Successful Combination of an Organically
Crosslinked Polymer System and a
Rigid-Setting Material for Conformance
Control in Mexico
Carlos Deolarte, Pemex, and Julio Vasquez, Eduardo Soriano, and Arturo Santillan, Halliburton
Summary
The Cantarell field, a mature reservoir offshore Mexico, presents sig-
nificant water-management problems because the hydrocarbon pro-
duction comes from a naturally fractured carbonate reservoir. Con-
trolling water production in the Cantarell field becomes more critical
because of its limited water-handling facilities. This paper presents
the field application of two systems widely used in the petroleum
industry for water control: (1) an organically crosslinked polymer
(OCP) system and (2) a rigid-setting-material (RSM) system.
The OCP system is based on a copolymer of acrylamide and t-
butyl acrylate (PAtBA) crosslinked with polyethyleneimine (PEI).
To date, more than 100 jobs have been performed in Mexico
with this system to address conformance problems such as water
coning/cresting, high-permeability streaks, gravel-pack isolation,
fracture shutoff, and casing-leak repair. This system can penetrate
deep into the matrix of the rock or fractures to provide a more
efficient water shutoff. The RSM system is a rigid “cement-like”
setting material that has a right-angle set. Unlike cement, the
RSM system is capable of rapidly developing highly compressive
strength to avoid losing the treatment to the formation before set-
ting and will not invade the formation. The RSM system is for
near-wellbore applications.
Several case histories are presented in this paper to show
the application of these two water-shutoff systems together. The
OCP system was used for deep matrix/fracture penetration, while
the RSM system was used as a tail-in because of its fast-setting
properties (to avoid overdisplacement of the OCP system) and its
capability to stop gas migration. These advanced water-control
technologies have extended the well life and profitability of the
treated wells. In the past, many of these wells were abandoned
because of the limited water-handling facilities.
Introduction
Excessive water production from hydrocarbon-producing wells is
one of the most serious problems in the oil industry. Water tends
to become the dominantly produced fluid as the hydrocarbon fields
mature. Unwanted water production may affect well economics
adversely because of water-disposal costs, environmental issues,
and reduced hydrocarbon production (Conformance Tech Manual
1996). Other problems may develop at some point as a result of
the undesired water production, including sand production, scale,
corrosion, and other factors. Water-production problems can be:
(1) leaks in casing, producing tubing, or packers; (2) flow behind
casing; (3) water coning (or water cresting in horizontal wells);
and/or (4) direct communication from injector to producer through
natural or induced fractures.
Several techniques for controlling water production have been
attempted, varying from mechanical to chemical treatments, or
combinations of both. Earlier attempts to reduce water production
included mechanical isolation, squeeze cementing, solid-slurry
Copyright © 2009 Society of Petroleum Engineers
This paper (SPE 112411) was accepted for presentation at the SPE International Symposium
and Exhibition on Formation Damage Control, Lafayette, Louisiana, 13–15 February 2008, and
revised for publication. Original manuscript received for review 26 November 2007. Revised
manuscript received for review 13 January 2009. Paper peer approved 23 January 2009.
522
(clay) injection, and oil/water emulsion. More successful results
have been obtained with in-situ polymerized systems, crosslinked
polymeric solutions, and silicate-based gels (Prada et al. 2000).
Over the last decade, polymer-gel systems have emerged as one
of the most powerful tools for shutting off or at least controlling
water production (Hardy et al. 1998). One of the most widely used
polymer systems employs polyacrylamides (PAMs) or acrylamide
copolymer and chromium [Cr(III)] as a crosslinker (Sydansk
1993). Cr(III) has been used extensively because of its high success
rate and relatively low cost. However, the short gelation times of
this system at elevated temperatures limit their application to low-
to moderate-temperature reservoirs (Bartosek et al. 1994). Another
polymer system widely used is a water-based gel based on phenol/
formaldehyde crosslinker for homo-, co-, and ter-polymer systems
containing acrylamide. The loss of phenol by partitioning into
crude oil with which it comes into contact has been identified as
an important issue for that polymer system (Albonico et al. 1995).
