, process quirements olerances and asestanceeritera for ‘hop iat pipe bend, 12 The bending methods described inthis anda are pata representation of cammoaly uo processes and donot preclude he we of ther ebods 2. Terminology 2.1 The symbols nd tems defined below are wed ‘hroughou this standard po mcon —l Conversion Deg Fab Dez. Cent Factor 59 (Deg. F-32) Nomina outle diameter of pipe “Nominal wall ines of pies = Minimm cleulted wall heknes required by the upplicabl ode Pipe walltikoes (neared or ‘miu, in accordance with purchase ‘pecieation) ~ Cone tinea of end. 4 gey 3. Bending Methods 4.1 This standard covers bends formed by both ot and «old bending methods For this anda 8 femperare 100 degrees F below the lowe crcl temperature of th materi is defined sting the boundary betven ot and cold bein, 32 Unless eterwse specif bythe governing code, ‘he bending procedure, incusing the esting/ootng ec and post bend het reste, {determined by the pipe materi, dimeter, wall ‘hikes, bend ads and the eqied properties ffs Lenin Beeaure of te mary varies, involved the bending procedure shuld be determined by the iri.[Denotes Revision 33. the bending equipment used in many of the meds i generically the same, tere ma) be Aitercnees in ending procedures, material owanees, ld al pl kgs, wall tikes, tte, between bending fabricators 34 Hot bending methods 34 FURNACE BENDING: Tn thismetiod, the pipe i fim packed ‘vith end and hen bated in fara 2 ‘temperature in the ange of 2000 degrees “Aer removing fom the furnace, one end of the pipes etained in holding device anda bending moment i apd athe ober end ‘The rats othe Bendis controlled by es, stops or empltes athe pip = bet For Tong rads bends and/or heavy wall pipe, ‘he sailing operation may na be meureaT| | Ficune 4a FURNACE BENDING 342 INCREMENTAL BENDING: The incremental bending equpmest is ‘ompoved of an anchor bos hyde ‘ndr, apa moveable heating deve. ‘The pipes clamped inthe anchor bor and ‘he front tangents connected to the tyra ender The heating device bests A narow circamfretial band on he re the prope ending eperature foes ‘hen applied by the hydraulic eine to ‘bend the sll ineement predetermined mount Theheting deve ten moved to sucesive segments where the proces is repeated nt the required are is attained, ‘After bending ech nen, the bested rn evoed as required by the appropeate bending procedure. PFI Standard 5-24 (Revised December 2013) vg Hearne Device f svcnonsox HvORAULIC CYLINDER > igure 342. 343 INDUCTION BENDING: ‘The indution bending equipments campos of tie Basi eamponents fensisting of be, radial am, whichis Set atthe equed radius, and a induction eating stem. The pie is placed in he ead the fot tangent amped wo the racial am, The induction heating sytem ese anarow circumferential and around the pipe tothe appropriate bending temperatre When semper is reached the pipe i coninuonsly moved through the eating col while a bending ‘moment is applied to the heated are. Aor passing ough the eo, he pipe may be titer fred or mtu cote as required bythe appropriate qualified bending roceure. InoucTion cow. Y ricure 343 INDUCTION BENDING[Penetes Revision 515 Cold bending methods as 352 vromaucra 7 [ROTARY DRAW BENDING: In dis method, the pipe is ecred to ‘ending de by a clamping de. As the bending ie rotates, i daw the pipe aginst the pressure dead if mcesry to reve ‘val cols, over an internal made. The pressure die ray remain ied or ove With the pie FicuRE ssa ROTARY DRAW BENDING RAM BENDING: Inram beading he ppe eld by ew supporting de nd. force is piled by mems of hydraulic ram to 2 farang shoe Inet at the center ofthe workpiece. The ‘ippoting des oats on ter mounting ins shat they Tllow the pipe and "nanan ema spor treghou the peration support —= roruna shoe 7 FiguRE 362 ROLL BENDING: nol bending tire forming ol of pproximotely the same diameter aanged in pyramid are used, The wo fixed lle ‘oppose the adjustable center al. The ip is sed through the ros wi the positon of the adjsable rol eantling the bend dive. PFI Standard ES-24 (Revised Deemer 2013) Se FicunEss ROLL BENDING 4, Welds in Bends 41 Insome instances itis nox paca t lz pipe of saficiea length satis the required are Jeng of the bend, When tesomesnscesry to join ngs of pipe resulting in cicumteretil ut wed inthe re of pips ben, te following, races shouldbe considered 4.11 Pipes to be welded shoul be selected a provide the best unify posible a the "ating ends Pipe wall hens hall tbe Tes than th design minimum pus bend ‘hinsing allowance (eo seten 7), 4.12 Ena prpartion for welding sal ben scconance withthe quid welding Procedure tobe used Inter couterborng ‘Should be avoided wherever posible During fitap of te jolt, the pipes sould be eed ov aligned as necessary to provide the east ‘mount of LD. andr OD. msnatch an the best ranstion eos the wel 4413 The welding procedure must be qualified in accordance Wil the governing Cse fo the ‘thermal expsures, (i any exeeped in ening and eat treatment 4414 After completion ofthe cicumfeentil but ‘sd, but before bending the OD. apd LD. (hie accesible) ofthe wad should be ‘ground io remove excess weld reinforcement ‘nd tended smth in the bse mel 4615 tis god patios to examine the ‘izcumfeenia bt weld by radiography orf and ater benfing whee oot Sch radlogrpty is reed bythe applicable Code,[Denotes Revision 5. Linear and Angular Tolerances 5.1 Beads shall be provided wit total angulrty tolerance of $ dgres as determined bythe inersetion ofthe tangent centrines measured byappropite equipment ‘52. When the faba is required to provide bends cut oa speci cene-oend dimension it shall 53 Intermed portion of the bend prof are seat heir tolerances shal be anater of sgreemant between the purchaser nd the ‘aber. 54 See ig 93 foran explanation of teminology ‘regarding bend tolerances. 6, Form Tolerances 641 Theovaliy of pipe hend sal ot exceed the ovat equed by the goveming code, there is_ ‘i goreming cose deren enon the fein an in Mater aT at izeed 9% ofthe average mensred ove ‘Gece of esi porn of be pipe alos ‘jy maT apr between he purse and the fabvicae Where operat condos require Teas ovalfy tay be necessary ou ager radi heavier pipe walls ora speci bending ‘method tha wil provide closer contl of ovaliy. 62 Since thee are occasions when buskles cannot be avoided the folowing esctions should apply (@) Allwave shapes sal bend iat the pipe surface ina gradual manner. (©) The maximum vertical height of ny wave, measured Ron Te veg Bagh wo — siiinng cet to the vale, shall not txceed 3% ofthe nominal ibe size. (See Figure 62.9 (6) Themininum rato ofthe distance beeween rts a compared othe height beeen rests adhe ince valley should be 12 {01 (ee Figue 62, Note) PFI Standard ES-24 (Revised December 2013) APPLICATION OF PIPE WALL BUCKLING RANGES ‘tid metry thee aling eres ed by oa, a vp 2242 0, sot tn ber deg A Damper Toe 1 163 Buckles which exceed the above tolerance will besubjected to eomectve asta o bing them vin oerancs 64 toperating condition eque tighter tolerances ‘on buckles, tay be ncesay (owe larger ‘adi heavier pipe walls ora spesifiebending process, (65 To dtemine wha bends can be produced with satay degree of quality the Pipe Fabrication insite has conductd sides on carbon el and low alloy sel hat bends. min “Noe: min fora pips. Iain for pips raster [MINIMUM TANGENT LENGTHS FOR FURNACE BENDS 75 Inorder to produce a bend propery, minimum “straight angets re egued om oth ends of the sae forholding andor pling purposes, (Characteristic minimum tangent lengths forthe various process are given in Tables 7.5.1, 72, ind7.53.Deftin o hese wget lengths can ‘bese in Figure 754. Minimum tangent lengths equied for ineremenal bending boul be ‘tained frm he bster Longe tngents shouldbe uilized wherever possible an should be considered inthe pping design. ncases ‘her tegen aes seal be oune s+ Milla entobres contr ny it "ANT Letrms Serio 8. Material Requirement for Hot Bending aaa Tare irae 11 Pg oe bn srl te tec om he Fen Te am Conan fart tin eae “angen eevee Bea hay | — 28" Tor tow meling temperature alloys of coppe, brass seat rane 732 £2 Sines se pps sup ofeing ust eT ences Sonain i erp elo her FOR INDUCTION BENDING ‘harmful materials should be cleaned peior to ‘ing emer omnes ‘Nominal Pipe Size, Tani mad a = $2 Sane sel pipe shoud be faa ne ae ae ‘hon small oie Se See 3p anu 783 [MINIMUM TANGENT LENGTHS FOR COLD BENDINGPFI Standard ES-24 [Denotes Revision (Revised December 213) 9. Ordering Information 93 Suggested Bending Tolerances 9. The ip Bnd Od Form, (Fr 9.1) proves parecer ene the recommended information rege forthe ered Es page rchase pipe bends Plane of Bend————— 1. Degree 9.2 The appliabiliy and acceptance eterno ech Fla Plane of Bend-———-1% of Di "C Seka define bythe Pipe Bend Order Fom, tinea Dimensions = "2 under shal be determined by the apliabe codes, Onity penne eget iain and abc requirement. iy in Bent Arca-—-——-8% of Dicer = = fer Bend vali at nd Pepe ASME BIG 94 Themiscllanens remarks rea and the space provided atthe beta of the pipe bend oder form cane wsed 0 adres tora requirements soch Piece Marking, Centerline Serbing, Bend Heat Treament, But Welis in Linear Bends Ava, te. Dimension Lunear (Tangent Dimension T Length \ o \\ asus | 7 \\. Bond toim c) Pane of Send \ {angle between ‘Two Bend Mans) Ovalty Terence ‘The diference between the major ‘and minor axis (percent) Fat Pano ot Bend Figure 9.2 ‘olerences Sa ene SteenPFI Standard ES-24 (ovized December 2013) [Denotes Revision Hou wsa40 axa sata POT Ty Ea TE FATT “ou Be peg wid un pao pow Poms a TEL PIG vas “tural ao pie fg pun wog 19p1) ao en ar = mame es TONS TET = Tae day Fapase Tena a saat es qaounesa wey Tenay_ =e ee aN Tow puog adigCURRENT INDEX OF 2014-2015 PFI STANDARDS & TECHNICAL BULLETINS Tnginering and Del i Te, be Ps een pon ote Wa a A Welding and Fabrication a Se Ts ger cise op Pe Ta een ino Ss Sh Pay DaAM i@o Anniversary “1913 - 2013” Visit our website www.pfi-institute.org for; A complete list of PFI members and available membership CHARTER MEMBERS CONTRACTOR MEMBERS ASSOCIATE MEMBERS AFFILIATE MEMBERS, HONORARY MEMBERS. Associate and AMfiliate member contributors Water Sper ‘Spero Engicring Services ne, Gren, NC Thoms Wareinann Vial Capany af Ameren Econ PA ‘Shep Mca ‘ele Oui as Bo TX PFI Standards and Technical Bulletins ate published to serve proven needs of the pipe fabricating industry atthe design level and in actual shop operations, Hence, such needs ‘are continually considered and reviewed by the Engineering Committee of the Pipe Fubricaion Instrute to provide recommended procedures, which have been demonstrated by collective experiences to fulfill requirements in a manner for Code compliance. However, asthe PFI Standards are for minimum requirements the designer or fabricator always has the option of specifying supplementary conditions in the form of requirements beyond the scope of the PFI publications,