The toxicity issues associated with formaldehyde and phenol have
been addressed by other researchers (Moradi-Araghi 1994).
One of the major challenges for water-shutoff treatments is to
reduce water production significantly without damaging the hydro-
carbon productivity of the well. Therefore, candidate selection is
critical to the success of conformance control.
Understanding reservoir behavior provides a basis for deter-
mining the real origin of water production and its mechanism of
entrance into the well, thus allowing the conformance team to
recommend the most suitable treatment. Much of the success of
these treatments is attributed to adequate problem identification.
Case histories presented in this paper were found to be water-con-
ing problems and water influx through the massive presence of
vugular, high-permeability streaks.
The OCP system presented in this paper has been used suc-
cessfully in field applications, with more than 450 jobs performed
worldwide to date. The RSM was introduced to the industry only
a few years ago, and approximately 200 jobs have been performed
successfully worldwide.
Description of the OCP and RSM Systems
OCP System. The base polymer of the OCP system is a copo-
lymer of acrylamide and PAtBA, a high-activity liquid with
enhanced thermal stability. The crosslinker is PEI, a high-activity
liquid that forms strong covalent bonds with the base polymer. A
water-soluble carbonate retarder is used only for applications in
which the bottomhole injection temperature exceeds 250°F. More
recently, a polyacrylamide polymer has been introduced to cover
the low temperature range of application of the OCP system from
80 to 140°F.
The OCP system components are diluted easily in the mixing
brine. The crosslinking process is activated by the temperature of
the well. The crosslinking rate is dependent upon temperature,
salinity, pH, and base-polymer and crosslinker concentrations. The
OCP system offers the following advantages:
1. It is a low-viscosity-fluid system (20 to 30 cp) that can
be injected deep into the matrix of the formation easily without
undergoing hydrolysis and precipitation. It is well known that
chrome-based systems tend to hydrolyze and precipitate, especially
November 2009 SPE Production & Operations

Fig. 1—Typical gelation-time curve for the OCP system using
a Brookfield viscometer (at 185°F).
with increasing pH and temperature (Lockhart and Albonico 1994;
Bartosek et al. 1994).
2. It has adequate pumping times in environments up to 350°F
(177°C) to obtain adequate placement time before the system
undergoes the phase change from liquid to a 3D gel structure. Fig.
1 shows a typical gelation-time curve for the OCP system (viscos-
ity vs. time). The inflection point of the curve corresponds to the
gelation time of the system. This transition time is completely
controllable and predictable with the crosslinker concentration for
a given temperature.
3. It has effective water permeability reduction and sufficient
strength for resisting drawdown pressure inside the wellbore
and stopping water and gas flow. The system provides sufficient
strength for resisting differential pressures of at least 3,600 psi
(based on laboratory data).
4. It has thermal stability up to 375°F (191°C).
In addition, the OCP system is not sensitive to formation fluids,
lithology, or heavy metals. Another advantage of the OCP system
is the predictable viscosity profile that can be used to improve
diversion over long treatment intervals.
RSM System. The RSM system involves metal oxychloride-type
cement. This system is engineered to maintain a low-viscosity
fluid during placement. It then sets rapidly at a given formation
temperature. It has been used successfully before in water-shutoff
treatments in the North Sea where it was pumped through coiled
tubing (Barklay et al. 2006).
Fig. 2—Typical setting curve for the RSM system using a Chandler consistometer (at 181°F).
November 2009 SPE Production & Operations
The transition from fluid state to solid state is almost immedi-
ate, resulting in essentially zero gas migration or channeling. Fig.
2 shows a typical plot for the setting time of the RSM in which it
can be observed that the system sets in a matter of minutes. This
“right-angle set” occurs because the RSM system is an exothermic
material. The RSM system exhibits the following properties:
1. It is a low-viscosity-fluid system that can be pumped only
in the near-wellbore region of the formation. When the material
enters the near-wellbore area, it starts to spread out into the for-
mation matrix. However, the exothermic reaction is exponentially
accelerated because of increased surface area and temperature
transfer. Fig. 3 shows an example of a real job where an increase
of pressure is observed at surface when RSM is arriving at the
perforation. This is indicative of material setting and sealing in
the vicinity of the welbore, thus avoiding an overdisplacement.
This triggers the setting process, and the RSM “locks up” before
penetrating into the formation. The density of the system varies
from 13.5 to 14.5 lbm/gal.
2. It has adequate pumping times in environments up to 270°F
(132°C) to obtain adequate placement time before the system
undergoes the phase change from liquid to solid in a matter of
minutes. If the formation temperature exceeds 270°F, a cooling
preflush is used to lower the well temperature to avoid premature
setting of the system inside the tubulars.
3. The system can develop 4,000-psi compressive strength in
fewer than 3 hours once compressive-strength development begins
(Fig. 4). It is effective in reducing water and gas permeability, pro-
viding sufficient strength for resisting drawdown pressure inside
the wellbore (> 3,000-psi differential pressure).
4. It has thermal stability at temperatures higher than 400°F
(204°C).
Field Application
The candidate wells treated with these systems were located in the
Cantarell field, a mature field offshore Mexico. These wells are
producing from naturally fractured and highly vugular carbonate
formations, which is a challenging scenario for successful water
management. Controlling water production in the Cantarell field
becomes more critical because of its limited water-handling facili-
ties. The main reason these wells were considered as candidates
for water control was the fact that they exhibited a sudden increase
in water cut, requiring immediate intervention.
Field Background. The Cantarell field, discovered in 1976 with
the Chac-1 well, is an offshore field located approximately 50
miles from Ciudad del Carmen, in Campeche, México. The anti-
cline is oriented northwest/southeast, comprising by two main
blocks. In the overthrust block, the complex is composed of the
Akal, Nohoch, and Kutz fields, bounded internally by faults. In the
underthrust block, there are two fields: Chac and Sihil. Cantarell
523
 Fig. 3—A pressure increase is observed in the surface pumping pressure when RSM arrives at the perforations.
field is the largest and most important field in Mexico and the
second-largest in the world. It was estimated that the original oil
in place was approximately 37 billion std bbl. The main pay zones
in Cantarell are highly fractured, vuggy-carbonate formations from
the Jurassic/Cretaceous. Formations are hydraulically continuous
and have an average thickness of approximately 4,000 ft. The oil
produced is approximately 22°API oil. Typical total porosity is 8%,
and up to 35% of it is secondary porosity, fractures, and vugular
areas. Matrix permeability varies from 1 md to 6 darcies. Average
bottomhole static pressure is approximately 1,400 psi, and average
bottomhole temperature is 200°F (93°C). Currently, this field is
being produced with a pressure-maintenance program by nitrogen
injection and gas lift (Rodriguez et al. 2004).
Case Histories
Over the past 3 years, undesirable water encroachment in the
Cantarell field has caused many wells to be shut down because of
the lack of capacity for hydrocarbons and water-handling facilities.
The initial depth of the water/oil contact when the reservoir started
production was 10,500 ft; it has moved up to a depth of 8,560 ft. In
fact, the water/oil contact has an estimated move-up rate of 74 ft/yr.
Fig. 4—Typical compressive-strength vs. time curve for the RSM system. (It develops more than 4,000 psi in less than 3 hours,
at approximately 200°F).
524
In addition, the enormous conductivity originated by the presence
of vuggy high-permeability streaks favors water production even
more. The OCP/RSM system has been implemented effectively in
Mexico, with more than 30 jobs showing successful results. Three
case histories are presented here.
A common practice in this field is that when the water/oil contact
moves up closer to the perforations and water production becomes
significant, the producing interval is abandoned and the well is
reperforated a few feet farther up. In 2003, the operator started to
abandon intervals either mechanically or chemically. One of the ini-
tial alternatives attempted was to perform squeeze-cementing jobs to
abandon the perforated interval. Limited success has been achieved
with this technique when the wells exhibit water-coning problems.
For instance, Well A was diagnosed with water-coning problems and
was treated with a standard squeeze-cementing job (Vasquez et al.
2006). Water cut before the treatment was approximately 22% and
increased to 55.4% immediately after the treatment. The attempt
to reduce water production was unsuccessful because the squeeze-
cementing job did not provide a barrier deep inside the matrix of
the formation. This well was abandoned 7 months after the squeeze-
cement job because of excessive water production. Similar results
have been obtained with expandable liners or packers.
November 2009 SPE Production & Operations
 OCP/RSM
treatment
Fig. 5—Water-cut history of Well 1 before and after the OCP/
RSM treatment.
Because of the vertical communication between the interval to
be sealed and the future perforated interval, it has been necessary
to place a barrier between these two intervals to keep the water/oil
contact from reaching the new perforations so that the life of the
treated wells could be extended. For these wells, high-permeabil-
ity streaks and water-coning problems were addressed using the
combination of the OCP and the RSM systems. To achieve this
objective, it was necessary to obtain a deep penetration into the
formation (with the OCP system) to completely seal the current
producing interval. Another risk associated with the placement of
the water-shutoff treatments was the low pressure exhibited by
most of these formations. In most of these cases, the conformance
system in the near-wellbore region was jeopardized by the possibil-
ity of overdisplacing the treatment and leaving the near-wellbore
region untreated. The risk associated with this problem was mini-
mized using the RSM system because of its right-angle set in a
matter of minutes at the vicinity of the wellbore.
The rigid sealant has proved successful at shutting off perfora-
tions. The placement of the RSM has to be executed with extreme
care to avoid premature setting or overdisplacement of the system.
In summary, the OCP system provided an effective seal deep into
Fig. 7—Water-cut history of Well 3 before and after the OCP/RSM treatment.
November 2009 SPE Production & Operations
OCP/RSM
treatment
Fig. 6—Water-cut history of Well 2 before and after the OCP/
RSM treatment.
the matrix of the formation, and the RSM system was successful
at the near-wellbore region. Water production for these wells was
decreased substantially following the OCP/RSM treatment and the
perforation of the new intervals, as Figs. 5 through 8 illustrate.
These wells are currently producing at a water cut that the facilities
can handle after the conformance treatment.
Case History: Well 1. Well 1 (Fig. 9) was perforated originally
from 8,265 to 8,429 ft measured depth in 1999. This well pro-
duces from a Lower Cretaceous formation. The characteristics of
the reservoir are: 70% dolomite, 25% calcite, and 5% limestone;
porosity of 9%; permeability of 1,710 md; water saturation of 10%;
reservoir temperature of 225°F; and bottomhole static pressure of
1,735 psi. Once the gas/oil ratio (GOR) increased significantly, the
interval had to be abandoned and it was decided to reperforate a
lower interval (JSK) to drain the remaining reserves. In this case,
the water/oil contact was originally 656 ft (200 m) below the tar-
geted interval. This zone was abandoned because of its high water
cut. A water-shutoff treatment was performed in May 2006 at 9,872
ft (9,105 ft vertical depth), seeking theoretical radial penetration
of 9 ft with the OCP system. This treatment included 20 m3 of
OCP/RSM
treatment
Nov. 2004
525

Fig. 8—Water-cut history of Well 4 before and after the OCP/RSM treatment.
seawater to cool the formation, 50 m3 of OCP system, and 1.6 m3
of RSM (1.74 g/cm3) using a gel spacer to avoid contamination of
both systems. Seawater was used as the displacement fluid. All of
these stages were pumped at 5 bbl/min with a maximum pressure
of 280 psi, observing suction after shutdown. After the preventive
treatment, the 9,282- to 9,462-ft interval was perforated in the
Jurassic formation. Production was increased by an additional
1,325 BOPD and maintained at this level for 1 year; the well was
then closed because of the increasing GOR. It is important to men-
tion that the upper original interval was abandoned in a mechanical
manner, using two permanent packers, without the application of
any treatment to preclude the gas communicating down to the
producing interval.
Case History: Well 2. Well 2 (Fig. 10) was perforated in August
2001 and completed in January 2002. Its last workover was
Fig. 9—Wellbore schematic for Well 1.
526
OCP/RSM
treatment
March 2005
performed in January 2005, leaving the producing intervals at
9,594 to 9,643 ft and 9,676 to 9,774 ft in an inferior Cretaceous
formation. General characteristics are as follows: 85% dolomite,
10% calcite, and 5% limestone; porosity of 7%; permeability of
2,512 md, predominantly vuggy; water of saturation 12%; reser-
voir temperature of 222°F; and bottomhole static pressure of 2,076
psi. The gas/oil contact was at 8,859 ft (8,550 ft vertical depth).
Because the water/oil contact was at 9,282 ft vertical depth at
the middle of the producing interval and water cut increased from
1.5 to 6%, it was decided to repair the well, with the main objec-
tive of abandoning the current producing intervals because of water
coning or high-permeability streaks. The selected technique was
to combine the OCP and RSM systems with a theoretical radial
penetration of 12 ft, then perforate an upper interval in the same
formation. According to the log interpretation in the anisotropy
track, it was possible to identify a fracture train contributing to
November 2009 SPE Production & Operations
 Fig. 10—Wellbore schematic for Well 2.
64% of the production; thus, the major volume of treatment was
focused on this interval.
With the use of a 95⁄8-in. cement retainer at 9,512 ft, the treat-
ment was pumped; it consisted of 15 m3 of seawater for cooling
down the formation, 50 m3 of OCP system, 1 m3 of linear gel to
avoid contamination of fluid systems, 2.94 m3 of RSM (1.74 gr/
cm3), and a displacement volume of 37.5 m3 of seawater. All stages
were pumped at an average rate and pressure of 3.5 bbl/min and
250 psi, respectively. After the treatment, the 9,124- to 9,223-ft
interval was perforated and stimulated. After this treatment, the
new interval produced 12,800 bbl of water-free oil, indicating that
the zones causing water production were shut off.
Case History: Well 3. Well 3 (Fig. 11) was perforated in March
2000 and completed in June 2000. Its most recent workover was
performed in December 2004, with producing intervals 10,643 to
10,692 ft in a Cretaceous brecciate formation (BTPKS). Charac-
teristics are as follows: 75% dolomite, 20% limestone, and 5%
Fig. 11—Wellbore schematic for Well 3.
November 2009 SPE Production & Operations
shale; porosity of 3%; average permeability of 2,620 md; water
saturation of 10%; reservoir temperature of 266°F; and bottomhole
static pressure of 2,194 psi. During March 2002, the well started to
show water influx that varied from 0.2 to 0.5%, and it increased in
2004 to 2%. By the first quarter of 2004, water cut reached 5%, and
the operator decided to repair the well. It is important to mention
that, at that time, there were no facilities to dehydrate oil flow. A
production rate of 7,687 BWPD with 5% water cut could not be
handled properly offshore.
According to log examination, the formation is not highly frac-
tured in this field. However, the main fractures give 2,620 md of
average permeability. The treatment performed was 50 m3 of OCP
system for a radial penetration of 12 ft and 1.5 m3 of RSM sealant.
In this case, it is probable that most of the treatment had sealed
one or two main fractures that allowed the water to enter the well.
In these cases, treatment-volume determination becomes crucial,
but the more the better. Currently this well produces water-free
from the same interval.
527
 liner
liner
Fig. 12—Wellbore schematic for Well 4.
Case History: Well 4. Well 4 (Fig. 12) was completed in April
2005 in the interval of 10,072 to 10,171 ft. After it was perforated,
an acid stimulation was carried out by pumping hydrochloric acid
(HCl) (15% wt). Production shown after stimulation reflected
constant water cut of 11%. Water/oil contact was determined to be
at 495 ft below the base of this perforated interval, so the decision
was made to perform a water-shutoff treatment and then perforate
an upper interval 206 ft above the top of the isolated one.
The formation is a carbonate formation with only 5% shale,
having a porosity of 6%, bottomhole static temperature of 220°F,
and an average permeability in the range of 5,000 md. It was fur-
ther decided to treat this well with 40 m3 of OCP and 1.83 m3 of
RSM sealant. A new zone perforated at 9,646 to 9,754 ft was acid
stimulated with HCl (15% wt). The entire treatment was performed
through a cement retainer.
Water production (less than 2%) came back right after the treat-
ment and has remained less than 2% for almost 21⁄2 years following
the treatment (Fig. 8).
Over the last 2 years, the operator has performed preventive
water-shutoff treatments using the combination of the OCP and
RSM systems rather than squeeze-cementing jobs as a result of
the initial success observed with this technique. Previous publica-
tions have documented the success of conformance technology
in Mexico with these systems (Ortiz Polo et al. 2004; Vasquez et
al. 2006).
Conclusions
1. The combination of the OCP and RSM systems has proved
successful in controlling water production in the Cantarell field
and other fields in Mexico.
2. The OCP system is capable of penetrating deep into the matrix
of the formation to provide a more effective seal, particularly for
water coning and high-permeability streaks. On the other hand,
the RSM system was used as a tail-in because of its fast-setting
properties and its capability to stop gas migration. Conventional
squeeze cement techniques have yielded negative results in the
Cantarell field.
3. RSM in depleted zones has proved effective as a tail-in of the
main treatment because it is controlled, fast setting, and mainly
to avoid overdisplacement of the OCP system.
4. The volume design of the OCP is crucial for the success of the treat-
ment (the more volume injected, the better the results). This volume
becomes even more critical when the problem to be corrected is a
combination of water coning and highly fractured formations.
5. Recently, the temperature range of the OCP system was
expanded by the introduction of a retarder for high-tempera-
ture applications and a new base polymer for low-temperature
applications. The current temperature range of the OCP system
is from 80 to 350°F (27 to 177°C).
528
liner
liner
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 in Mexico. Paper SPE 104134 presented at the First International Oil a reservoir engineer. Deolarte holds a BS degree in petroleum
Conference and Exhibition in Mexico, Cancun, Mexico, 31 August–2 engineering from the National Polytechnic Institute in Mexico
September. doi: 10.2118/104134-MS. and is an active member of SPE. Julio Vasquez is a petroleum
engineer for the Research and Development Production
Enhancement Group at the Halliburton Technology Center in
Duncan, Oklahoma. He has been with Halliburton for 5 years
SI Conversion Table focused mainly in water control product development and
°API 141.5/(131.5 + °API) = g/cm3 petrophysical and engineering applications. Vasquez holds BS
bbl × 1.589 873 E – 01 = m3 and MS degrees in petroleum engineering from the University
of Oklahoma and is an active member of SPE. Arturo Santillan
cp × 1.0* E – 03 = Pa°s
is an account manager for all Halliburton product service lines
ft × 3.048* E – 01 = m in southern offshore Mexico. He specializes in productivity
°F (°F-32)/1.8 = °C analysis and execution of acid, fracturing, water management,
in. × 2.54* E + 00 = cm and sand-control treatments. He joined Halliburton in 1996
mile × 1.609 344* E + 00 = km in the cementing and stimulation department in Ciudad Del
Carmen, México. He holds a petroleum engineering degree
psi × 6.894 757 E + 00 = kPa from ESIA–IPN (Mexico). Eduardo Soriano is the production
*Conversion factor is exact. enhancement technology leader for Halliburton in Mexico.
He is responsible for developing engineered solutions and
new technology applications to improve productivity. He has
Carlos Deolarte is a petroleum engineer working for PEMEX 17 years of experience with Halliburton covering well testing,
as a completion engineer in southern Mexico. He has been acid stimulation, fracturing, and water control. Soriano holds
with PEMEX for 6 years, focusing on well intervention in the a BS degree in petroleum engineering from the National
Cantarell field, spending his early years with the company as Polytechnic Institute in Mexico.

November 2009 SPE Production & Operations 529